| 1. |
- Eriksson, Jenny, 1975-, et al.
(författare)
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New ways of collecting individual travel information : Evaluation of data collection and recruitment methods
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The overall purpose of the project is to conduct a demonstration study that shows how two data collection methods that have been developed to collect travel survey data perform in the field, and how they perform compared with traditional TS (i.e., postal questionnaires and/or telephone interviews). The project is also intended to provide a better understanding of the ways in which different recruitment methods of respondents can be used so that future TS can be more cost effective.The two collection methods tested consist of a mobile app and an online questionnaire with a map to assist the respondents to identify travel destinations. Three recruitment methods were used, i.e., recruitment via random sampling, a web panel, and crowdsourcing. The portion of the random sample that received an online questionnaire was divided into two groups. Half the group was given no incentive, while the other half received a gift card worth SEK 100 after answering the questioner. Those who were recruited via a web panel and were to use the mobile app were rewarded in the form of a gift card worth SEK 100 if, at minimum, they made corrections to trips made on one day registered in the mobile app. A nonresponse analysis was performed of the random sample for both the online questionnaire and the mobile app. Cost estimates for each collection method and recruitment method were also performed, as were uncertainty estimates.Overall, the study shows that the mobile app registered significantly more trips per respondent than did the online questionnaire, while the distances travelled were comparable. There are several possible interpretations of this. One is that people who responded to the online questionnaire either forget about and/or combined short trips (particularly trips made for the purposes of leisure or shopping, and using the travel modes walking and car). One presumable explanation for this is that it is easier to confirm/correct the trips that the mobile app suggests than it is to recall and enter all trips in an online questionnaire. Another possible interpretation is that people responding to different data collection methods have different travel patterns. Yet another explanation is connected to technique issues regarding the different data collection methods.
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| 2. |
- Hammarbäck, Staffan, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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Ambulance clinicians’ conceptions of responsibility when encountering patients in a suicidal process
- 2023
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Ingår i: Nursing Ethics. - : Sage Publications. - 0969-7330 .- 1477-0989. ; 30:6, s. 857-870
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Even though the traditional focus in emergency care is on life-threatening medical crisis, ambulance clinicians frequently encounter patients with mental illness, including suicidal ideation. A suicide is preceded by a complex process where most of the suicidal ideation is invisible to others. However, as most patients seek healthcare in the year before suicide, ambulance clinicians could have an important part to play in preventing suicide, as they encounter patients in different phases of the suicidal process.Aim: The aim of this study was to describe ambulance clinicians’ conceptions of responsibility when en- countering patients in a suicidal process.Research design: A qualitative inductive design using a phenomenographic approach was used. Participants and research context: Twenty-seven ambulance clinicians from two regions in southern Sweden were interviewed.Ethical considerations: The study was approved by the Swedish Ethical Review Authority.Findings: Three categories of descriptions captured a movement from responding to a biological being to responding to a social being. Conventional responsibility was perceived as a primary responsibility for emergency care. In conditional responsibility, the patient’s mental illness was given only limited importance and only if certain conditions were met. Ethical responsibility was perceived to have its primary focus on the encounter with the patient and listening to the patient’s life story.Conclusions: An ethical responsibility is favourable regarding suicide prevention in ambulance care, and competence development in mental illness and conversation skills could enable ambulance clinicians to have conversations with patients about suicidal ideation.
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| 3. |
- Hammarbäck, Staffan, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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Ambulance clinicians’ conceptions of responsibility when encountering patients in a suicidal process
- 2022
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Ingår i: Presented at the 4th International Nordic College of Caring Science & the European Academy of Caring Science Conference: "Caring in a changing world", Eskilstuna, Sweden, April 27-28, 2022.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: Ambulance clinicians encounter patients in both obvious and non-obvious phases of a suicidal process. Regardless of phase, ambulance clinicians could have an important role in suicide prevention. However, the main focus in ambulance care is on emergency medicine while the patient’s mental ill-health is not necessarily included in the clinician’s assessment. Aim: To describe ambulance clinicians’ conceptions of responsibility when encountering patients in a suicidal process. Method: With a phenomenographic approach, semi structured interviews were conducted with twenty-seven Swedish ambulance clinicians with a variation in competence, working experience, gender and age. Results: Three categories of description were found. Conventional responsibility, in which responsibility mainly concerns emergency medical treatment and assessment. Conditional responsibility, which to a limited extent includes the patient’s mental ill-health in responsibility but only if certain conditions are met. Ethical responsibility emerges from the encounter with the patient and responsibility is understood as providing care based on the patient’s needs, regardless of physical or mental origin. These categories are found on a spectra moving from responding to the call to responding to the patient. Responding to the patient is impaired by language deficiency or tiredness. Working with a supportive colleague, training in mental health and conversations skills were perceived as facilitating responding to the patient. Conclusion: In suicide prevention, ambulance clinicians understanding of responsibility as responding to the call is unfavorable. Responding to the patient is more favorable and means to primarily appear to the patient as fellow human being. Engaging in a relationship with the patient could cause vulnerability in the clinician, however this vulnerability could be reduced with training and education. This could be vital as it is in the relationship that suicidality could be disclosed and understood.
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| 4. |
- Hammarbäck, Staffan, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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Navigating oneself through the eyes of the other : Meanings of encountering ambulance clinicians whilst being in a suicidal process
- 2024
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Ingår i: The 5th International NCCS & EACS Conference, University of Stavanger, Norway, Caring science – the heart of multi-professional care. ; , s. 12-12
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background:Being in a suicidal process has been described as lonely and painful but there is also a longing for someone to see, listen and understand. There is an ambivalence about living or dying and while there is a wish for an endurable future, it seems to be out of reach. Ambulance clinicians describe a lack of competence and variation in conceptualized responsibility, moving between mainly emergency medicine to an ethical responsibility to engage in a caring relationship. Since little is known what meaning this encounter has to the patients, the aim of this study was to elucidate meanings of encountering ambulance clinicians whilst being in a suicidal process. Methods:A phenomenological hermeneutical approach was used, and data were collected through fifteen individual interviews with eight participants with lived experience of encountering ambulance clinicians whilst being in a suicidal process. Results:The analysis resulted in the main theme ´Navigating oneself through the eyes of the other´. In the encounter, patients navigate their position in terms of value, and direction as expectations of the future. Three subthemes; ‘Being impacted by representatives of society’, ‘Being unsure of one´s own value’ and ‘Regaining hope in moments of togetherness’ substantiated the main theme.Conclusion: It is in in the clinicians’ power to consolidate the feeling of being a burden but also to instil hope of an endurable life. Through caring conversations clinicians can support the patients’ first steps in the journey of recovery.Ethical considerations:The Swedish Ethical Review Authority approved the study.
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| 5. |
- Hammarbäck, Staffan, et al.
(författare)
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Navigating oneself through the eyes of the other - meanings of encountering ambulance clinicians whilst being in a suicidal process
- 2024
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Ingår i: International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 1748-2623 .- 1748-2631. ; 19:1, s. 1-13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: The suicidal process contains both observable and non-observable phases, and patients have described the process as characterized by loneliness and darkness. Ambulance clinicians encounter patients in all phases of the suicidal process but little is known on what meaning this encounter has to the patients. The aim of this study was to elucidate meanings of encountering ambulance clinicians while being in a suicidal process.Methods: Data were collected through fifteen individual interviews with eight participants who had lived experiences of encountering ambulance clinicians. Inductive design using phenomenological hermeneutical approach was used.Findings: Patients are impacted by the clinicians, both in how they find their value in the situation, but also in expected trajectory. Three themes; ‘Being impacted by representatives of society’, ‘Being unsure of one´s own value’ and ‘Regaining hope in moments of togetherness’ generated the main theme ´Navigating oneself through the eyes of the other´.Conclusion: The way ambulance clinicians communicate impacts how patients navigate themselves in the ambivalence about living or dying, and the encounter either consolidate a feeling of being a burden, or instil hope of an endurable life. Through conversation, clinicians could support the patients in taking the first steps in the journey of recovery.
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| 6. |
- Hammarbäck, Staffan, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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The encounter between ambulance clinicians and patients in a suicidal process
- 2023
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Ingår i: Presented at the 4th Global Conference on Emergency Nursing & Trauma Care, Gothenburg, Sweden, November 9-11, 2023, 2023.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Most patients have contact with healthcare in the year prior to suicide and ambulance clinicians encounter these patients in all stages of the suicidal process (Rees. Traditionally, the focus in ambulance care is on emergency medicine and encountering patients with suicidal ideation can be challenging to the clinicians. Patients describe an ambivalence between living and dying and being in the process is characterized by loneliness and darkness, but there is also a longing for someone who truly see, listen and understand the situation.Aim: To illuminate the encounter between ambulance clinicians and patients in a suicidal process.Method: The presentation is founded in two qualitative interview studies. The first study has a phenomenographic approach and describes ambulance clinicians’ conceptions of responsibility when encountering patients in a suicidal process. The second study has a phenomenological hermeneutical approach and illuminates meaning of patients’ lived experience of encountering ambulance clinicians whilst being in a suicidal process.Ethical considerations: Both studies included in the presentation were approved by the Swedish Ethical Review Authority.Results: Ambulance clinicians describe lack of competence regarding suicidality. However, the competence that patients desire is compassion and humanity which impacts on the ambivalence between living and dying. Both clinicians and patients experience vulnerability in the encounter. To the clinicians, this vulnerability comes from coming forth as a person in the encounter. At the same time, it is the personal in clinicians that remind patients of human community and convey hope of a bearable life. Conclusions: The encounter with ambulance clinicians could be the start of the patients’ recovery. Not only can the clinicians offer a safe haven, but they can also support the patients in reclaiming their life stories.
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| 7. |
- Hammarbäck, Staffan, et al.
(författare)
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The meaning of the encounter with ambulance clinicians whilst being in a suicidal process
- 2023
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Ingår i: International Association for Suicide Prevention. - : International Association for Suicide Prevention. ; , s. 229-230
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Patients in suicidal processes describe ambivalence about living or dying, and that there are feelings of loneliness, shame and failure, and longing for someone to truly see and understand. When encountering hospital emergency care, the experiences range from hostility to gentleness. However, a positive relationship is understood as part of recovery. It can be challenging for ambulance clinicians to encounter patients in suicidal processes, and suicidal ideation is not necessarily considered to be within the scope of their responsibility. Ambulance clinicians encounter patients in all stages of the suicidal process, and they could have responsibility in preventing future suicide. Nevertheless, there is scarce research on how patients experience this encounter and what meaning it has to them.Aim: The aim of the study was to elucidate meanings of encountering ambulance clinicians whilst being in a suicidal process.Method: A qualitative inductive design was used. Fifteen individual interviews were conducted with eight participants with experience of encountering ambulance clinicians whilst being in a suicidal process. The interviews were transcribed and the data was analysed using phenomenological hermeneutics.Ethical considerations: The study was approved by the Swedish Ethical Review Authority.Results: Preliminary findings presents three themes. Being under ambulance clinicians’ authority which means to be inferior in the power balance to the clinicians. However, the power balance is highlighted through body language, tone or focusing on diagnosis, but it could also be balanced through a personal and empathic encounter. Being unsure of one’s own value where one keeps up a façade to protect both one’s vulnerability but also to avoid putting one’s burden upon the clinicians. Being a problem to solve, and not a person in need of help, is elucidated when the clinicians use impeaching language. Regaining hope in moments of togetherness where the brief relationship with the clinicians can rise hope when one is seen as a unique person. Having an everyday conversation reminds of human community. An opportunity to share one’s story and to be supported in approaching what is distressful, arises when clinicians have an understanding attitude.Conclusions: Encountering ambulance clinicians means to be inferior. Clinicians’ communication highlights the power imbalance and can increase feelings of loneliness and being a burden. But there is also in the clinicians’ power to equalize the imbalance, to convey hope and remind of human community. Thus, the encounter could be the start of the patients’ recovery.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Wiklund, Mats, 1957-
(författare)
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Järnvägstransportsystemets sårbarhet : struktur för modellformulering och metodutveckling
- 2002
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Under juni och juli sommaren 2000 drabbades mellersta Norrland av flera regnoväder som orsakade översvämningar på många håll. I mitten på juli bedömdes att rasriskerna var så stora att flera järnvägssträckor stängdes för trafik. I december år 2001 drabbades Stockholmstrakten av snöoväder. Det fick svåra konsekvenser för tågtrafiken med många inställda avgångar. Detta är två indikationer på järnvägstransportsystemets sårbarhet.Syftet med denna rapport är att utveckla en ram för att kunna analysera järnvägstransportsystemets sårbarhet. En formell definition av sårbarheten för ett järnvägstransportsystem är sannolikheten för att systemets kapacitet sjunker till en nivå där trafik ställs in eller blir så försenad att resenärers eller godskunders nytta av transporten uteblir.En modell för järnvägstransportsystemets sårbarhet ska redovisa hur ofta kapaciteten reducerats så att kraftiga störningar uppstår, t.ex. att fordonsomlopp inte längre kan upprätthållas, eller att trafik måste ställas in och vad som är orsaken.Modellstrukturen består av två delar. Den första delen beskriver kapacitetens tillförlitlighet och den andra möjligheten att upprätthålla trafik med accepterad kvalitet vid förändringar i kapaciteten.
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| 10. |
- Wiklund, Mats, 1957-, et al.
(författare)
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Traffic safety and economic fluctuation : long-term and short-term analyses and a literature survey
- 2012
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In studies of traffic safety is it important to have good knowledge of both internal and external factors. Examples of the former are driver behaviour and the roads’ safety standard, while examples of the latter are the demographic structure and the economic situation. This report includes a survey of methods used by previous researchers comprising which variables they used as indicators of the state of the market. It was concluded that unemployment was the most common economic variable, where an increase in unemployment indicates a decrease in the number of killed road users. The same result was found when a time series analysis was performed on Swedish data. It was also shown that part of the reduction in the number of fatalities in Sweden during a recession was explained by young drivers’ reducing their car use. There is, however, still a remaining effect of unemployment that cannot be explained by young drivers car use. One theory is that the state of the market affects the road users´ travel patterns. Data collected from fatal accident reports during the recession in December 2008-March 2009, were compared to the same period in 2005/2006, 2006/2007 and 2007/2008 during which period the economy was stronger. The only significant difference was that the number of fatalities and number of fatal accidents were higher during periods of economic growth. No significant difference was found with respect to, among others, accident type, time of day, age or gender distribution.
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| 11. |
- Öberg, Gudrun, 1945-, et al.
(författare)
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Granskning av Vägverkets och Banverkets förslag till drift- och underhållsstrategier
- 2003
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Regeringen har gett väg- och transportforskningsinstitutet i uppdrag att granska innehållet i de förslag till drift- och underhållsstrategier för 2004–2015 som Vägverket och Banverket skickat på remiss. Denna rapport innehåller en redovisning av detta uppdrag.Gemensamt för båda trafikverken är det omfattande kunskapsmaterial i form av beskrivningar av vägnätets och bannätets standard som finns tillgängligt för planeringsarbetet. Man har i viktiga delar också kompletterat detta material med särskilda studier, enkäter och genom att låta regionerna bearbeta speciella frågor.Enligt instruktionerna från Näringsdepartementet ska verken utforma sina åtgärdsförslag för att minimera den samhällsekonomiska kostnaden för att hålla infrastruktur tillgänglig för trafik. Kriterier för när åtgärder ska sättas in – vad som av Vägverket kallas målnivåer – bör därför väljas med denna utgångspunkt. Problemet är att det är svårt och många gånger omöjligt att med utgångspunkt från tillgänglig dokumentation avgöra hur målnivåerna valts, om det skett på samhällsekonomiska grunder eller om det är andra överväganden som varit vägledande för att komma fram till dessa gränsvärden. Det har därför inte varit möjligt att som en del av granskningen komma fram till om man gjort rimliga avvägningar mellan olika aspekter på driftinsatserna.
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