| 1. |
- Aronsson, Thomas, 1963-, et al.
(författare)
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Local public goods and income heterogeneity
- 2006
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Ingår i: The theory and practice of environmental and resource economics. - Cheltenham : Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, Cheltenham. - 1845426495 - 9781845426491 ; , s. 85-101
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Aronsson, Thomas, 1963-, et al.
(författare)
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Optimal tax progression : does it matter whether wage bargaining is decentralized or centralized?
- 2011
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We study how the optimal use of labor income tax progression depends on whether the wage bargaining system is decentralized or centralized. Assuming a nonlinear labor income tax and an unrestricted profit tax, we show that a Utilitarian government is able to implement the first best resource allocation with a zero marginal labor income tax rate under decentralized wage bargaining, whereas centralized bargaining typically implies a progressive tax as well as unemployment. However, if the government and a (central) wage-setter bargain over wage formation and public policy, the resulting equilibrium is characterized by full employment and a zero marginal tax rate.
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| 4. |
- Aronsson, Thomas, 1963-, et al.
(författare)
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Optimal taxation and risk-sharing arrangements in an economic federation
- 2003
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Ingår i: Oxford Economic Papers. - : Oxford University Press. - 0030-7653 .- 1464-3812. ; 55:1, s. 104-120
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper analyzes optimal taxation and risk‐sharing arrangements in an economy with two levels of government. Both levels provide public goods and finance their expenditures via labor income taxation, where the tax base is responsive to the private agents' labor supply decisions. The localities are assumed to experience different random productivity shocks, meaning that the private labor supply decision as well as the choices of income tax rates are carried out under uncertainty. Part of the central government's decision problem is then to provide tax revenue sharing between the local governments. The optimal degree of revenue sharing depends on whether or not the localities/regions differ with respect to labor supply incentives.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Aronsson, Thomas, 1963-, et al.
(författare)
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Regional income growth and net migration in Sweden, 1970-1995
- 2001
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Ingår i: Regional studies. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 0034-3404 .- 1360-0591. ; 35:9, s. 823-830
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper concerns the regional growth pattern in Sweden, and the purpose is to analyse what factors determine the growth rate of average income and the net migration at the regional level. We find a negative relationship between the initial level of regional average income and subsequent income growth. The results also imply that the initial endowment of human capital (measured as the percentage of the population with higher education) has a positive effect on the subsequent net migration. Other determinants of regional income growth and population movements are 'fixed endowments' (related to geography and climate) and regional labour market characteristics.
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| 7. |
- Aronsson, Thomas, 1963-, et al.
(författare)
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Social identity, education and tax policy
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper analyzes the implications of social identity and self-categorization in the context of optimal redistributive income taxation. A two-type model is supplemented by an assumption that individuals select themselves into social categories, in which norms are formed and education effort choices partly depend on these norms. Optimal tax policy is analyzed under two different assumptions about the social objective function: a welfarist objective based on consumer preferences and a paternalist objective that does not reflect the consumer preference for social identity. We show how the welfarist government implements a tax policy to internalize the externalities arising from social norms, while the paternalist government uses tax policy to make individuals behave as if their preferences for social identity were absent.
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| 8. |
- Aronsson, Thomas, 1963-, et al.
(författare)
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The Impact of regional public expenditures on the local decision to spend
- 2000
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Ingår i: Regional Science and Urban Economics. - 0166-0462 .- 1879-2308. ; 30:2, s. 185-202
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper studies the hypothesis that local (municipal) expenditures in part can be explained by the expenditures of the regional (county) government. To accomplish this task, we derive and estimate a model of local public (municipal) spending that is defined conditional on the level of regional public expenditures. The empirical analysis is based on panel data from the Swedish local public sector for the time period 1981–1986. Among the results, we find that the hypothesis that regional expenditures are weakly separable from local expenditures can be rejected. However, we cannot reject the hypothesis that the regional expenditures are weakly exogenous in the local expenditure equation.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Wikström, Christina, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
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Comparing the incomparable : a predictive validity analysis based on matching methods
- 2008
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Ingår i: The impact of testing on people and society.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper evaluates the selection instruments for higher education in Sweden, by comparing how students selected on either grades from upper secondary school (GPA) or an admissions test (the SweSAT) perform in higher education. The study appreciates that evaluating multiple instruments is not without problems, as applicants in different admission groups are not necessarily comparable with respect to personal traits, and different instruments may benefit individuals differently. The study investigates if combining regression models with matching methods will give additional or better information about the different selection instruments, compared to traditional methods in predictive validity studies. The data consists of register data from students born 1972-1974, who have been admitted to a Business Administration or Edconomics programme in a Swedish university between the years 1993 to 1996. The number of credits taken in higher education serve as criterion for academic success. The results from the regression analyses support previous findings in validation studies, showing that the GPA admitted students are more productive in the economics programme than students admitted from the SweSAT group, and even a negative correlation between test scores and number of credits among those admitted. However, the results also show that the SweSAT group are more productive than the GPA group overall, when the total number of university credits serve as criterion.
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| 11. |
- Wikström, Christina, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
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Merit-Based Admissions in Higher Education
- 2020
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Ingår i: Higher Education Admissions Practices. - Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. - 9781108472265 ; , s. 34-50
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In higher education admissions systems, different principles guide how students are selected when there is competition for study positions or when there is a limit on the number of students that can be admitted. The merit-based approach is very common in which the candidate with the best qualifications, or merits, is accepted. The way merit is defined and measured is, however, a complicated matter and reflects various views on validity and fairness. This chapter describes and discusses principles for the allocation of study positions, focusing on admissions practices where individuals are promoted or selected on the basis of their merits. Applications and challenges of such models, and the consequences for individuals, universities or colleges, and society at large are also discussed.
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| 12. |
- Wikström, Christina, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
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Prediction of study success : should selection instruments measure cognitive or non-cognitive factors?
- 2009
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Ingår i: Assessment for a creative world.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In a number of countries, both high school GPA and admission tests are used in the selection to higher education. The validity research on such instruments has mainly focused on their predictive validity, and the outcome generally shows that the GPA is a better predictor than the test. One explanation is that the grades also measure non-cognitive factors, which are considered important for school performance. Moreover, many admission tests have been criticised for being too alien to what is being taught in schools, hence lacking in relevance for future education. As a consequence, many admission tests are being revised, to be more similar to the school grades in terms of content. A relevant question is if this is the right way to proceed if the main purpose of the test is to predict future study success? This study compares the subtests of a traditional admissions test (the SweSAT) with high school grades in verbal and quantitative subjects in terms of content construct and predictive strength. Success in higher education is measured by the number of credits achieved by students in economics and business administration programmes at Swedish universities. The purpose is to find out if the difference in predictive strength can be related to cognitive or non-cognitive factors. The data is analysed by regression analysis and structural equation modelling (SEM). The findings show that there are differences in content as well as construct, but that variations in predictive strength have to do with both cognitive and non-cognitive factors, where quantitative grades and test scores are more similar in construct than verbal grades and test scores, but also better predictors of performance in higher education. The findings are discussed in relation to previous research, and some suggestions for future research are made.
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| 13. |
- Wikström, Magnus, 1963-, et al.
(författare)
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Admissions Tests
- 2018
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Ingår i: The SAGE Encyclopedia of Educational Research, Measurement, and Evaluation. - Thousand Oaks : Sage Publications. - 9781506326153 - 9781506326139 ; , s. 48-51
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Admissions tests usually refer to tests designed to find candidates suitable for higher education. Such tests and other forms of entrance examinations can be made mandatory for applicants in a country or region to take or they may be specific to a university or a university program. This entry first discusses the roles and importance of admissions tests, the principles on which they are based, and their history. It then looks at how admissions tests can be characterized and issues in admissions testing. In an admission decision, there are two fundamental roles that a test can fulfill: to identify candidates who have sufficient knowledge to be able to complete an education (eligibility) and to rank the candidates and to make a selection in cases where there are more eligible candidates than there are available slots (selection). A test can be designed to meet either of these two roles, although most admissions tests are used only for selection purposes. Admissions tests can be further categorized with respect to the construct or constructs they are assumed to measure. Standardized aptitude tests measure aptitude in general cognitive skills and are designed to determine a person’s ability to learn. Entrance examinations are generally achievement oriented and focus on what a candidate has learned. Having a fair selection model is of greatest importance in a democratic society. Although modern higher education often can be regarded as education for large parts of the population, universities are still institutions educating those who will hold important positions and influence society. An important question is how the number of slots at these universities should be distributed and what constitutes a fair admissions system, as this is not an easy or uncontroversial question to answer.
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| 14. |
- Carlsson, Ylva, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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COVID-19 in Pregnancy and Early Childhood (COPE): study protocol for a prospective, multicentre biobank, survey and database cohort study.
- 2021
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Ingår i: BMJ open. - : BMJ. - 2044-6055. ; 11:9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is limited knowledge on how the SARS-CoV-2 affects pregnancy outcomes. Studies investigating the impact of COVID-19 in early pregnancy are scarce and information on long-term follow-up is lacking.The purpose of this project is to study the impact of COVID-19 on pregnancy outcomes and long-term maternal and child health by: (1) establishing a database and biobank from pregnant women with COVID-19 and presumably non-infected women and their infants and (2) examining how women and their partners experience pregnancy, childbirth and early parenthood in the COVID-19 pandemic.This is a national, multicentre, prospective cohort study involving 27 Swedish maternity units accounting for over 86000 deliveries/year. Pregnant women are included when they: (1) test positive for SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19 group) or (2) are non-infected and seek healthcare at one of their routine antenatal visits (screening group). Blood, as well as other biological samples, are collected at different time points during and after pregnancy. Child health up to 4years of age and parent experience of pregnancy, delivery, early parenthood, healthcare and society in general will be examined using web-based questionnaires based on validated instruments. Short- and long-term health outcomes will be collected from Swedish health registers and the parents' experiences will be studied by performing qualitative interviews.Confidentiality aspects such as data encryption and storage comply with the General Data Protection Regulation and with ethical committee requirements. This study has been granted national ethical approval by the Swedish Ethical Review Authority (dnr 2020-02189 and amendments 2020-02848, 2020-05016, 2020-06696 and 2021-00870) and national biobank approval by the Biobank Väst (dnr B2000526:970). Results from the project will be published in peer-reviewed journals.NCT04433364.
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| 15. |
- Daunfeldt, Sven-Olov, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
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Taxation, dividend payments and ex-day price-changes
- 2009
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Ingår i: Multinational Finance Journal. - : EBSCO Industries, Inc.. - 1096-1879. ; 13:1/2, s. 141-160
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of the paper is to study the effect of taxation on dividend payments and ex-dividend price-changes in Sweden during 1991-1995. Tax changes in Sweden during the 1990s were implemented in such a way that they provide an opportunity to include direct measures of the tax-treatment of dividends and capital gains in the empirical analysis, in contrast to previous studies. The results indicate that tax-reforms can have large effects on dividend payments, while the effects on ex-dividend price-changes are less conclusive.
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| 16. |
- Granlund, David, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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Det offentliga som konkurrent på kommersiella marknader - En samhällsekonomisk analys med exemplet konferensmarknaden
- 2017
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I den här rapporten analyseras samhällsekonomiska effekter av att det offentliga konkurrerar med privata företag på kommersiella marknader. Den innehåller även en pilotstudie av marknaden för en – och tvådagarskonferenser tillämpad på Umeåregionen.Svensk konkurrenslagstiftning inkluderar regler om konkurrensbegränsande offentlig säljverksamhet. Reglerna gäller för den offentliga sektorn i sin helhet, dvs stat, primärkommuner (kommun) eller landstingskommuner (landsting) och juridiska personer vars verksamhet den offentliga sektorn har ett dominerande inflytande över. Inflytandet kan ta sig formen av ägande, finansieringsvillkor, styrelse, lag och avtal. Frågan om det offentliga som konkurrent är även samhällsekonomiskt relevant då snedvridning av konkurrens i form av exempelvis underprissättning till följd av stöd, kan innebära en samhällsekonomisk förlust.Sammantaget visar den samhällsekonomiska analysen att det inte går att dra några generella slutsatser om att konkurrens från den offentliga sektorn på marknader med en etablerad kommersiell verksamhet alltid är problematisk. Även i situationer där konkurrensen sker på olika villkor kan fördelarna med den offentliga aktörens medverkan överväga nackdelarna. Baserat på pilotstudien och olika scenarios avseende konferensmarknaden i Umeå, är det möjligt att dra slutsatsen att fördelarna med offentliga aktörer kan dominera nackdelarna under förutsättning att den offentliga aktörens produktionskostnad maximalt är en procent högre än en privat aktörs produktionskostnad för motsvarande konferens. Analysen visar att subventioner till offentliga aktörer överskridande 1,3 miljoner kronor inte kan motiveras utifrån ett samhällsekonomiskt perspektiv i något scenario. I scenariot där den offentliga aktören ägnar sig åt underprissättning överväger nackdelarna även om verksamheten klarar sig utan subvention.
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| 17. |
- Granlund, David, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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Fixed budgets as a cost containment measure for pharmaceuticals
- 2006
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Ingår i: European Journal of Health Economics. - : Springer. - 1618-7598 .- 1618-7601. ; 7:1, s. 37-45
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In Västerbotten County, Sweden, there are two health centers which (in contrast to all other health centers in the region) bear strict responsibility over their pharmaceutical budget. This study examined whether the prices and quantities of pharmaceuticals prescribed by physicians working at these health centers differ significantly from those prescribed by physicians at health centers with open-ended budgets. Estimation results using matching methods, which allows us to compare similar patients at the different health centers, show that the introduction of fixed pharmaceutical budgets did not affect physicians' prescription behavior, indicating that fixed budgets may not be an efficient measure to reduce costs. Another explanation is that the health centers under study already had taken measures to contain costs, making it hard to further reduce costs.
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| 18. |
- Granstam, Sven-Olof, 1963-, et al.
(författare)
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Use of echocardiographic pulmonary acceleration time and estimated vascular resistance for the evaluation of possible pulmonary hypertension
- 2013
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Ingår i: Cardiovascular Ultrasound. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-7120. ; 11, s. 7-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND:During ultrasound examination, tricuspid regurgitation may be absent or gives a signal that is not reliable for the estimation of systolic pulmonary pressure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of acceleration time (AT) from the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) as an estimation of the trans-tricuspid valve gradient (TTVG) and to investigate the correlation between estimated and invasive pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR).METHODS:The AT was correlated to the TTVG measured with routine standard echocardiography in 121 patients. In a subgroup of 29 patients, systolic pulmonary pressure (SPAP) and mean pulmonary arterial pressure (MPAP) were obtained from recent right heart catheterization (RHC).RESULTS:We found no significant correlation between the estimation of right atrial pressure (RAP) by echocardiography and the RAP obtained by RHC. Estimated SPAP (TTGV + RAP mean from RHC) showed a good linear relation to invasively measured SPAP. TTVG and AT showed a non-linear relation, similar to SPAP and MPAP measured by catheterization and AT. For detection of SPAP above 38 mmHg a cut-off for AT of 100 ms resulted in a sensitivity of 89% and a specificity of 84%. For detection of MPAP above 25 mmHg a cut-off for AT of 100 ms resulted in similar sensitivity and specificity. Invasive PVR and the ratio of TTVG and the time velocity integral of the RVOT (TVI RVOT ) had a strong linear relation.CONCLUSIONS: Our study confirms that AT appears to be useful for the evaluation of pulmonary hypertension. In high risk patients, an AT of less than 100 ms indicates a high probability of pulmonary hypertension. Furthermore, PVR estimation by ultrasound seems preferably be done by using the ratio of TTVG and TVI RVOT.
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| 19. |
- Hanes, Niklas, 1969-, et al.
(författare)
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Amalgamation impacts on local growth : Are voluntary amalgamations more efficient than compulsory amalgamations?
- 2010
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Ingår i: Canadian journal of regional science. ; 33:1, s. 57-70
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this paper is to analyse amalgamation impacts on local population and income growth as well as whether voluntary amalgamations are more efficient compared to compulsory amalgamations. The empirical analysis is based on data for 1,005 Swedish municipalities for the period 1953-1959, i.e. a six-year period after the 1952 municipal reform. The reform was state imposed and 66 percent of the newly formed municipalities were amalgamated on a compulsory basis. The results show that amalgamations had a positive effect on population growth in small municipalities. The main finding in the paper is that municipalities formed on a voluntary basis had higher population growth compared to municipalities formed on a compulsory basis. One conclusion is that local opinions are important to consider when forming a new local government structure.
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| 20. |
- Hanes, Niklas, 1969-, et al.
(författare)
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Assessing the effects of the child-care fee reform on public expenditures and taxation
-
Annan publikation (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- This paper studies the effects of the Swedish child-care fee reform on public expenditures and taxation in the municipalities. The reform implied a common system of child-care fees among all the municipalities and was introduced in 2002. In order to study its effects, we employ a difference-in-difference approach, where outcomes are compared with respect to differences in the municipalities' pre-reform fee systems. It was found that pre-reform characteristics determine taxes and expenditures in the post-reform period. We then discuss the likely causes of these differences and find that the reform did change the child-care demand in municippalities that had applied time rates relative to those who applied income dependent fees prior to reform. Changes in child-care quality were not connected to the pre-reform fee systems characteristics.
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| 21. |
- Hanes, Niklas, 1969-, et al.
(författare)
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Does the local government structure affect population and income growth? : An empirical study of the 1952 municipal reform in Sweden
- 2008
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Ingår i: Regional studies. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0034-3404 .- 1360-0591. ; 42:4, s. 593-604
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The main purpose of the paper is to analyse if the Swedish municipal reform in 1952 affected subsequent income growth and population movements. The empirical analysis is conducted using data for the period 1953 to 1959. The main result is that the municipal amalgamations had no effect on the municipal income growth patterns. However, a positive effect on population growth is found for the municipalities that were small in size prior to the reform. It is also found that the composition of the municipalities formed affected subsequent growth.
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| 22. |
- Karlsson, Linn, et al.
(författare)
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Admission groups and academic performance : A study of marginal entrants in the selection to higher education
- 2022
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Ingår i: The B.E. Journals in Economic Analysis & Policy. - : De Gruyter Open. - 2194-6108 .- 1935-1682. ; 22:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this paper is to study whether Swedish admission policies successful in selecting the best-performing students. The Swedish universities select students based on two different instruments, which each form a separate admission group. A regression model is recommended to estimate the achievement differences for the marginally accepted students between the admission groups and is applied to a sample of 9024 Swedish university entrants in four different fields of education. Marginally accepted students in the group selected by school grades on average perform better than students accepted by an admission test, suggesting that a small reallocation of study positions towards the grade admission group may increase overall academic achievement. However, the achievement difference appears to vary concerning university programme selectivity. We found that increasing selection by grades in less competitive programmes would improve overall achievement, while we do not find any effect for highly competitive programmes.
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| 23. |
- Karlsson, Linn, 1992-
(författare)
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Essays on inputs, admissions and returns to education
- 2021
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Paper [I] analyses the associations between computer use in schools and at home and test scores by using TIMSS (Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study) data for more than 900,000 fourth-graders in 2011 and 2015. Pupils who used computers at school, especially those who used them frequently, scored lower than students who never used computers. There is also a negative association between frequent computer use at home and test scores, but moderate monthly and weekly use at home is positively associated with pupil performance. The results also suggest that the negative association of computer use at school is greater among low-performing pupils than high-performing pupils.Paper [II] estimated the marginal achievement difference between students from the two admission groups. Swedish universities select students based on two different criteria: upper secondary school grade point average (GPA) and scores on a scholastic aptitude test (SweSAT), and each forms a separate admission group. The analysis was based on data from 9,024 university entrants in the academic year 2012/2013. Marginally accepted students in the group based on school grades on average perform better than students accepted based on their SweSAT scores, suggesting that a small reallocation of study positions towards the grade admission group may increase the overall academic achievement of university students.Paper [III] focuses on gender differences in first-year university achievement. Nearest-neighbour matching was used to compare students with similar admission scores and allowed us to analyse achievement differences between male and female students. The results show that admission scores underpredict achievement for women relative to men in both admissions groups and more so for the SweSAT. Additional analysis indicates that part of the achievement differences is related to male- female composition in different fields of education.Paper [IV] studies the effect of university education on economic outcomes among individuals who initially attained low levels of education, and then participated in adult education. It uses Swedish longitudinal population register data from 1990–2015 to estimate the return to university education among those who participated in adult education in 1994 and enrolled at a university between 1996 and 1998. Difference-in-difference propensity score matching accounts for unobserved time-invariant individual characteristics and non-random selection of university education. The results show significant gains in terms of earnings and probability of employment for those who proceeded into university.
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
- Kotyrlo, Elena, 1967-
(författare)
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Fertility, childcare and labour market : dynamics in time and space
- 2021
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Paper [I] focuses on the effects of time and space dynamics on the description offertility in Sweden. Fertility is an important determinant of long-term populationgrowth and labour market conditions. The influence of time dynamics inpostponing or accelerating childbearing is assessed by considering two differenteffects of earnings. Firstly, the effect within one generation is considered bycomparing a family’s current earnings with their earnings in the recent past andexpected earnings in the future. The second effect, referred to previously as theEasterlin hypothesis, is examined through the generations by comparing ahousehold’s earnings for a younger generation with the earnings of the parentalgeneration. These effects are expected to be generated by labour mobility acrossmunicipalities. The empirical evidence for the period 1985-2008 involvedestimating space and time dynamics by using a spatial first-order and serialsecond-order panel data model. By comparing different specifications, thehypothesis about a positive spatial autocorrelation of fertility is supported. Currentearnings appeared to have a negative effect on fertility rates within municipalities,and in the long-term, across them. The study makes a theoretical contributionthrough the application of stationarity conditions and evaluation of the long-termeffects in the direct, indirect and total forms of the model.Paper [II] contributes to the study of stationarity conditions for a spatial first-orderand serial second-order model in the presence of time-lagged spatial interaction areconsidered. The stationarity conditions on serial autocorrelation parameters arefound on the basis of the structural vector auto-regression form for the model. Thestationarity in time is a function of the spatial autoregressive parameters. The value of the time-lagged spatial autoregressive parameter defines the shifting of theinterval for first-order serial parameter. However, the sizes of intervals for thevalues of both serial parameters depend only on the value of the simultaneousautoregressive parameter.Paper [III] contributes to an analytical description of the spatial diffusion offertility, in particular, influenced by labour movements of people between places ofresidence and work. It is assumed that the labour market has externality on themarriage market due to commuting, which, in turn, affects fertility. A model ofspatial diffusion of fertility is based on the assumption of global and local spillovereffects. The global spillover effect, as shifts in fertility norms, is motivated by theincreasing variance of the social interactions of an individual, when the places ofwork and residence are different. One local spillover effect is in response to flowsof earnings across space. Another mechanism is related to expected changes inprobabilities to find a partner affected by differences in day and night population.The analytical model, in which the effects on fertility of the cited spillovers aredecomposed, is constructed in the paper on the base of a model of the demand forchildren, the spatial stock-flow model of a market, and a matching model with asex imbalance or spatial mismatch as the probability of matching. Three seximbalances, namely of night-, day-time population and an adjusted to the seximbalance commuters to residents are empirically tested. Empirical evidence onmunicipal Swedish data for the period 1994–2008 does not provide any strongevidence of spatial diffusion of fertility. However, there are externalities of labourmobility on fertility due to the changes of the gender structure of population.In Paper [IV] commuting is linked to fertility through demographic, social andeconomic mechanisms. Average differences in the first-birth rates of young working women are estimated by bivariate model with endogenous commuting.Empirical evidence based on administrative data (Sweden) reveals that commutingwomen have a lower probability of first birth at the age 21-28 years old and higherprobability at the age 29-32 years old. Therefore, commuting women likelypostpone first childbearing. Additional direct and spillover effects of commutingon fertility appear in income cross-municipal flows, the diffusion of fertility normsacross space and changes in the gender structure of population of fertile age. Apositive effect of relative incomes, positive social norms effect and negative sexratio effect are found significant both for commuting women and those who workin the municipality of residence. Marginal effects for commuters are greater inmagnitude.Paper [V] studies earnings and labour force participation (LFP) of native Swedesand recent immigrants in Sweden in response to the childcare reforms of 2001 and2002 using a difference-in-differences approach and register-based data for theperiod of 1995-2009. Immigrant and native Swedish mothers are distinguished inorder to study if increased accessibility to childcare might be particularly beneficialfor groups facing obstacles in entering the labour market. The results show that thereforms had a positive effect on earnings and LFP among native mothers withpreschool children. The group of immigrant mothers studied did not experienceany gain in labour market outcomes as a response to the reform.
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
- Norman, Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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The Swedish Neonatal Quality Register - contents, completeness and validity
- 2019
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Ingår i: Acta Paediatrica. - : WILEY. - 0803-5253 .- 1651-2227. ; 108:8, s. 1411-1418
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim: To describe the Swedish Neonatal Quality Register (SNQ) and to determine its completeness and agreement with other registers.Methods: SNQ collects data for infants admitted to neonatal units during the first four postnatal weeks. Completeness and registers' agreement were determined cross-linking SNQ data with Swedish population registers (the Inpatient, Medical Birth and Cause of Death Registers) for a study period of five years.Results: In total, 84 712 infants were hospitalised. A total of 52 806 infants occurred in both SNQ and the population registers; 28 692 were only found in the population registers, and 3214 infants were only found in SNQ. Between gestational weeks 24-34, completeness of SNQ was 98-99%. Below and above these gestational ages, completeness was lower. Infants missing in SNQ were term or near-term in 99% of the cases, and their diagnoses indicated conditions managed in maternity units, or re-admissions for acute infections, managed in paediatric units. For most diagnoses, the agreement between SNQ and population registers was high, but some (bronchopulmonary dysplasia and grade of hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy) were often missing in the population registers.Conclusion: SNQ completeness and agreement against other registers, especially for preterm infants, is excellent. SNQ is a valid tool for benchmarking, quality improvement and research.
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
- Yasinska, Valentyna, et al.
(författare)
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Low levels of endogenous anabolic androgenic steroids in females with severe asthma taking corticosteroids
- 2023
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Ingår i: ERJ Open Research. - : European Respiratory Society. - 2312-0541. ; 9:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Rationale: Patients with severe asthma are dependent upon treatment with high doses of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) and often also oral corticosteroids (OCS). The extent of endogenous androgenic anabolic steroid (EAAS) suppression in asthma has not previously been described in detail. The objective of the present study was to measure urinary concentrations of EAAS in relation to exogenous corticosteroid exposure.Methods: Urine collected at baseline in the U-BIOPRED (Unbiased Biomarkers for the Prediction of Respiratory Disease outcomes) study of severe adult asthmatics (SA, n=408) was analysed by quantitative mass spectrometry. Data were compared to that of mild-to-moderate asthmatics (MMA, n=70) and healthy subjects (HC, n=98) from the same study.Measurements and main results: The concentrations of urinary endogenous steroid metabolites were substantially lower in SA than in MMA or HC. These differences were more pronounced in SA patients with detectable urinary OCS metabolites. Their dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) concentrations were <5% of those in HC, and cortisol concentrations were below the detection limit in 75% of females and 82% of males. The concentrations of EAAS in OCS-positive patients, as well as patients on high-dose ICS only, were more suppressed in females than males (p<0.05). Low levels of DHEA were associated with features of more severe disease and were more prevalent in females (p<0.05). The association between low EAAS and corticosteroid treatment was replicated in 289 of the SA patients at follow-up after 12–18 months.Conclusion: The pronounced suppression of endogenous anabolic androgens in females might contribute to sex differences regarding the prevalence of severe asthma.
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