| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Dahlgren, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
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Positive feedbacks and alternative stable states in forest leaf types
- 2024
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Ingår i: Nature Communications. - 2041-1723. ; 15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The emergence of alternative stable states in forest systems has significant implications for the functioning and structure of the terrestrial biosphere, yet empirical evidence remains scarce. Here, we combine global forest biodiversity observations and simulations to test for alternative stable states in the presence of evergreen and deciduous forest types. We reveal a bimodal distribution of forest leaf types across temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere that cannot be explained by the environment alone, suggesting signatures of alternative forest states. Moreover, we empirically demonstrate the existence of positive feedbacks in tree growth, recruitment and mortality, with trees having 4–43% higher growth rates, 14–17% higher survival rates and 4–7 times higher recruitment rates when they are surrounded by trees of their own leaf type. Simulations show that the observed positive feedbacks are necessary and sufficient to generate alternative forest states, which also lead to dependency on history (hysteresis) during ecosystem transition from evergreen to deciduous forests and vice versa. We identify hotspots of bistable forest types in evergreen-deciduous ecotones, which are likely driven by soilrelated positive feedbacks. These findings are integral to predicting the distribution of forest biomes, and aid to our understanding of biodiversity, carbon turnover, and terrestrial climate feedbacks.
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| 3. |
- EDVARDSSON, Bengt, et al.
(författare)
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ABUNDANCE ANALYSIS AND ORIGIN OF THE ZETA-SCULPTORIS OPEN CLUSTER
- 1995
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Ingår i: ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS. - : SPRINGER VERLAG. - 0004-6361. ; 293:1, s. 75-86
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We have determined chemical abundances and radial velocities for stars in the field of the zeta Sculptoris cluster. We find that the cluster metal deficiency previously found from UBV photometry is not supported; the cluster overall metallicity, [Fe/H] =
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| 4. |
- Ekström, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Logistic regression for clustered data from environmental monitoring programs
- 2018
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Ingår i: Ecological Informatics. - : Elsevier. - 1574-9541 .- 1878-0512. ; 43, s. 165-173
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Large-scale surveys, such as national forest inventories and vegetation monitoring programs, usually have complex sampling designs that include geographical stratification and units organized in clusters. When models are developed using data from such programs, a key question is whether or not to utilize design information when analyzing the relationship between a response variable and a set of covariates. Standard statistical regression methods often fail to account for complex sampling designs, which may lead to severely biased estimators of model coefficients. Furthermore, ignoring that data are spatially correlated within clusters may underestimate the standard errors of regression coefficient estimates, with a risk for drawing wrong conclusions. We first review general approaches that account for complex sampling designs, e.g. methods using probability weighting, and stress the need to explore the effects of the sampling design when applying logistic regression models. We then use Monte Carlo simulation to compare the performance of the standard logistic regression model with two approaches to model correlated binary responses, i.e. cluster-specific and population-averaged logistic regression models. As an example, we analyze the occurrence of epiphytic hair lichens in the genus Bryoria; an indicator of forest ecosystem integrity. Based on data from the National Forest Inventory (NFI) for the period 1993-2014 we generated a data set on hair lichen occurrence on > 100,000 Picea abies trees distributed throughout Sweden. The NFI data included ten covariates representing forest structure and climate variables potentially affecting lichen occurrence. Our analyses show the importance of taking complex sampling designs and correlated binary responses into account in logistic regression modeling to avoid the risk of obtaining notably biased parameter estimators and standard errors, and erroneous interpretations about factors affecting e.g. hair lichen occurrence. We recommend comparisons of unweighted and weighted logistic regression analyses as an essential step in development of models based on data from large-scale surveys.
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| 5. |
- Esseen, Per-Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Broad-scale distribution of epiphytic hair lichens correlates more with climate and nitrogen deposition than with forest structure
- 2016
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Ingår i: Canadian Journal of Forest Research. - : Canadian Science Publishing. - 0045-5067 .- 1208-6037. ; 46:11, s. 1348-1358
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hair lichens are strongly influenced by forest structure at local scales, but their broad-scale distributions are less understood. We compared the occurrence and length of Alectoria sarmentosa (Ach.) Ach., Bryoria spp., and Usnea spp. in the lower canopy of > 5000 Picea abies (L.) Karst. trees within the National Forest Inventory across all productive forest in Sweden. We used logistic regression to analyse how climate, nitrogen deposition, and forest variables influence lichen occurrence. Distributions overlapped, but the distribution of Bryoria was more northern and that of Usnea was more southern, with Alectoria's distribution being intermediate. Lichen length increased towards northern regions, indicating better conditions for biomass accumulation. Logistic regression models had the highest pseudo R2 value for Bryoria, followed by Alectoria. Temperature and nitrogen deposition had higher explanatory power than precipitation and forest variables. Multiple logistic regressions suggest that lichen genera respond differently to increases in several variables. Warmingdecreased the odds for Bryoria occurrence at all temperatures. Corresponding odds for Alectoria and Usnea decreased in warmer climates, but in colder climates, they increased. Nitrogen addition decreased the odds for Alectoria and Usnea occurrence under high deposition, but under low deposition, the odds increased. Our analyses suggest major shifts in the broad-scale distribution of hair lichens with changes in climate, nitrogen deposition, and forest management.
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| 6. |
- Esseen, Per-Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Multiple drivers of large-scale lichen decline in boreal forest canopies
- 2022
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Ingår i: Global Change Biology. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1354-1013 .- 1365-2486. ; 28:10, s. 3293-3309
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Thin, hair-like lichens (Alectoria, Bryoria, Usnea) form conspicuous epiphyte communities across the boreal biome. These poikilohydric organisms provide important ecosystem functions and are useful indicators of global change. We analyse how environmental drivers influence changes in occurrence and length of these lichens on Norway spruce (Picea abies) over 10 years in managed forests in Sweden using data from >6000 trees. Alectoria and Usnea showed strong declines in southern-central regions, whereas Bryoria declined in northern regions. Overall, relative loss rates across the country ranged from 1.7% per year in Alectoria to 0.5% in Bryoria. These losses contrasted with increased length of Bryoria and Usnea in some regions. Occurrence trajectories (extinction, colonization, presence, absence) on remeasured trees correlated best with temperature, rain, nitrogen deposition, and stand age in multinomial logistic regression models. Our analysis strongly suggests that industrial forestry, in combination with nitrogen, is the main driver of lichen declines. Logging of forests with long continuity of tree cover, short rotation cycles, substrate limitation and low light in dense forests are harmful for lichens. Nitrogen deposition has decreased but is apparently still sufficiently high to prevent recovery. Warming correlated with occurrence trajectories of Alectoria and Bryoria, likely by altering hydration regimes and increasing respiration during autumn/winter. The large-scale lichen decline on an important host has cascading effects on biodiversity and function of boreal forest canopies. Forest management must apply a broad spectrum of methods, including uneven-aged continuous cover forestry and retention of large patches, to secure the ecosystem functions of these important canopy components under future climates. Our findings highlight interactions among drivers of lichen decline (forestry, nitrogen, climate), functional traits (dispersal, lichen colour, sensitivity to nitrogen, water storage), and population processes (extinction/colonization).
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| 7. |
- Fridman, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
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Climatic controls of decomposition drive the global biogeography of forest-tree symbioses
- 2019
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 569, s. 404-408
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The identity of the dominant root-associated microbial symbionts in a forest determines the ability of trees to access limiting nutrients from atmospheric or soil pools(1,2), sequester carbon(3,4) and withstand the effects of climate change(5,6). Characterizing the global distribution of these symbioses and identifying the factors that control this distribution are thus integral to understanding the present and future functioning of forest ecosystems. Here we generate a spatially explicit global map of the symbiotic status of forests, using a database of over 1.1 million forest inventory plots that collectively contain over 28,000 tree species. Our analyses indicate that climate variables-in particular, climatically controlled variation in the rate of decomposition-are the primary drivers of the global distribution of major symbioses. We estimate that ectomycorrhizal trees, which represent only 2% of all plant species(7), constitute approximately 60% of tree stems on Earth. Ectomycorrhizal symbiosis dominates forests in which seasonally cold and dry climates inhibit decomposition, and is the predominant form of symbiosis at high latitudes and elevation. By contrast, arbuscular mycorrhizal trees dominate in aseasonal, warm tropical forests, and occur with ectomycorrhizal trees in temperate biomes in which seasonally warm-and-wet climates enhance decomposition. Continental transitions between forests dominated by ectomycorrhizal or arbuscular mycorrhizal trees occur relatively abruptly along climate-driven decomposition gradients; these transitions are probably caused by positive feedback effects between plants and microorganisms. Symbiotic nitrogen fixers-which are insensitive to climatic controls on decomposition (compared with mycorrhizal fungi)-are most abundant in arid biomes with alkaline soils and high maximum temperatures. The climatically driven global symbiosis gradient that we document provides a spatially explicit quantitative understanding of microbial symbioses at the global scale, and demonstrates the critical role of microbial mutualisms in shaping the distribution of plant species.
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| 8. |
- Fridman, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
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Co-limitation towards lower latitudes shapes global forest diversity gradients
- 2022
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Ingår i: Nature ecology & evolution. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2397-334X. ; 6, s. 1423-1437
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) is one of the most recognized global patterns of species richness exhibited across a wide range of taxa. Numerous hypotheses have been proposed in the past two centuries to explain LDG, but rigorous tests of the drivers of LDGs have been limited by a lack of high-quality global species richness data. Here we produce a high-resolution (0.025 degrees x 0.025 degrees) map of local tree species richness using a global forest inventory database with individual tree information and local biophysical characteristics from similar to 1.3 million sample plots. We then quantify drivers of local tree species richness patterns across latitudes. Generally, annual mean temperature was a dominant predictor of tree species richness, which is most consistent with the metabolic theory of biodiversity (MTB). However, MTB underestimated LDG in the tropics, where high species richness was also moderated by topographic, soil and anthropogenic factors operating at local scales. Given that local landscape variables operate synergistically with bioclimatic factors in shaping the global LDG pattern, we suggest that MTB be extended to account for co-limitation by subordinate drivers.
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| 9. |
- Fridman, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
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Global patterns and environmental drivers of forest functional composition
- 2024
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Ingår i: Global Ecology and Biogeography. - 1466-822X .- 1466-8238. ; 33, s. 303-324
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AimTo determine the relationships between the functional trait composition of forest communities and environmental gradients across scales and biomes and the role of species relative abundances in these relationships.LocationGlobal.Time periodRecent.Major taxa studiedTrees.MethodsWe integrated species abundance records from worldwide forest inventories and associated functional traits (wood density, specific leaf area and seed mass) to obtain a data set of 99,953 to 149,285 plots (depending on the trait) spanning all forested continents. We computed community-weighted and unweighted means of trait values for each plot and related them to three broad environmental gradients and their interactions (energy availability, precipitation and soil properties) at two scales (global and biomes).ResultsOur models explained up to 60% of the variance in trait distribution. At global scale, the energy gradient had the strongest influence on traits. However, within-biome models revealed different relationships among biomes. Notably, the functional composition of tropical forests was more influenced by precipitation and soil properties than energy availability, whereas temperate forests showed the opposite pattern. Depending on the trait studied, response to gradients was more variable and proportionally weaker in boreal forests. Community unweighted means were better predicted than weighted means for almost all models.Main conclusionsWorldwide, trees require a large amount of energy (following latitude) to produce dense wood and seeds, while leaves with large surface to weight ratios are concentrated in temperate forests. However, patterns of functional composition within-biome differ from global patterns due to biome specificities such as the presence of conifers or unique combinations of climatic and soil properties. We recommend assessing the sensitivity of tree functional traits to environmental changes in their geographic context. Furthermore, at a given site, the distribution of tree functional traits appears to be driven more by species presence than species abundance.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Fridman, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
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The global biogeography of tree leaf form and habit
- 2023
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Ingår i: Nature Plants. - 2055-026X .- 2055-0278. ; 9, s. 1795-1809
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Understanding what controls global leaf type variation in trees is crucial for comprehending their role in terrestrial ecosystems, including carbon, water and nutrient dynamics. Yet our understanding of the factors influencing forest leaf types remains incomplete, leaving us uncertain about the global proportions of needle-leaved, broadleaved, evergreen and deciduous trees. To address these gaps, we conducted a global, ground-sourced assessment of forest leaf-type variation by integrating forest inventory data with comprehensive leaf form (broadleaf vs needle-leaf) and habit (evergreen vs deciduous) records. We found that global variation in leaf habit is primarily driven by isothermality and soil characteristics, while leaf form is predominantly driven by temperature. Given these relationships, we estimate that 38% of global tree individuals are needle-leaved evergreen, 29% are broadleaved evergreen, 27% are broadleaved deciduous and 5% are needle-leaved deciduous. The aboveground biomass distribution among these tree types is approximately 21% (126.4Gt), 54% (335.7Gt), 22% (136.2Gt) and 3% (18.7Gt), respectively. We further project that, depending on future emissions pathways, 17-34% of forested areas will experience climate conditions by the end of the century that currently support a different forest type, highlighting the intensification of climatic stress on existing forests. By quantifying the distribution of tree leaf types and their corresponding biomass, and identifying regions where climate change will exert greatest pressure on current leaf types, our results can help improve predictions of future terrestrial ecosystem functioning and carbon cycling. Integrating inventory data with machine learning models reveals the global composition of tree types-needle-leaved evergreen individuals dominate, followed by broadleaved evergreen and deciduous trees-and climate change risks.
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| 12. |
- Fridman, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
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The number of tree species on Earth
- 2022
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - 0027-8424 .- 1091-6490. ; 119
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- One of the most fundamental questions in ecology is how many species inhabit the Earth. However, due to massive logistical and financial challenges and taxonomic difficulties connected to the species concept definition, the global numbers of species, including those of important and well-studied life forms such as trees, still remain largely unknown. Here, based on global groundsourced data, we estimate the total tree species richness at global, continental, and biome levels. Our results indicate that there are 73,000 tree species globally, among which ∼9,000 tree species are yet to be discovered. Roughly 40% of undiscovered tree species are in South America. Moreover, almost one-third of all tree species to be discovered may be rare, with very low populations and limited spatial distribution (likely in remote tropical lowlands and mountains). These findings highlight the vulnerability of global forest biodiversity to anthropogenic changes in land use and climate, which disproportionately threaten rare species and thus, global tree richness.
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| 13. |
- Gamfeldt, Lars, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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Higher levels of multiple ecosystem services are found in forests with more tree species
- 2013
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Ingår i: Nature Communications. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2041-1723. ; 4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Forests are of major importance to human society, contributing several crucial ecosystem services. Biodiversity is suggested to positively influence multiple services but evidence from natural systems at scales relevant to management is scarce. Here, across a scale of 400,000km2, we report that tree species richness in production forests shows positive to positively hump-shaped relationships with multiple ecosystem services. These include production of tree biomass, soil carbon storage, berry production and game production potential. For example, biomass production was approximately 50% greater with five than with one tree species. In addition, we show positive relationships between tree species richness and proxies for other biodiversity components. Importantly, no single tree species was able to promote all services, and some services were negatively correlated to each other. Management of production forests will therefore benefit from considering multiple tree species to sustain the full range of benefits that the society obtains from forests.
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| 14. |
- Holmström, Emma, et al.
(författare)
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Current state of mixed forests available for wood supply in Finland and Sweden
- 2023
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research. - 0282-7581 .- 1651-1891. ; 38, s. 442-452
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study's objectives were to suggest harmonised criteria for the definition of mixed forests for two Nordic countries, describe their principal mixture types, and provide an overview of their current extent. We used national forest inventory data compiled in Finland and Sweden, considering the forest available for wood supply (FAWS), excluding seedling and sapling plots before canopy closure. The definition of the mixed forest was based on the threshold criteria, which indicate the basal area proportion of the dominant tree species of the total in a stand. The proportion of mixed forests increased with higher threshold criteria: 21% to 42% in Finland and 24% to 49% in Sweden, as the threshold criterion was changed from 65% to 85%. With a threshold criterion of 75%, the area of mixed FAWS was 5.6 million ha (31% of FAWS) in Finland and 6.5 million ha (36%) in Sweden. The dominant mixture type was the pine-spruce-birches mixture (31%) in Finland and the pine-spruce mixture (29%) in Sweden. The proportion of peatland forest of mixed forests was similar in the countries: 9-10%. The mixed forests proportion increased from north boreal to hemiboreal, increasing with more mature development classes.
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| 15. |
- Jonsson, Bengt-Gunnar, et al.
(författare)
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Dead wood availability in managed Swedish forests - Policy outcomes and implications for biodiversity
- 2016
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Ingår i: Forest Ecology and Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-1127 .- 1872-7042. ; 376, s. 174-182
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Dead wood is a critical resource for forest biodiversity and widely used as an indicator for sustainable forest management. Based on data from the Swedish National Forest Inventory we provide baseline information and analyze trends in volume and distribution of dead wood in Swedish managed forests during 15 years. The data are based on ≈30,000 sample plots inventoried during three periods (1994-1998; 2003-2007 and 2008-2012). The forest policy has since 1994 emphasized the need to increase the amount of dead wood in Swedish forests. The average volume of dead wood in Sweden has increased by 25% (from 6.1 to 7.6 m3 ha-1) since the mid-1990s, but patterns differed among regions and tree species. The volume of conifer dead wood (mainly from Picea abies) has increased in the southern part of the country, but remained stable or decreased in the northern part. Heterogeneity of dead wood types was low in terms of species, diameter and decay classes, potentially negatively impacting on biodiversity. Overall, we found only minor effects of the current forest policy since most of the increase can be attributed to storm events creating a pulse of hard dead wood. Therefore, the implementation of established policy instruments (e.g. legislation and voluntary certification schemes) need to be revisited. In addition to the retention of dead trees during forestry operations, policy makers should consider calling for more large-scale targeted creation of dead trees and management methods with longer rotation cycles. © 2016 The Authors.
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| 16. |
- Jonsson, Bengt-Gunnar, 1963-, et al.
(författare)
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Rapid changes in ground vegetation of mature boreal forests : an analysis of Swedish national forest inventory data
- 2021
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Ingår i: Forests. - : MDPI. - 1999-4907. ; 12:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The boreal forest floor vegetation is critical for ecosystem functioning and an important part of forest biodiversity. Given the ongoing global change, knowledge on broad-scale changes in the composition and abundance of different plant species and species groups is hence important for both forest conservation and management. Here, we analyse permanent plot data from the National Forest Inventory (NFI) on changes in the vegetation over a 10-year period in four regions of Sweden. To limit the direct and relatively well-known effects of forest management and associated succession, we only included mature forest stands not influenced by forestry during the 10 years between inventories, and focused on vegetation change mainly related to other factors. Results show strong decrease among many species and species groups. This includes dominant species such as Vaccinimum myrtillus and Deschampsia flexuosa as well as several forest herbs. The only species increasing are some mosses in the southern regions. Our data do not allow for a causal interpretation of the observed patterns. However, the changes probably result from latent succession in combination with climate change and nitrogen deposition, and with time lags complicating the interpretation of their relative importance. Regardless of the cause, the observed changes are on a magnitude that suggest impacts on ecosystem functioning and hence highlight the need for more experimental work.
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| 17. |
- Lind, Torgny, et al.
(författare)
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Harmonisation of stem volume estimates in European National Forest Inventories
- 2019
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Ingår i: Annals of Forest Science. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1286-4560 .- 1297-966X. ; 76
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Key messageVolume predictions of sample trees are basic inputs for essential National Forest Inventory (NFI) estimates. The predicted volumes are rarely comparable among European NFIs because of country-specific dbh-thresholds and differences regarding the inclusion of the tree parts stump, stem top, and branches. Twenty-one European NFIs implemented harmonisation measures to provide consistent stem volume predictions for comparable forest resource estimates.ContextThe harmonisation of forest information has become increasingly important. International programs and interest groups from the wood industry, energy, and environmental sectors require comparable information. European NFIs as primary source of forest information are well-placed to support policies and decision-making processes with harmonised estimates.AimsThe main objectives were to present the implementation of stem volume harmonisation by European NFIs, to obtain comparable growing stocks according to five reference definitions, and to compare the different results.MethodsThe applied harmonisation approach identifies the deviations between country-level and common reference definitions. The deviations are minimised through country-specific bridging functions. Growing stocks were calculated from the un-harmonised, and harmonised stem volume estimates and comparisons were made.ResultsThe country-level growing stock results differ from the Cost Action E43 reference definition between -8 and +32%. Stumps and stem tops together account for 4 to 13% of stem volume, and large branches constitute 3 to 21% of broadleaved growing stock. Up to 6% of stem volume is allocated below the dbh-threshold.ConclusionComparable volume figures are available for the first time on a large-scale in Europe. The results indicate the importance of harmonisation for international forest statistics. The presented work contributes to the NFI harmonisation process in Europe in several ways regarding comparable NFI reporting and scenario modelling.
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| 18. |
- Marklund, Bertil, 1945, et al.
(författare)
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Referrals of dyspeptic self-care patients from pharmacies to physicians, supported by clinical guidelines.
- 2003
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Ingår i: Pharmacy world & science : PWS. - 0928-1231. ; 25:4, s. 168-172
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: It is important that self-medication customers with potentially serious diseases are correctly referred from pharmacies to physicians. The aim of this study was to determine the appropriateness of pharmacy practitioners in referring customers suffering from dyspepsia to a general practitioner (GP). METHOD: Practitioners in 12 pharmacies, supported by clinical guidelines and training, recorded information regarding the dyspeptic customers they referred to a physician on a data collection card. The card was sent to a GP participating in the study, who did a regular medical history of the referred customer over the phone and assessed whether the referral was appropriate or not. RESULTS: Out of 133 referred customers with dyspepsia, 132 completed the study. The GPs found that 119 (90%) needed a medical examination and/or prescription drugs and thus assessed these referrals as appropriate. In three cases (2%) the referral was doubtful and in ten cases (8%) not adequate, as the symptoms were more likely to come from an irritable bowel syndrome than dyspepsia. CONCLUSION: The results confirm the role of pharmacy practitioners as important members of the primary health care team. Provided with the appropriate referral guidelines and training, they are in a position to operate as 'filters', promoting the adequate use of other primary care services
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| 19. |
- Nilsson, Mats, et al.
(författare)
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Improved large-area forest increment information in Europe through harmonisation of National Forest Inventories
- 2024
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Ingår i: Forest Ecology and Management. - 0378-1127 .- 1872-7042. ; 562
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Consistent knowledge about the increment in European forests gained amplified importance in European policies and decision processes related to forest -based bioeconomy, carbon sequestration, sustainable forest management and environmental changes. Until now, large -area increment information from European countries was lacking international comparability. In this study we present a harmonisation framework in accordance with the principles and the approach established for the harmonisation of National Forest Inventories (NFIs) in Europe. 11 European NFIs, representing a broad range of increment measurement and estimation methods, developed unified reference definitions and methods that were subsequently implemented to provide harmonised increment estimates by NUTS regions (Nomenclature of territorial units for statistics of the European Union), main forest types and tree species groups, and to rate the impact of harmonisation measures. The main emphasis was on gross annual increment (GAI), however, also annual natural losses (ANL) and net annual increment (NAI) were estimated. The data from the latest available NFI cycles were processed. The participating countries represent a forest area of about 130 million ha, and 82% of the European Unions ' (EU) forest area, respectively. The increments were estimated in terms of volume (m 3 year - 1 , m 3 ha - 1 year -1 ) and above -ground biomass (t year - 1 , t ha -1 year -1 ). The harmonised GAI volume estimates deviate in a range of +12.3% to -26.5% from the estimates according to the national definitions and estimation methods. Within the study area, the harmonised estimates show a considerable range over the NUTS regions for GAI, from 0.6 to 12.3 m 3 ha - 1 year - 1 , and 0.8 -6.4 t ha - 1 year - 1 Europe and gradually decrease towards the North, South, West and East. In most countries coniferous forests show larger increment estimates per hectare than broadleaved forests while mixed forests are at an intermediate level. However, in some instances, the differences were small or mixed forests revealed the largest increment , of volume and above -ground biomass, respectively. The largest increment estimates are found in Central estimates. The most important tree species groups in the study area are Pinus spp. and Picea spp., contributing 29% and 26% of the estimated total GAI volume, respectively. The shares of the prevalent broadleaved species are smaller with contributions of 9%, 7% and 6% by Quercus spp., Fagus sylvatica and Betula spp. The results underline the importance of harmonisation in international forest statistics. Looking ahead, harmonised largearea increment estimation is pivotal for accurate monitoring and evidence -based policy decisions in the changing context of future forest ecosystems dynamics, management strategies and wood availability.
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| 20. |
- Ståhl, Göran, et al.
(författare)
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Plant functional traits have globally consistent effects on competition
- 2016
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 529, s. 204-U174
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Phenotypic traits and their associated trade-offs have been shown to have globally consistent effects on individual plant physiological functions(1-3), but how these effects scale up to influence competition, a key driver of community assembly in terrestrial vegetation, has remained unclear (4). Here we use growth data from more than 3 million trees in over 140,000 plots across the world to show how three key functional traits-wood density, specific leaf area and maximum height-consistently influence competitive interactions. Fast maximum growth of a species was correlated negatively with its wood density in all biomes, and positively with its specific leaf area in most biomes. Low wood density was also correlated with a low ability to tolerate competition and a low competitive effect on neighbours, while high specific leaf area was correlated with a low competitive effect. Thus, traits generate trade-offs between performance with competition versus performance without competition, a fundamental ingredient in the classical hypothesis that the coexistence of plant species is enabled via differentiation in their successional strategies(5). Competition within species was stronger than between species, but an increase in trait dissimilarity between species had little influence in weakening competition. No benefit of dissimilarity was detected for specific leaf area or wood density, and only a weak benefit for maximum height. Our trait-based approach to modelling competition makes generalization possible across the forest ecosystems of the world and their highly diverse species composition.
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
- Westerlund, Tommy, 1952, et al.
(författare)
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Assessment of the clinical and economic outcomes of pharmacy interventions in drug-related problems
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics. - : Hindawi Limited. - 0269-4727 .- 1365-2710. ; 34:3, s. 319-327
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background and objective: Due to drug-related problems (DRPs) that cause both unnecessary suffering and huge costs to society, many patients do not receive the intended beneficial effects of their treatment. Pharmacy practitioners have a key responsibility to respond to these problems, but more knowledge about the expected outcomes of their interventions is needed. The objective of the study was to assess the clinical and economic outcomes of community pharmacy interventions in patient DRPs. Methods: Drug-related problems in 13 different patient groups were identified and classified, according to the Westerlund System, by pharmacy practitioners from 89 Swedish pharmacies in 2006. The cases were documented in the pharmacy software and transferred to the national DRP database. An assessment model was developed and applied by the researchers (a pharmacist and a physician). This assessment was used to conduct a retrospective review by analysing the DRP and intervention documentation, in particular case descriptions from free text fields. Expected clinical patient outcomes of pharmacy interventions were judged in terms of improved therapeutic effects and prevented or relieved adverse drug reactions (ADRs). The review also assessed the expected patient outcomes with regard to initiated or avoided primary care contacts or avoided hospitalisations. The resulting hypothetically avoided direct societal costs and the estimated pharmacy personnel costs were calculated for the study and extrapolated to the Swedish nationwide level on an annual basis, to demonstrate the potential of national cost savings by pharmacy DRP-interventions. Results and discussion: In 358 cases (68%), the pharmacy interventions were judged to have produced an improved therapeutic effect in the patient, and in 172 cases (32%) to have prevented or relieved ADRs. Primary care contacts were initiated for 151 patients (29%), and pharmacy interventions were assessed to have saved 68 (13%) primary care contacts and 16 (3%) future hospitalisations. The potential societal cost savings extrapolated to Sweden at the national level were estimated at € 358 million. This is 37 times the expected pharmacy personnel costs for identifying and responding to the DRPs. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates that community pharmacy interventions in patient DRPs are most likely to lead to favourable clinical and economic outcomes. The convincing cost-benefit ratio should be presented to health care politicians and decision makers to encourage appropriate remuneration for these services.
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| 24. |
- Westerlund, Tommy, et al.
(författare)
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Community pharmacy and primary health care in Sweden-at a crossroads
- 2020
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Ingår i: Pharmacy Practice. - : Centro Investigaciones & Publicaciones Farmaceuticas. - 1885-642X .- 1886-3655. ; 18:2, s. 1-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The overall goal of Swedish health care is good health and equitable care for the whole population. The responsibility for health is shared by the central government, the regions, and the municipalities. Primary care accounts for approximately 20 percent of all expenditures on health care. About 16% of all physicians work in primary health. The regions have also employed a large number of clinical pharmacists, usually hospital-based, but many perform a variety of different primary care services, the most common of which is patient medication reviews. Swedish primary health care is at a crossroads facing extensive challenges, due to changes in demography and demanding financial conditions. These changes necessitate large transformations in health services and delivery. Current Government inquiries have primarily focused on two ways to meet the challenges; a shift towards more local care requiring a transfer of resources from hospital care, and a further development of structured digi-physical care, that is both digital (“online doctors”) and physical accessibility of care. While primary care at present is undergoing processes of change, community pharmacy has done so during the past decade since the re-regulation of the Swedish pharmacy market. A monopoly was replaced by a competitive system, where five pharmacy chains now share most of the market, a competition that has made community pharmacy very commercialized. A number of different, promising primary care services are being offered, but they are usually delivered on a small scale due to a lack of remuneration and philosophy of providers. Priority is given to sales and fast dispensing of prescriptions, often with a minimum of counseling. Reflecting primary health care, community pharmacy in Sweden is at a crossroads but currently has a golden opportunity to choose a route of collaboration with primary health care in its current transformation into more local and digiphysical care. A major challenge is that primary health care inquires, strategic plans, and national policy documents usually do not include community pharmacy as a partner. Hence, community pharmacy have to be proactive and seize this chance of changes in primary health policy and organization in order to become an important link in the chain of health care delivery, or there is a significant risk that it will predominantly remain a retail business. © 2020, Grupo de Investigacion en Atencion Farmaceutica. All rights reserved.
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| 25. |
- Westerlund, Tommy, 1952, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of a model for counseling patients with dyspepsia in Swedish community pharmacies.
- 2003
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Ingår i: American journal of health-system pharmacy : AJHP : official journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. - 1079-2082. ; 60:13, s. 1336-1341
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The outcomes of a counseling model designed to help pharmacists care for customers seeking nonprescription treatment for dyspepsia in Swedish community pharmacies were studied. A protocol containing 10 key questions based on clinical guidelines about dyspepsia symptoms and on studies of drug-related problems (DRPs) was implemented in six community pharmacies in Sweden. During two weeks in April 2002, all adult customers seeking self-care for dyspepsia were asked to participate in the interview. Depending on a customer's answers, pharmacy personnel gave advice, intervened for DRPs, or referred the customer to a physician. Customers who received advice or intervention were followed up by telephone. A total of 319 customers who met the study criteria agreed to participate. Of these, 183 (57%) received self-care advice, 37 (12%) had DRPs, and 39 (12%) were referred to a physician because of their symptoms. Of the 198 customers fulfilling the criteria for a follow-up interview, 130 (66%) participated. Nearly all of these customers were satisfied with their visit to the pharmacy, and 9 in 10 were pleased with the advice received. Eighty-five percent claimed they had followed the self-care advice, and two in three said they felt better. DRPs were resolved in 19 (86%) of the 22 customers with DRPs who were followed up. Only one customer in five who was advised to see a physician actually did so. A counseling model designed to discover and resolve problems related to symptoms and drug use appeared to have a favorable impact on outcomes in customers with dyspepsia seeking nonprescription drug treatment in Swedish pharmacies.
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| 26. |
- Westerlund, Tommy, 1952, et al.
(författare)
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Nonprescription drug-related problems and pharmacy interventions.
- 2001
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Ingår i: The Annals of pharmacotherapy. - 1060-0280. ; 35:11, s. 1343-1349
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To document the number and types of drug-related problems (DRPs) identified in customers purchasing nonprescription products in Swedish pharmacies; describe the distribution of DRPs by customer's gender, age, underlying ailment, and class of drug; determine whether problems are identified to the same extent in pharmacies with staffed nonprescription self-service departments as in pharmacies with over-the-counter sales; and document the number and types of pharmacy interventions to prevent or resolve DRPs, including reasons for drug switches and referrals to physicians. METHODS: A computerized instrument for documentation of DRPs and pharmacy interventions was developed. The study was conducted in 45 volunteer pharmacies in Sweden during ten weeks in late 1999. RESULTS: A total of 1425 problems and 2040 interventions were recorded by 308 pharmacy practitioners. Relatively fewer DRPs were documented in pharmacies with self-service departments. The most common DRPs were uncertainty about the indication for the drug (33.5%) and therapy failure (19.5%). Dyspepsia was the most frequently specified symptom (11.4%). Consumers of dermatologic products had significantly higher rates of problems than expected in relation to sales volume. The most common ways of responding to a problem were with consumer drug counseling (61.1%), switching of drugs (43.9%), and referral to a physician (27.5%). CONCLUSIONS: The study has demonstrated a need for more professional attention and intervention by pharmacy staff to prevent and rectify DRPs in nonprescription consumers. It seems especially important to make sure that consumers receive the appropriate drugs for their current ailments.
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| 27. |
- Westerlund, Tommy, 1952, et al.
(författare)
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Pharmacy practitioners' views on computerized documentation of drug-related problems.
- 2003
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Ingår i: The Annals of pharmacotherapy. - 1060-0280. ; 37:3, s. 354-360
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the practice by community pharmacy practitioners of computerized documentation of drug-related problems (DRPs) and pharmacy interventions in nonprescription drug consumers. METHODS: A questionnaire was administered in December 1999 to pharmacy practitioners in 45 community pharmacies of different sizes and locations across Sweden to survey their attitudes and experiences after participation in a 10-week period of computerized DRP documentation. RESULTS: The participants (n = 376, response rate 84%) found the development of computerized documentation of DRPs and pharmacy interventions to be very important. The instrument was perceived as easy to learn and to work well in daily practice. The documentation made many practitioners more attentive to the drug-related needs of self-care consumers and changed their perception of good quality in self-care counseling. The weighted multiple linear regression analysis showed no correlation between the proportion of practitioners experiencing time constraints and the DRP documentation rate of their work site. However, the magnitude of interest in the documentation practice had a significant effect on the documentation rate, regardless of the extent of the time constraints experienced (p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: The positive findings of the evaluation speak in favor of an expanded implementation of computerized documentation of DRPs and pharmacy interventions. Commitment among participating pharmacy practitioners to the new practice is essential and appears to overcome possible time constraints.
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| 28. |
- Westerlund, Tommy, 1952, et al.
(författare)
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The quality of self-care counselling by pharmacy practitioners, supported by IT-based clinical guidelines.
- 2007
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Ingår i: Pharmacy world & science : PWS. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0928-1231 .- 1573-739X. ; 29:2, s. 67-72
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: The primary objective of the study was to assess the quality of self-care counselling from pharmacy practitioners, supported by national clinical guidelines. The research questions addressed (1) the distribution of symptoms among customers in need of self-care counselling, (2) the quality of the self-care advice provided by pharmacy practitioners, (3) the degree of customer compliance with appropriate pharmacy advice versus the extent of symptom relief, (4) and versus a subsequent medical care visit, and (5) which resource the customers would have turned to in the first place for their ailments, had the pharmacy practitioner not been available. SETTING: Three large community pharmacies with non-prescription self-selection departments in central Sweden. METHODS: Ten pharmacy practitioners counselled all customers > or = 18 years old, with whom a dialogue was initiated on advice or products for self-care. The counselling was based on national clinical guidelines for self-care advice in the form of a software decision support program. The data collection consisted of documentation of background customer information, independent assessments of the quality of the advice provided and of telephone follow-ups. RESULTS: Of all documented symptoms (n = 250), the most common were allergy (26.4%), musculoskeletal symptoms (8.4%) and dyspepsia (7.2%). Independent assessments of the documentation by a physician and a pharmacist found that self-care advice was appropriate to give 97.6% of the customers and that the advice provided was correct in 88.4% of the cases. In total, 217 cases (86.8%) were fully approved by both the physician and the pharmacist. Among the 182 customers who claimed that they complied completely with appropriate advice provided, 135 (74.2%) experienced a great improvement in symptoms. Among the 21 who had only partly followed the advice, six (28.6%) reported the same level of improvement (p < 0.001). If the pharmacy practitioner had not been available, 56.8% of the customers would have turned to medical care in the first instance. CONCLUSIONS: The study demonstrates the high quality of pharmacy practitioners' self-care counselling supported by IT-based national clinical guidelines, including a favourable impact on customers' ailments. Furthermore, it reveals that pharmacy practitioners greatly relieve the pressure on the health-care system, resulting in reduced costs to society.
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| 29. |
- WIDBOM, BERTIL, et al.
(författare)
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Bedömning av miljökvalitet i Gotlands kustvatten med utgångspunkt från mjukbottenfaunans sammansättning
- 2007
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Den marina mjukbottenfaunans sammansättning är en av de parametrar som under en lång följd av år använts inom miljöövervakningen, både i Sverige och utomlands. Redan på 1920-talet utfördes standardiserade provtagningar av mjukbottenfauna på ett antal kustnära lokaler, bl.a. runt Gotland. De flesta av dessa provtagningsstationer kom senare att ingå i det nationella miljöövervakningsprogrammet (PMK) för mjukbottenfauna. När nu ett regionalt miljöövervakningsprogram med bottenfauna i Gotlands kustvatten initieras var målet att använda gamla provtagningsstationer i så stor utsträckning som möjligt. Därutöver valdes ett ytterligare antal provtagningsstationer ut för att studera de lokala förhållandena i några områden, nämligen Fårösund, Vägumeviken, Burgsviken och Klinteviken.Mjukbottenfaunans sammansättning utgör ett mycket bra mått på ett vattenområdes miljöstatus, eftersom de bottenlevande organismerna är förhållandevis stationära och relativt långlivade och därmed väl speglar miljöförhållandena på platsen över en längre tid. Olikheter i miljökänslighet mellan olika bentiska taxa har utnyttjats till att ta fram ett s.k. bentiskt miljökvalitetsindex (Benthic Quality Index, BQI). Enligt EU.s vattendirektiv ska miljökvalitén i varje vattenområde klassas till någon av de fem klasserna Hög, God, Måttlig, Otillfredsställande och Dålig. Denna bedömning görs lämpligen med utgångspunkt från flera olika parametrar, bl.a. bottenfaunans sammansättning. Klassgränserna för en bedömning utifrån bottenfaunans sammansättning grundar sig på beräknade BQI-värden och är olika för olika vattenområden. Sedimentprover för kvantifiering av mjukbottenfauna togs i maj 2006 på totalt 31 stationer runt Gotland på djup mellan 6 och 100 m. Av dessa utgör 15 stycken "gamla" provtagningsstationer med tillgängliga bottenfaunadata från minst ett tillfälle under 1920-talet, 1970-talet eller 1980-talet. Utöver dessa .ordinarie. stationer valdes fyra områden ut för undersökning enligt ovan. Två av de 31 stationerna, som låg under haloklinen, uteslöts ur sammanställningarna, eftersom dessa inte kan anses som representativa för området i övrigt. De flesta stationerna hade sandiga sediment av olika beskaffenhet.Miljökvaliteten i de specialstuderade områdena Vägumeviken och Klinteviken bedömdes, med utgångspunkt från bottenfaunans sammansättning, som god, men till följd av förhållandevis höga tätheter av fjädermygglarver, med ett lågt miljöklassningsvärde, och låga tätheter av kräftdjur, med höga miljöklassningsvärden, gjordes bedömningen att vattenkvaliteten i Fårösunds är sämre. I det fjärde specialområdet Burgsviken togs, p.g.a. sedimentets beskaffenhet, för få prover för att en samlad bedömning av miljökvaliteten skulle kunna göras. Den samlade bedömningen av miljökvalitén utifrån bottenfaunans sammansättning på de 13 .gamla. provtagningsstationerna över haloklinen var att miljökvaliteten i Gotlands kustvatten är god. En jämförelse med äldre data från 1920-talet, 1970-talet och 1980-talet, antyder att miljökvaliteten är ungefär densamma som under 1920-talet, dvs. har varit god under hela denna period. Det genomsnittliga miljöindexvärdet på de undersökta stationerna har dock sjunkit kontinuerligt sedan början av 1980-talet, vilket är oroväckande. Det är därför viktigt att följa upp den fortsatta utvecklingen. Av vikt är också att bevaka den lokala miljökvaliteten i Fårösund och att försöka finna förklaringar till de låga indexvärden som noterades fr.a. i området närmast Fårösunds samhälle.
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| 30. |
- Åkesson, Hans, et al.
(författare)
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Konstruktion, test och underhåll av simuleringsfunktioner i Riksskogstaxeringen
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I den här arbetsrapporten beskrivs hur en revision av Riksskogstaxeringens beräkningar av volym, tillväxt och ålder för de inventerade träden kan göras. Samt en del tips och idéer som kan vara värdefulla. Viktigt är att resultatet har tillräckligt bra noggrannhet, litet systematiskt fel samt att volym, tillväxt och ålder harmoniserar. Simuleringssystemet består i huvudsak av två delar, en prediktionsdel där exempelvis klavträdets volym skattas med funktioner samt en simuleringsdel där de predikterade volymerna korrigeras mot provträden och en ”störning” adderas så att klavträdens volymer speglar alla träds volymer med avseende på väntevärde och spridning. För att resultatet ska bli bra är det av betydelse att hantverket med att ta fram prediktionsfunktionerna görs så att rätt ingående variabler väljs och hur de bör omformas samt hur funktionsindelande kategorier väljs. Det här arbetet tar minst 6 manmånader för två kompetenta personer med stor erfarenhet av Riksskogstaxeringens design, variabler, databaser samt verktyg för funktionsbyggande..
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