| 1. |
- Ansari, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
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Pancreatic cancer : Yesterday, today and tomorrow
- 2016
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Ingår i: Future Oncology. - : Future Medicine Ltd. - 1479-6694 .- 1744-8301. ; 12:16, s. 1929-1946
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pancreatic cancer is one of our most lethal malignancies. Despite substantial improvements in the survival rates for other major cancer forms, pancreatic cancer survival rates have remained relatively unchanged since the 1960s. Pancreatic cancer is usually detected at an advanced stage and most treatment regimens are ineffective, contributing to the poor overall prognosis. Herein, we review the current understanding of pancreatic cancer, focusing on central aspects of disease management from radiology, surgery and pathology to oncology.
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| 2. |
- Hau, Sofie Olsson, et al.
(författare)
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Chemotherapy, host response and molecular dynamics in periampullary cancer : The CHAMP study
- 2020
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Ingår i: BMC Cancer. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1471-2407. ; 20:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Pancreatic cancer is a devastating disease with a dismal prognosis. Despite profound medical advances in systemic therapies for other types of aggressive tumours during recent years, a diagnosis of pancreatic cancer is still often synonymous with a fatal outcome. The term periampullary cancer includes pancreatic cancer and applies to the group of tumours found in proximity to the ampulla of Vater. Molecular events and immune response in the host during chemotherapy remain largely unexplored in this group of tumours. Therefore, the "Chemotherapy, Host Response and Molecular Dynamics in Periampullary Cancer (CHAMP)" study aims to monitor these processes to gain new insight into this perplexing disease. Methods: The CHAMP study is a prospective, single-arm observational study. All patients diagnosed with pancreatic or other periampullary adenocarcinoma undergoing adjuvant or palliative chemotherapy treatment in the Department of Oncology, Skåne University Hospital, are invited to participate. Clinical and pathological data will be compiled at study entry. A single tissue microarray (TMA) block is constructed for each patient with a resected tumour and blood samples are drawn before, during and after chemotherapy in order to sample peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), cytokines and circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA). Next generation sequencing will be performed on tumour tissue and ctDNA to detect changes in the clonal landscape over space and time. Discussion: Despite the recent emergence of some promising biomarkers for periampullary cancer, there has been a lack of success in clinical implementation. Cancer cells continuously adapt and become resistant to treatment during chemotherapy. To be able to keep pace with and hopefully overtake this rapid evolution we must, with the help of new diagnostic tools, be ready to adapt and alter treatment accordingly. It seems to us that the only way forward is to gain a better understanding of the dynamics of the disease during treatment. With insights gained from the CHAMP study we hope to find answers to key questions in this largely unexplored territory. Trial registration: This study has been registered 30th October 2018 at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03724994.
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| 3. |
- Sellgren, Ulf, et al.
(författare)
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Architecting Complex Engineered Systems
- 2020
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the Design Society. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 2633-7762. ; , s. 2415-2424
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Novel products are commonly realized by integrating heterogeneous technologies. Product architecting focus on defining the scheme by which the product functions are allocated to physical components. A DSM-based clustering method that integrates technical complexity and strategic concerns has previously been proposed. It has been shown that interaction weights in the DSM may affect the clustering result. A complexity-based interaction strength model to be used in DSM clustering is proposed here. The case study gives promising results from both interaction performance and safety points of view.
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| 4. |
- Sellgren, Ulf, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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Modularisation and product description : a review and a focused case
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This technical report contains the results from the first step of a Ph.D. project in the field of modularisation and product description, conducted by the author at Scania CV AB in Södertälje and at KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm.Scania is one of the leading truck, bus and engine manufacturers in the world and is today a part of the Volkswagen (VW) Group AG, which is one of the world’s largest vehicle manufacturing groups. Scania has a successful history in vehicle modularisation and claims it is one of the most important reasons why they are a leading company today. Scania also has a unique way of describing the modular product in their generic product structure, in order to efficiently describe the many product variants. However, the Scania product has over the last years been developed into a mechatronic product with embedded software in focus, demanding the product description as well as the modularisation methodology to support this new dimension. Collaboration within the Volkswagen group also makes it even more important to understand and explain “The Scania Way” of modularising and describing the product.The purpose of the study presented in this technical reports was to investigate the present state at Scania, concerning product architecting, modularisation, product description and configuration. Hence, this report contains a literature review, a case study based on semi-structured interviews, as well as an architecture analysis of some main Scania components. The analysed main components were chosen to both include mechanical, electrical and software disciplines, in order to highlight some of the challenges when modularising and describing a high-performing product configured from heterogeneous technologies that are developed and managed multidisciplinary. Another purpose of the report was to answer the research questions; what is the present state at Scania, regarding product architecture and management of product data? And what are the unique properties in the modular product architecture at Scania and how are they used, developed and maintained?The result of the analysis indicates that the nomenclature needs to be further defined at Scania, preferably with a definition which is consistent in order to reduce the risk of confusion and design mistakes during future collaborations. Scania strives to maximise the number of product variants (external variety), while keeping the number of technical solutions low (internal commonality). Hence, a structured methodology which supports the development of the product architecture is clearly needed at Scania, in order to make future collaborations as efficient and successful as possible, and to control the increasing technical complexity in the future Cyber-Physical Systems. Finally, configuration rules are identified to be highly important in order to successfully realise a modular product architecture, since the architecture normally will not be fully uncoupled. A drawback with this approach is that the solution space (i.e. all valid configurations) becomes extremely hard to identify, therefore an advanced product description methodology is essential.
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| 5. |
- Williamsson, David, et al.
(författare)
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A Hunt For the Hidden Reasons Behind a Product Architecture
- 2018
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Ingår i: DS 96: The 20th International DSM Conference. - : The Design Society. ; , s. 93-103
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A modular product architecture is a strategic means to deliver external variety and internal commonality. In this paper, a heavy duty modular gearbox architecture is represented and analyzed. In focus is re-engineering of hidden technical complexity and business strategy concerns behind an existing product architecture. The architecture of the investigated gearbox is represented and analyzed with a Product Architecture DSM and the Integrated Modularization Method (IMM). Furthermore, a Cluster Match Matrix (CMM) is proposed as a means to compare multiple clustering results. The case study indicates that the IMM methodology and CMM can be used for analyzing and finding the explicit and/or implicit reason for a targeted existing product architecture.
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| 6. |
- Williamsson, David, 1990-, et al.
(författare)
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Architecting a Modular Battery Electric Truck
- 2020
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Ingår i: ASME 2020 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference.. - : ASME International.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Product architecting involves conceptual system design, module identification (clustering) and product layout design. In this paper, we propose a new extended version of the previously introduced Integrated Modularization Methodology (IMM) that integrates technical complexity and business strategic concerns into product architecture clustering. The extended IMM (eIMM) adds physical interference and implementation dependent behavior into architecture clustering. The proposed method is logically verified by an industrial case, where the architecture of a presently developed battery electric truck is used as a test bench for studying if and how the product architecture DSM and eIMM approaches may enable us to identify module candidates that are reasonable trade-offs between technical complexity, business strategies and physical interferences. The case study indicates that the eIMM is able to propose a modular product architecture with reasonable module candidates from a technical complexity point of view, and without conflicting business strategies or intra-modular physical interferences.
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| 7. |
- Williamsson, David, et al.
(författare)
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Choosing proper relation weights in product architecture clustering : a literature review
- 2020
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This technical report was conducted at the department YMS - PDM & CAD (Product Data Management & Computer Aided Design) at Scania and at KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, Sweden. The report serves as a part delivery of a PhD project, within the area of modularization and product description, performed by the author.Scania is one of the leading truck, bus and engine manufacturers in the world and is today a part of TRATON SE (owned by Volkswagen AG), which is one of the world’s largest vehicle manufacturing groups. Scania has a successful history in vehicle modularization and claims it is one of the most important reasons why they are a leading company today. However, the Scania product has over the last years been developed into a Cyber-Physical System (CPS), with embedded software in focus, demanding the modularization methodology to support this new dimension. There is also a growing market regarding offline and online services, which also generates new demands.Earlier published research within the presented PhD project identified that a structured methodology which supports the development of the product architecture was needed at Scania, mainly to manage the increasing technical complexity in the Cyber-Physical Systems. Hence, a new clustering based method for product modularization that integrates product complexity and company business strategies was proposed by the author. The new method was named Integrated Modularization Methodology (IMM) due to the integrated approach for identifying module candidates during the clustering stage.One of the main challenges when using any clustering based modularization approach is to determine proper relation weights (importance), including the reasons behind the weights, and how the weights affects the clustering results. Hence, the main purpose of this technical report was to systematically investigate possible aspects which may affect the product architecture and thereby the relation weights, i.e. the reasons to consider when choosing proper relation weights in the architecture clustering analysis.The results from the report indicate that the importance of the design requirements needs to be reflected in the chosen relation weights, given that the DSM-clustering result is sensitive to the relative relation weights.
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| 8. |
- Williamsson, David, et al.
(författare)
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INTEGRATED MODULARIZATION METHODOLOGY AND PROCESS FOR HEAVY-DUTY TRUCKS
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Product architecting involves conceptual system design, module identification (clustering) and product layout design. In this paper, we propose a new clustering-based process and methodology for heavy-duty truck modularization that integrates technical complexity, company business strategies and physical interference. A quite complex industrial case of a conceptual Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) variant is used to illustrate the proposed process and methodology, and to show that it is capable of identifying module candidates that are reasonable trade-offs between technical complexity, business strategies and physical interferences. The presented case confirms that the proposed process and methodology for Integrated Modularization is capable of supporting the Systems Engineering process by improving the quality of the architectural decomposition,i.e. the module identification stage by adding business strategies and physical interference to product architecture clustering. Furthermore, the case study clearly shows that the clustering results depend on the relative weights of the different types of component relations that are represented in the product architecture DSM. The importance of these weights are reduced when multiple business strategic aspects and physical interference constraints are introduced
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| 9. |
- Williamsson, David, 1990-, et al.
(författare)
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Introducing implementation dependent behavior into integrated product architecture clustering
- 2019
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 21st International Dependency and Structure Modeling Conference, DSM 2019. - : The Design Society. - 9781912254064 ; , s. 45-55
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We propose a new extended version of the previously introduced Integrated Modularization Methodology (IMM) that integrates technical complexity and business strategic concerns when clustering the architecture. The extended IMM (eIMM) adds physical interference and implementation dependent behavior into product architecture clustering. A presently developed battery electric truck is used as a test bench for studying if and how the product architecture DSM and eIMM approach may enable us to identify module candidates that are reasonable trade-offs between technical complexity, business strategies and physical interference. The presented case study indicates that eIMM is able to propose a modular product architecture without conflicting business strategies or intra-modular physical interferences, as well as reasonable module candidates from a technical complexity point of view.
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| 10. |
- Williamsson, David
(författare)
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On integrated modularization for situated product configuration
- 2019
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Road transports face increasing societal challenges with respect to emissions, safety, and traffic congestion, as well as business challenges. Truck automation, e.g. self-driving trucks may be utilized to address some of these issues. Autonomous transport vehicles may be characterized as Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS). A drawback is that CPS significantly increase technical complexity and thus introduce new challenges to system architecting.A product architecture is the interrelation between physical components and their function, i.e. their purpose. Product architectures can be categorized as being modular or integral. The main purpose of a modular architecture is to enable external variety and at the same time internal commonality. Products with a modular architecture are configured from predesigned building blocks, i.e. modules. A stable module, which is a carrier of main function(s) has standardized interfaces, is configured for company-specific reasons, which means it supports a company-specific (business) strategy.In this thesis, the present state at the heavy vehicle manufacturer Scania, concerning product architecting, modularization, product description and configuration is investigated. Moreover, a new clustering based method for product modularization that integrates product complexity and company business strategies is proposed. The method is logically verified with multiple industrial cases, where the architecture of a heavy truck driveline is used as a test bench. The driveline contains synergistic configurations of mechanical, electrical and software technologies that are constituents of an automated and/or semi-autonomous system, i.e. the driveline may be characterized as a CPS. The architecture is analyzed both from technical complexity and business strategy point of view. The presented research indicates that a structured methodology which supports the development of the product architecture is needed at Scania, to enable control of the increasing technical complexity in the Cyber-Physical Systems. Finally, configuration rules are identified to be highly important in order to successfully realize a modular product architecture. A drawback with this approach is that the solution space becomes hard to identify, therefore a complete and flexible product description methodology is essential. The results from the case studies indicate that clustering of a Product Architecture DSM may result in a modular architecture with significantly reduced complexity, but with clusters that contain conflicting module drivers. It is also identified that the new modularization methodology is capable of identifying and proposing reasonable module candidates that address product complexity as well as company-specific strategies. Furthermore, several case studies show that the proposed method can be used for analyzing and finding the explicit and/or implicit, technical as well as strategic, reasons behind the architecture of an existing product.
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| 11. |
- Williamsson, David, 1990-
(författare)
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On integrated modularization in heavy-duty truck architecting
- 2021
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Road transports face increasing challenges with respect to safety, legislations on lower emissions and traffic congestion, as well as numerous business challenges related to paradigm shifts in technology, tightened delivery times and cost constraints. Combination of truck electrification and automation may be utilized to address some of these issues. Electrified and autonomous transport vehicles may be characterized as Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS). A drawback with CPS is the extensive increase of technical complexity, which introduce new challenges to Systems Engineering (SE). The added complexity is preferably targeted in the product architecting development stage of SE. Product architecting involves conceptual system design, module identification (clustering) and product layout design. A product architecture is the interrelation between physical components and their function, i.e. their purpose. Product architectures can be categorized as being modular, hybrid or integral. A modular architecture is a strategic means to deliver external variety and internal commonality. Modular subsystems enable concurrent development and modularization is, thus, a structured method to manage technical complexity. In this thesis, a new clustering-based methodology and process for heavy-duty truck modularization that integrates technical complexity, company business strategies and physical interference is proposed. The main hypothesis behind the presented research is that computer-based product architecture clustering analysis benefit from a quantitative complexity measure, as well as means to represent (model) and communicate product architecture related complexity. A variety of industrial cases of heavy-duty truck subsystems are used to describe the proposed methodology and to verify its performance, i.e. how well the proposed methodology and process supports the SE process. All investigated subsystems contains synergistic configurations of mechanical, electrical and software technologies, i.e. they may be characterized as CPS. The presented research concludes that the proposed modularization methodology and process is capable of supporting the SE process by improving the quality of the module identification stage, by adding business strategies and physical interference to product architecture clustering. Moreover, it is confirmed that the new methodology is both scalable and flexible, allowing the consequences of different architectural trade-offs to be analyzed independently or combined depending on purpose. Furthermore, the newly developed architectural representations showed to make architectural discussions in general and modularity discussion in particular with and between domain experts efficient. Finally, the case studies clearly shows that the clustering results depend on the relative weights of the different types of component relations that are represented in the product architecture DSM (Design Structure Matrix). However, the importance of these weights are reduced when multiple business strategic and physical interference constraints are introduced.
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| 12. |
- Williamsson, David, et al.
(författare)
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Product Architecture Transition in a Modular Cyber-Physical Truck
- 2018
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Ingår i: ASME 2018 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. - : ASME Press. - 9780791851722
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A modular product architecture is a strategic means to deliver external variety and internal commonality. In this paper, we propose a new clustering based method for product modularization that integrates product complexity and company business strategies. The proposed method is logically verified by a studied industrial case, where the architecture of a heavy truck driveline is analyzed in terms of how it has evolved over a couple of decades, due to changed business strategies and the evolution of new technology. The presented case indicates that the new methodology is capable of identifying and proposing reasonable module candidates that address product complexity as well as company-specific strategies. Furthermore, the case study clearly shows that the business strategic reasons for a specific architecture can be found by analyzing how sensitive the clusters are to changes in the module drivers.
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| 13. |
- Williamsson, David, et al.
(författare)
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Product architecture transition in an evolving multi-brand organisation
- 2018
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Ingår i: Proceedings of International Design Conference, DESIGN. - Glasgow : Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Zagreb, Croatia; The Design Society, Glasgow, UK. - 9789537738594 ; , s. 929-940
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A modular architecture is a strategic means to deliver external variety and internal commonality. A methodology for product modularization that integrates complexity and strategies is proposed and logically verified with an industrial case from the heavy truck business area. The case study indicates that the new methodology is capable of identifying and proposing reasonable module candidates that address product complexity as well as company specific strategies.
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| 14. |
- Williamsson, David, et al.
(författare)
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The hunt for proper relation weights in product architecture clustering
- 2018
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Ingår i: Proceedings of NordDesign 2018, Linköping, Sweden, 14th - 17th August 2018. - : The Design Society. - 9789176851852
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A common view is that a module should be a functional building block, with well-defined and standardized interfaces between the modules, and that it should be chosen for company specific reasons. A modular product architecture is a strategic means to deliver external variety and internal commonality. Today, multiple modularisation methodologies exist to support the highly complex task to identify module candidates in the product architecting phase. One methodology is Modular Function Deployment with the Modular Indication Matrix (MIM) representation of company-specific module drivers. Other methodologies, such as Design Structure Matrix (DSM) clustering, may be used to identify modules from a technical complexity point of view. In this paper, the performance of the newly proposed Integrated Modularization Methodology (IMM), which is based on clustering of a strategically adapted DSM, is conceptually verified. The core of the IMM is to transfer company specific module drivers from the MIM into the component-DSM, before clustering this hybrid representation. A re-architecting industrial case, where a truck manufacturer with a unique business strategy had to redesign parts of its modular gearbox architecture to also become a First-Tier OEM-supplier to another large truck manufacturer, is used as test bench. Reverse engineering of the investigated gearbox architecture indicates that the current modules are most likely not only based on technical complexity concerns. They are rather derived from different types of business strategic aspects, e.g. outsourcing. The study also indicates that the IMM is capable of identifying clusters without strategic conflicts, and with the most similar result to the analysed architecture, which is assumed to be based on expert judgements.
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