| 1. |
- Ongena, J., et al.
(författare)
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Recent progress on JET towards the ITER reference mode of operation at high density
- 2001
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Ingår i: Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion. - 0741-3335 .- 1361-6587. ; 43, s. A11-A30
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent progress towards obtaining high density and high confinement in JET as required for the ITER reference scenario at Q = 10 is summarized. Plasmas with simultaneous confinement H-98(y.2) = 1 and densities up to n/n(Gw) similar to 1 are now routinely obtained. This has been possible (i) by using plasmas at high (delta similar to 0.5) and medium (delta similar to 0.3-0.4) triangularity with sufficient heating power to maintain Type I ELMs, (ii) with impurity seeded plasmas at high (delta similar to 0.5) and low (delta less than or equal to 0.2) triangularity, (iii) with an optimized pellet injection sequence, maintaining the energy confinement and raising the density, and (iv) by carefully tuning the gas puff rate leading to plasmas with peaked density profiles and good confinement at long time scales. These high performance discharges exhibit Type I ELMs, with a new and more favourable behaviour observed at high densities, requiring further studies. Techniques for a possible mitigation of these ELMs are discussed, and first promising results are obtained with impurity seeding in discharges at high triangularity. Scaling studies using the new data of this year show a strong dependence of confinement on upper triangularity, density and proximity to the Greenwald limit. Observed MHD instabilities and methods to avoid these in high density and high confinement plasmas are discussed.
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| 2. |
- Lamalle, P. U., et al.
(författare)
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Expanding the operating space of ICRF on JET with a view to ITER
- 2006
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Ingår i: Nuclear Fusion. - : IOP Publishing. - 0029-5515 .- 1741-4326. ; 46:2, s. 391-400
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper reports on ITER-relevant ion cyclotron resonance frequency (ICRF) physics investigated on JET in 2003 and early 2004. Minority heating of helium three in hydrogen plasmas-(He-3)H-was systematically explored by varying the 3 He concentration and the toroidal phasing of the antenna arrays. The best heating performance (a maximum electron temperature of 6.2 keV with 5 MW of ICRF power) was obtained with a preferential wave launch in the direction of the plasma current. A clear experimental demonstration was made of the sharp and reproducible transition to the mode conversion heating regime when the 3 He concentration increased above similar to 2%. In the latter regime the best heating performance (a maximum electron temperature of 8 keV with 5 MW of ICRF power) was achieved with dipole array phasing, i.e. a symmetric antenna power spectrum. Minority heating of deuterium in hydrogen plasmas-(D)H-was also investigated but was found inaccessible because this scenario is too sensitive to impurity ions with Z/A = 1/2 such as C6+, small amounts of which directly lead into the mode conversion regime. Minority heating of up to 3% of tritium in deuterium plasmas was systematically investigated during the JET trace tritium experimental campaign (TTE). This required operating JET at its highest possible magnetic field (3.9 to 4 T) and the ICRF system at its lowest frequency (23 MHz). The interest of this scenario for ICRF heating at these low concentrations and its efficiency at boosting the suprathermal neutron yield were confirmed, and the measured neutron and gammay ray spectra permit interesting comparisons with advanced ICRF code simulations. Investigations of finite Larmor radius effects on the RF-induced high-energy tails during second harmonic (omega = 2 omega(c)) heating of a hydrogen minority in D plasmas clearly demonstrated a strong decrease in the RF diffusion coefficient at proton energies similar to 1 MeV in agreement with theoretical expectations. Fast wave heating and current drive experiments in deuterium plasmas showed effective direct electron heating with dipole phasing of the antennas, but only small changes of the central plasma current density were observed with the directive phasings, in particular at low single pass damping. New investigations of the heating efficiency of ICRF antennas confirmed its strong dependence on the parallel wavenumber spectrum. Advances in topics of a more technological nature are also summarized: ELM studies using fast RF measurements, the successful experimental demonstration of a new ELM-tolerant antenna matching scheme and technical enhancements planned on the JET ICRF system for 2006, they being equally strongly driven by the preparation for ITER.
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| 3. |
- Lamalle, P.U, et al.
(författare)
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Expanding the operating space of ICRF on JET with a view to ITER
- 2006
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Ingår i: Nucl. Fusion. ; 46, s. 391-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mercury (Hg) has been used for millennia in many applications, primarily in artisanal mining and as an electrode in the chlor–alkali industry. It is anthropogenically emitted as a pollutant from coal fired power plants and naturally emitted, primarily from volcanoes. Its unique chemical characteristics enable global atmospheric transport and it is deposited after various processes, ultimately ending up in one of its final sinks, such as incorporated into deep sediment or bioaccumulated, primarily in the marine environment. All forms of Hg have been established as toxic, and there have been no noted biological benefits from the metal.Throughout time, there have been notable incidents of Hg intoxication documented, and the negative health effects have been documented to those chronically or acutely exposed. Today, exposure to Hg is largely diet or occupationally dependent, however, many are exposed to Hg from their amalgam fillings. This paper puts a tentative monetary value on Hg polluted food sources in the Arctic, where local, significant pollution sources are limited, and relates this to costs for strategies avoiding Hg pollution and to remediation costs of contaminated sites in Sweden and Japan. The case studies are compiled to help policy makers and the public to evaluate whether the benefits to the global environment from banning Hg and limiting its initial emission outweigh the benefits from its continued use or lack of control of Hg emissions. The cases we studied are relevant for point pollution sources globally and their remediation costs ranged between 2500 and 1.1 million US$ kg−1 Hg isolated from the biosphere. Therefore, regulations discontinuing mercury uses combined with extensive flue gas cleaning for all power plants and waste incinerators is cost effective.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Kazakov, Yevgen, 1984, et al.
(författare)
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Enhanced ICRF (ion cyclotron range of frequencies) mode conversion efficiency in plasmas with two mode conversion layers
- 2010
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Ingår i: Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion. - : IOP Publishing. - 1361-6587 .- 0741-3335. ; 52:11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The ICRF (ion cyclotron range of frequencies) mode conversion regime efficiently provides local electron heating. The efficiency of mode conversion could be enhanced due to the interference between the reflected waves (Fuchs V et al 1995 Phys. Plasmas 2 1637–47). Plasmas of large-scale tokamaks can include multiple mode conversion layers which results in a complicated picture of mode conversion. The 1D theory of mode conversion in plasmas with two ion–ion hybrid resonance layers is presented. Using the phase-integral method the analytical expression for the conversion coefficient is derived within a cold plasma model. The possible enhancement of the mode conversion coefficient in such plasmas is shown. The developed theory is used to analyze the role of carbon ions in the (3He)H scenario of ICRF heating. As hot plasma effects may decrease the amount of power ultimately ending up on mode converted waves, a brief discussion of numerically obtained results but relying on a hot plasma model is included.
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| 6. |
- Kazakov, Yevgen, 1984, et al.
(författare)
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Mode Conversion Study in Plasmas with Two Ion-Ion Hybrid Resonances
- 2009
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 18th Topical Conference: RADIO FREQUENCY POWER IN PLASMAS. ; AIP 1187, s. 617-620
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The ICRF mode conversion regime provides the effective local electron heating. The efficiency of the mode conversion could be enhanced due to the interference between thereflected waves [1]. The ID theoretical model is presented for the case of two ion-ion hybrid resonances in the plasma. The role of the carbon impurities in the inverted ICRF (3He)H scenario is studied. The optimal range of the helium and carbon concentrations for the enhanced mode conversion is estimated.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Moradi, Sara, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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Modeling of energy confinement improvement in high power JET discharges with neon seeding
- 2012
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Ingår i: Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion. - : IOP Publishing. - 1361-6587 .- 0741-3335. ; 54:1, s. 015004-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In order to reduce the heat load to the wall, in particular in the presence of a metallic wall, the radiated fraction is increased by means of impurity seeding. This paper aims at investigating qualitatively the balance between a degradation of the edge confinement and a potential reduction of the core turbulent transport due to the increase of effective charge, Zeff. The pedestal degradation due to the Ne seeding is taken as input. The impact of Zeff and radiative loss on the heat transport are modeled with the quasi-linear 1D fluid code RITM. The input parameters are taken from a series of Ne seeded discharges conducted in JET. Discharges with D, D + Ne and Ne only fueling are qualitatively analyzed. The model recovers the experimentally observed fact that, while the confinement is degraded from the D to the D + Ne seeded plasma, it is improved from the D + Ne to the Ne only seeded plasma.
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