| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Chaciński, Marek, et al.
(author)
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100GHz electro-optical modulator chip
- 2011
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In: Opto-Electron. Commun. Conf., OECC. - 9781612842882 ; , s. 59-60
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Recent development on high speed electro-optical modulator is presented. The performance of 100GHz modulation bandwidth enabling for 100Gbps On-Off-Keying operation is shown.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Eriksson, U., et al.
(author)
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Design and fabrication of electroabsorption modulators for data rates up to 100 Gb/s
- 2004
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In: Proc. Int. Conf. Transparent Opt. Netw.. - 0780383435 - 9780780383432 ; , s. 41-46
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We present segmented transmission-line (TML) electroabsorption modulators (EAM) matched to 50 Ω. The devices show excellent high frequency performance up to 50 GHz, and exhibit a maximum model-extrapolated 3 dBe bandwidth of 90 GHz. Design considerations and optimization techniques for periodic segmented TML-EAMs are discussed. Also methods used for the device fabrication are presented.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Falconer, C, et al.
(author)
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Changes in paraurethral connective tissue at menopause are counteracted by estrogen
- 1996
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In: Maturitas. - 0378-5122. ; 24:3, s. 197-204
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To study whether the transition to menopause is accompanied by changes in the paraurethral connective tissue and if these changes are modified by estrogen replacement therapy.STUDY DESIGN: Biopsies were obtained from the paraurethral tissue from 34 women; 12 menstruating, 14 postmenopausal without estrogen treatment, and 8 with estrogen treatment. Collagen concentration and collagen extractability by pepsin digestion were measured. Proteoglycan composition and concentration were analysed using Alcian blue. The mRNA levels for collagen I and III, the small proteoglycans (PGS) decorin and biglycan, and the large proteoglycan versican, were estimated.RESULTS: The paraurethral biopsies consisted of fibrous connective tissue, with collagen fibers as dominating structure. Several proteoglycans were identified; versican, heparansulphate proteoglycans, biglycan and decorin. The small proteoglycan decorin represented 85% of all proteoglycans. The collagen concentration was almost doubled in postmenopausal biopsies compared to premenopausal. The collagen fibril organization was also changed with higher cross-linking after menopause whereas the amount and the composition of the proteoglycans were unchanged. The proteoglycan/collagen ratio was significantly decreased. Estrogen replacement therapy resulted in decreased collagen concentration, decreased cross-linking of the collagen and reversal of the PGS/collagen ratio to almost premenopausal level. The therapy resulted in increased levels of mRNA for collagen I and III which suggests that the changes are due to an increased turnover.CONCLUSION: The decrease in estrogen levels at menopause results in a connective tissue with different qualities after menopause. Estrogen replacement therapy tends to restore the metabolism of the genitourinary connective tissue to premenopausal conditions.
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| 7. |
- Falconer, C, et al.
(author)
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Different organization of collagen fibrils in stress-incontinent women of fertile age
- 1998
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In: Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. - : Wiley. - 0001-6349 .- 1600-0412. ; 77, s. 87-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: The objective was to test the hypothesis that stress urinary incontinence in women is correlated to changes in the paraurethral connective tissue ultrastructure and metabolism.METHODS: Transvaginal biopsies were obtained from the paraurethral connective tissue in women of fertile age with stress urinary incontinence and in matched continent controls. All the stress-incontinent women were characterized with urodynamic investigation. In the biopsies, collagen concentration, measured as hydroxyproline, and the degree of extraction by pepsin digestion were quantified. Proteoglycan composition and concentration were analyzed using Alcian blue precipitation, followed by electrophoretic separation and quantification. Using Northern blots mRNA levels for the collagens I and III, the small proteoglycans decorin and biglycan, and the large proteoglycan versican, were quantified. Collagen organization was examined with transmission electron microscopy and the diameters of collagen fibrils were analyzed with an interactive image analysis system (IBAS, Zeiss/Kontron).RESULTS: The biochemical and morphological analyses exposed a significant difference in the paraurethral connective tissue between stress urinary incontinent women before menopause and comparable controls. The collagen concentration was almost 30% higher and the diameters of the collagen fibrils were 30% larger in the incontinent group of women. Also the organization of the collagen fibrils differed, with considerably higher cross-linking. A higher level of mRNA for collagen I and III in the incontinent group indicates that the differences can be related to an altered collagen metabolism. No change of proteoglycan amount or composition was observed, resulting in a significantly lower proteoglycan/collagen ratio in the incontinent group of women.CONCLUSION: Stress urinary incontinence in fertile women is associated with a change in collagen metabolism resulting in an increased concentration of collagen and larger collagen fibrils. These alterations should result in a more rigid form of extracellular matrix, suggesting a connective tissue with impaired mechanical function.
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| 8. |
- Falconer, C, et al.
(author)
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Paraurethral connective tissue in stress-incontinent women after menopause
- 1998
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In: Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. - 0001-6349. ; 77:1, s. 95-100
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To study whether stress urinary incontinence after menopause is correlated to changes in the paraurethral connective tissue ultrastructure and metabolism.METHODS: Transvaginal biopsies were obtained from the paraurethral connective tissue in stress urinary incontinent women after menopause with and without estrogen replacement therapy, and from comparable controls. All the stress-incontinent women underwent urodynamic investigation. In the specimens, collagen concentration, measured as hydroxyproline, and the degree of extractability by pepsin digestion, were quantified. Proteoglycan composition and concentration were analyzed using Alcian Blue precipitation, followed by electro-phoretic separation and quantification. Using Northern blots, mRNA levels for the collagens I and III, the small proteoglycans decorin and biglycan, and the large proteoglycan versican, were quantified. Collagen structure was examined with transmission electron microscopy, and the diameters of collagen fibrils were analyzed with an interactive image analysis system (IBAS, Zeiss/Kontron).RESULTS: No significant difference in paraurethral connective tissue biochemistry or ultrastructure was registered between women with stress incontinence and controls. Estrogen replacement therapy resulted in a lower collagen concentration both between the controls (p = 0.02) and between the incontinent women (0.02). In the women with stress incontinence also the extractability by pepsin digestion was higher in the group with estrogen treatment (p = 0.004), indicating a decrease in cross-linking. The proteoglycan/collagen ratio was higher in the control group with estrogen treatment compared to untreated (p = 0.02), but no difference was found between estrogen treated and untreated incontinent women. The median collagen fibril diameter was 15% larger in the incontinent group of women without estrogen therapy compared to the control group and 5% larger when comparing the incontinent group on estrogen replacement therapy to the corresponding control group.CONCLUSION: The extracellular matrix of paraurethral connective tissue in stress urinary incontinent women after menopause reacted differently to estrogen replacement therapy compared to continent controls. In contrast to incontinent women of fertile age no major changes in collagen metabolism were found in stress urinary incontinent women after menopause.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Haraldsson, Inger, et al.
(author)
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PROspective evaluation of coronary FLOW reserve and molecular biomarkers in patients with established coronary artery disease the PROFLOW-trial: cross-sectional evaluation of coronary flow reserve
- 2019
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In: Vascular Health and Risk Management. - 1176-6344. ; 15, s. 375-384
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Survivors of myocardial infarction (MI) are at high risk of new major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Coronary flow reserve (CFR) is a strong and independent predictor of MACE. Understanding the prevalence of impaired CFR in this patient group and identifying risk markers for impaired CFR are important steps in the development of personalized and targeted treatment for high-risk individuals with prior MI. Methods: PROFLOW is a prospective, exploratory, cross-sectional open study. We used information from the SCAAR (Swedish Coronary Angiography and Angioplasty Registry) to identify high-risk patients with a history of type-1 MI. We measured CFR non-invasively in a left anterior descending artery (LAD) using transthoracic Doppler echocardiography. Coronary flow velocity was measured at rest and at maximal flow after induction of hyperemia by intravenous infusion of adenosine (140 mu g/kg/min). Independent predictors of CFR were assessed with multiple linear regression. Results: We included 619 patients. The median age was 69 (IQR 65-73), and 114 (18.4%) were women. Almost one-half of the patients, 285 (46.0%) had the multi-vessel disease, and 147 (23.7%) were incompletely revascularized. The majority were on optimal standard treatment eg ASA (93.1%), statins (90.0%), ACEI/ARB (82.6%) and beta-blockers (80.8%). The majority, 547 (88.4%) had no angina pectoris, and 572 (92.2%) were in NYHA class I. Evaluation of CFR was possible in 611 (98.7%) patients. Mean CFR was 2.74 (+/- 0.79 (mean +/- SD)). A substantial number of patients (39.7%) had CFR <= 2.5. In a multiple linear regression model age, dyslipidemia, smoking, hypertension, body mass index, incomplete revascularization, and treatment with angiotensin receptor blockers were independent predictors of CFR. Conclusion: In this high-risk group of patients with prior MI, the prevalence of impaired CFR was high. Further risk stratification with CFR in addition to traditional cardiovascular risk factors may improve predictive accuracy for future MACE in this patient population.
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| 11. |
- Haraldsson, Inger, et al.
(author)
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Prospective evaluation of coronary FLOW reserve and molecular biomarkers in patients with established coronary artery disease the PROFLOW-trial : Cross-sectional evaluation of coronary flow reserve
- 2019
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In: Vascular Health and Risk Management. - 1178-2048. ; 15, s. 375-384
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Survivors of myocardial infarction (MI) are at high risk of new major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Coronary flow reserve (CFR) is a strong and independent predictor of MACE. Understanding the prevalence of impaired CFR in this patient group and identifying risk markers for impaired CFR are important steps in the development of personalized and targeted treatment for high-risk individuals with prior MI. Methods: PROFLOW is a prospective, exploratory, cross-sectional open study. We used information from the SCAAR (Swedish Coronary Angiography and Angioplasty Registry) to identify high-risk patients with a history of type-1 MI. We measured CFR non-invasively in a left anterior descending artery (LAD) using transthoracic Doppler echocardiography. Coronary flow velocity was measured at rest and at maximal flow after induction of hyperemia by intravenous infusion of adenosine (140 μg/kg/min). Independent predictors of CFR were assessed with multiple linear regression. Results: We included 619 patients. The median age was 69 (IQR 65–73), and 114 (18.4%) were women. Almost one-half of the patients, 285 (46.0%) had the multi-vessel disease, and 147 (23.7%) were incompletely revascularized. The majority were on optimal standard treatment eg ASA (93.1%), statins (90.0%), ACEI/ARB (82.6%) and beta-blockers (80.8%). The majority, 547 (88.4%) had no angina pectoris, and 572 (92.2%) were in NYHA class I. Evaluation of CFR was possible in 611 (98.7%) patients. Mean CFR was 2.74 (±0.79 (mean ± SD)). A substantial number of patients (39.7%) had CFR ≤2.5. In a multiple linear regression model age, dyslipidemia, smoking, hypertension, body mass index, incomplete revascularization, and treatment with angio-tensin receptor blockers were independent predictors of CFR. Conclusion: In this high-risk group of patients with prior MI, the prevalence of impaired CFR was high. Further risk stratification with CFR in addition to traditional cardiovascular risk factors may improve predictive accuracy for future MACE in this patient population.
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| 12. |
- Irmscher, Stefan, et al.
(author)
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High-speed electro-absorption modulators for fiber-optic communications
- 2004
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In: Photonics. - : SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering. - 0819451703 ; , s. 29-41
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Features such as large bandwidth, low drive voltage, compact size, and feasibility for monolithic laser integration make electro-absorption modulators (EAM) attractive candidates for ultra high-speed fiber-optical time division multiplexing (TDM). EAM with traveling-wave (TW) electrodes have successfully been demonstrated as a way to considerably increase the modulation bandwidth without sacrificing modulation efficiency. However, for reasonable modulation efficiency a low characteristic impedance (25Omega) has to be accepted. Termination with a matched load is necessary to benefit from the TW configuration. Thus, TWEAM with continuous impedance-matched transmission lines (TML) provide very high bandwidths, but suffer from high electrical return loss when using a 50Omega driver. A solution to this problem is to split up the modulator and insert passive TML segments between the active parts. The passive segments can be designed for a higher characteristic impedance than the active modulator parts with their inherently low impedance. In this way, the impedance seen at the electrical modulator input can be tailored for values that deliver optimum performance in combination with the available driving electronics (usually 50Omega). Only little bandwidth is sacrificed with the segmented design. Recently; we have demonstrated state-of-the-art performance of segmented TWEAM. These devices exhibit low electrical return loss (<-15dB) and a flat small signal modulation response in the characterized frequency range of 0.04 to 50GHz. 50Gb/s operation is demonstrated. An extinction of 10dB with 3Vp-p is achieved at 40Gb/s.
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| 13. |
- Lewén, Robert, et al.
(author)
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Segmented transmission-line electroabsorption modulators
- 2004
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In: Journal of Lightwave Technology. - 0733-8724 .- 1558-2213. ; 22:1, s. 172-179
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We present segmented transmission-line (TML) electroabsorption modulators (EAMs) with characteristic impedance close to 50 M The segmented TML approach allows us to design a traveling-wave EAM with 50 Omega impedance and very high band width. The devices show low return loss (< -15 dB) and excellent frequency response up to 50 GHz, and exhibit a maximum model extrapolated 3 dBe bandwidth (BW) of 9,0 GHz. An effective modeling tool based on Bloch-wave analysis is derived. Design considerations and TML properties for periodic TML-EAMs are discussed.
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| 14. |
- Lewén, Robert, et al.
(author)
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Traveling-wave electrode electroabsorption modulators toward 100 Gb/s
- 2004
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In: OSA Trends in Optics and Photonics Series. - : Optical Society of America. ; , s. 561-563, s. 561-563
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We present segmented traveling-wave electroabsorption modulators matched to 50 Ω. The devices show excellent high frequency performance up to 50 GHz, and exhibit a maximum model-extrapolated 3dBe bandwidth of 90 GHz. Clear eye openings at 50 Gbit/s are presented.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Olmedo, Miguel Iglesias, et al.
(author)
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Chirp investigation in EMLs towards frequency shift keying modulation
- 2014
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In: Asia Communications and Photonics Conference 2014. - Washington, D.C. : OSA.
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper presents a chirp modeling and experimental results that support our vision of enabling frequency shift keying (FSK) exploiting the chirp effect in externally modulated lasers (EMLs).
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| 18. |
- Ostrovskis, A., et al.
(author)
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106.25 Gbaud On-Off Keying and Pulse Amplitude Modulation Links Supporting Next Generation Ethernet on Single Lambda
- 2024
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In: Journal of Lightwave Technology. - 0733-8724 .- 1558-2213. ; 42:4, s. 1272-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Development of Data Center based computing technology require energy efficient high-speed transmission links. This leads to optical amplification-free intensity modulation and direct detection (IM/DD) systems with low complexity equalization compliant with IEEE standardized electrical interfaces. Switching from on-off keying to multi-level pulse amplitude modulation would allow to reduce lane count for next generation Ethernet interfaces. We characterize 106.25 Gbaud on-off keying, 4-level and 6-level pulse amplitude modulation links using two integrated transmitters: O-band directly modulated laser and C-band externally modulated laser. Simple feed forward or decision feedback equalizer is used. We demonstrate 106.25 Gbaud on-off keying links operating without forward error correction for both transmitters. We also show 106.25 Gbaud 4-level and 6-level pulse amplitude modulation links with performance below 6.25% overhead hard-decision forward error threshold of 4.5×10-3. Furthermore, for EML-based transmitter we achieve 106.25 Gbaud 4-level pulse amplitude modulation performance below KP-FEC threshold of 2.2×10-4. That shows that we can use optics to support (2x)100 Gbps Ethernet on single lambda at expense of simple forward error correction.
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| 19. |
- Ozolins, Oskars, et al.
(author)
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100 GHz EML for high speed optical interconnect applications
- 2016
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In: European Conference on Optical Communication (ECOC). - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9783800742745 ; , s. 127-129
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We report on a 116 Gbit/s OOK, 4PAM and 105 Gbit/s 8PAM optical transmitter using InP-based integrated EML for interconnect applications with up to 30 dB static extinction ratio and over 100 GHz 3 dB bandwidth with 2 dB ripple.
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| 20. |
- Pang, Xiaodan, Dr., et al.
(author)
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200 Gbps/lane IM/DD Technologies for Short Reach Optical Interconnects
- 2020
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In: Journal of Lightwave Technology. - 0733-8724 .- 1558-2213. ; 38:2
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Client-side optics are facing an ever-increasing upgrading pace, driven by upcoming 5G related services and datacenter applications. The demand for a single lane data rate is soon approaching 200 Gbps. To meet such high-speed requirements, all segments of traditional intensity modulation direct detection (IM/DD) technologies are being challenged. The characteristics of electrical and optoelectronic components, and the performance of modulation, coding and digital signal processing (DSP) techniques are being stretched to their limits. In this context, we witnessed technological breakthroughs in several aspects, including development of broadband devices, novel modulation formats and coding, and high-performance DSP algorithms for the past few years. A great momentum has been accumulated to overcome the aforementioned challenges. In this paper, we focus on IM/DD transmissions, and provide an overview of recent research and development efforts on key enabling technologies for 200 Gbps per lane and beyond. Our recent demonstrations of 200 Gbps short-reach transmissions with 4-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) and discrete multitone signals are also presented as examples to show the system requirements in terms of device characteristics and DSP performance. Apart from digital coherent technologies and advanced direct detection systems, such as Stokes-vector and Kramers-Kronig schemes, we expect high-speed IM/DD systems will remain advantageous in terms of system cost, power consumption and footprint for short reach applications in the short- to mid- term perspective.
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| 21. |
- Pang, Xiaodan, et al.
(author)
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Experimental Study of 1.55-μ m EML-Based Optical IM/DD PAM-4/8 Short Reach Systems
- 2017
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In: IEEE Photonics Technology Letters. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 1041-1135 .- 1941-0174. ; 29:6, s. 523-526
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We experimentally evaluate high-speed intensity modulation/direct detection (IM/DD) transmissions with a 1.55-μ text broadband electro-Absorption modulated laser and pulse amplitude modulations (PAM). We demonstrate 80 Gb/s/ λ PAM-4 and 96 Gb/s/ λ PAM-8 transmissions with low-complexity digital equalizers at the receiver. Performance comparison with different types of equalizers are performed, including linear symbol-spaced feed-forward equalizer (FFE), fractional (half-symbol) spaced FFE and decision feedback equalizer (DFE), with different tap number. It is found that for both cases, a 6-Tap symbol-spaced FFE is sufficient to achieve a stable performance with bit-error-rate below the 7% overhead hard decision forward error correction (7%-OH HD-FEC) threshold over a 4 km standard single mode fiber link. Practical considerations including comparison between adaptive and static equalizer implementation and tolerable fiber chromatic dispersion are discussed.
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| 22. |
- Sennström, Maria B., et al.
(author)
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Human cervical ripening, an inflammatory process mediated by cytokines
- 2000
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In: Molecular Human Reproduction. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1360-9947 .- 1460-2407. ; 6:4, s. 81-375
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- An extensive remodelling process, referred to as cervical ripening, takes place in the cervical tissue during pregnancy and labour. It is recognized as softening and dilation of the cervical canal, and starts as a slow process during pregnancy, becoming rapid close to partum. In this study we focus on cytokines as possible mediators of this final remodelling. mRNA levels for interleukin (IL)-8, IL-6 and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) were upregulated in the ripe postpartum cervical tissue (n = 8) compared to the unripe state (n = 9). Likewise, released cytokine concentrations increased from non-pregnant (n = 11) to the term-pregnant group (n = 13) with a further increase at partum (n = 16). IL-8 concentrations increased 4-fold from non-pregnant to term-pregnant (P<0.01), and a further 10-fold to postpartum state (P<0.0001). Concentrations of IL-6 and G-CSF were similarly increased. Specific IL-8 immunostaining was identified in the epithelia of pregnant cervical tissue (n = 7) and was most pronounced in the epithelia and stroma of postpartum tissue (n = 4). In conclusion, IL-8, IL-6 and G-CSF increase in the human cervix during the ripening process, indicating their important role in the cervical remodelling. These data demonstrate that cervical ripening is similar to an inflammatory process.
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| 23. |
- Westergren-Thorsson, Gunilla, et al.
(author)
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Differential expressions of mRNA for proteoglycans, collagens and transforming growth factor-beta in the human cervix during pregnancy and involution
- 1998
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In: Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. - 0006-3002. ; 1406:2, s. 13-203
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- During pregnancy and involution, an extensive remodelling of the human cervical connective tissue occurs. This cervical ripening is one of the most pronounced physiological remodelling processes known in human connective tissue. To investigate how the remodelling is accomplished, the levels of mRNA for collagen I and III, versican and three small proteoglycans, biglycan, decorin and fibromodulin, were evaluated using Northern blots at different stages of cervical ripening. In the corresponding biopsies the concentration of collagen and of small and large proteoglycans were determined. The role of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) as a mediator of the remodelling process was also investigated. The concentration of collagen decreased and 1 week before partus, 50% of the nonpregnant level was attained. No further decrease was noted after partus. The mRNA for collagen I and III did, however, not decrease in the term pregnant cervix 1 week before partus. Only 20-30% decrease during the final ripening just before partus was recorded. Neither did the mRNA levels of the small proteoglycans change significantly during the ripening, despite an almost 50% decrease in the concentration of the small proteoglycans. The message for versican was, however, 5-fold increased at partus and then gradually returned to nonpregnant levels within 4 days after delivery. These changes corresponded to similar changes in the concentration of the large proteoglycan. Thus, the remodelling of the cervical connective tissue is achieved by two different mechanisms, on one hand an increased turnover of collagen and the small proteoglycans, on the other a changed transcription followed by an increased production of versican. During the involution 2- to 3-fold increases in the messages for collagen I and III, and the small proteoglycans, biglycan and decorin, corresponded to increases in the concentration of the small proteoglycans and non-extractable collagen. The message for TGF-beta was increased 2-fold immediately after delivery compared with the term pregnant state. Thus, TGF-beta may be of importance for the reconstruction of the cervix, which starts immediately after partus.
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| 24. |
- Westergren, V, et al.
(author)
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Ventilator-associated sinusitis: a review
- 1998
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In: Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1058-4838. ; 27:4, s. 851-864
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)
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| 25. |
- Yu, Yichuan, et al.
(author)
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80gb/s ETDM transmitter with a traveling-wave electroabsorption modulator
- 2006
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In: OFC/NFOEC Technical Digest 2006. - : Optical Society of America. - 1557528020 - 9781557528025
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We have demonstrated non-return-to-zero data transmission at 80Gb/s using an ETDM fiberoptical transmitter consisting of a segmented traveling-wave electroabsorption modulator with integrated termination resistor and a SiGe electronic multiplexer.
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| 26. |
- Yu, Y., et al.
(author)
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Temperature-dependent effects in highspeed travelling-wave electroabsorption modulators
- 2005
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In: Electronics Letters. - : Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET). - 0013-5194 .- 1350-911X. ; 41:4, s. 209-211
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The temperature-dependent effects in a segmented travelling-wave electroabsorption modulator are demonstrated and analysed. Optimum operation voltages with the highest modulation efficiency at different temperatures are identified. This can ensure the modulator working at 50 Gbit/s with RF extinction ratio > 8.4 dB between 10-50degreesC at lambda = 1540 nm.
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