| 1. |
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Jones, Steven, et al.
(författare)
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Googling for opposites: a web-based study of antonym canonicity
- 2007
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Ingår i: Corpora. - 1755-1676. ; 2:2, s. 129-154
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper seeks to explain why some semantically-opposed word pairs are more likely to be seen as canonical antonyms (for example, cold/hot) than others (icy/scorching, cold/fiery, freezing/hot, etc.). Specifically, it builds on research which has demonstrated that, in discourse, antonyms are inclined to favour certain frames, such as ‘X and Y alike’, ‘from X to Y’ and ‘either X or Y’ (Justeson and Katz, 1991; etc.), and to serve a limited range of discourse functions (Jones, 2002). Our premise is that the more canonical an antonym pair is, the greater the fidelity with which it will occupy such frames. Since an extremely large corpus is needed to identify meaningful patterns of co-occurrence, we turn to Internet data for this research. As well as enabling the notion of antonym canonicity to be revisited from a more empirical perspective, this approach also allows us to evaluate the appropriateness (and assess the risks) of using the World Wide Web as a corpus for studies into certain types of low-frequency textual phenomena.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Lindmark, Kerstin, et al.
(författare)
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Lexical semantics for software requirements engineering – a corpus-based approach
- 2007
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Ingår i: Corpus Linguistics 25 Years on. - 0921-5034. - 9042021950 ; :62, s. 365-385
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In companies that constantly develop new software releases for large markets, there continually arrive new requirements, written in natural language that may affect the development work. Before any decision is made about the requirements, these must be analysed and understood, and related to the current set of implemented and queued requirements. This task is time-consuming owing to the high inflow of requirements, and decision-making would be facilitated by any support that would reduce the requirements analyst’s workload. One of the main tasks is finding requirement duplicates and requirements with similar content and different NLP methods have been tried for this. Simple word matching is one of the methods used for linkage between requirements. If links could be set up not only between words, but also between concepts at different semantic levels, the chances of finding content-corresponding requirements would be greater. One goal of this project is to establish a terminology for requirements as well as to establish (Wordnet-type) semantic relations between terms, in order to enable multi-level linkage. For this purpose, we use a corpus consisting of 1,932 authentic software requirements, written in English of varying grammatical and stylistic quality. First, term candidates were extracted using the WordSmith Keyword function, with BNC Sampler as reference corpus. To find out whether there is any terminology specific to the ‘requirements’ sub-domain of the ‘software’ domain, the documentation associated with the software to which the requirements relate was also used as a reference (separately). Then, lexico-semantic patterns according to Hearst (1992) were used to find hyponymy–hyperonymy relations, and to confirm manually established relations. These analyses were performed on the text both ‘as is’ and, reducing noise somewhat, after POS-tagging by means of the Brill tagger (Brown Corpus tag-set). The results so far suggest that corpus-based methods are of importance to the management or requirements analyses.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Murphy, M. Lynne, et al.
(författare)
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Discourse functions of antonymy: a cross-linguistic investigation of Swedish and English
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Pragmatics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-2166 .- 1879-1387. ; 41:11, s. 2159-2184
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Jones (2002) identified several discourse functions of antonymy, each of which is loosely associated with a number of contrastive constructions in written English. Subsequent work (Jones, 2006; Jones and Murphy, 2005; Murphy and Jones, 2008) demonstrated that these functions are found in other modalities/registers of English, albeit with some differences in distribution. This article takes a first step in exploring discourse functions of antonymy in a language other than English. Because binary contrast has the potential to interact in different ways with the values and thought patterns of different cultures, we hypothesized that other languages differ from English in the ways in which antonyms are used in discourse. In this study of antonyms in Swedish, translational near-equivalents of pairs used by Jones were searched in the Swedish Parole corpus, and more than 4300 instances of co-occurring antonyms were found and analyzed in their sentential contexts. While the same range of antonym discourse functions is found in English and Swedish, the proportions of those functions differ significantly between the two languages. This paper both describes their functions (and the form of the functions) in Swedish and reflects on the similarities and differences with English.We ascribe some of the differences to the idiomaticity of certain componential expressions and discuss the possibility that certain cultural values affect some categories.
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| 11. |
- Murphy, M. Lynne, et al.
(författare)
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Introduction: Lexical contrast in discourse
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Pragmatics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-2166 .- 1879-1387. ; 41:11, s. 2137-2139
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Paradis, Carita, et al.
(författare)
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Antonyms in dictionary entries: Methodological aspects
- 2007
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Ingår i: Studia Linguistica. - : Wiley. - 1467-9582 .- 0039-3193. ; 61:3, s. 261-277
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper takes the treatment of antonymy in Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner's English Dictionary (2003) as the point of departure for a discussion about the principles of antonym inclusion in dictionaries and corpus methodologies in lexicology. CCALED includes canonical antonyms such as good/ bad and dead/alive, as well as more contextually restricted pairings such as hot/ mild and flat/fizzy. The vast majority of the antonymic pairings in the dictionary are adjectives. Most of the antonyms are morphologically different from the headwords they define and typically do not involve antonymic affixes such as non-, un- or -less. Only just over one-third of the total number of pairs is given in both directions. The principles for when antonyms are included in CCALED are not transparent. We propose an initial top-down corpus-driven method to support decisions about antonym selection and inclusion.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Paradis, Carita, et al.
(författare)
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Antonymy and negation: the boundedness hypothesis
- 2006
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Ingår i: Journal of Pragmatics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-2166. ; 38:7, s. 1051-1080
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper investigates the interpretation of unbounded (scalar) adjective antonyms with and without negation such as (not) narrow – (not) wide and bounded adjective antonyms with and without negation such as (not) dead – (not) alive as well as their interpretations with approximating degree modifiers, fairly and almost, respectively. The investigation was designed to test the boundedness hypothesis, namely that the negator is sensitive to the configuration of the adjective in terms of BOUNDEDNESS. The data are Swedish and the results of the experiments show that negated unbounded adjectives do not evoke the interpretation of their antonyms, i.e. not wide does not equal ‘narrow’. The results of the experiments with bounded adjectives with and without negation showed that some of the negated adjectives were interpreted as synonyms of their antonyms, i.e. not alive equals ‘dead’. However, this pattern was not consistent across the bounded adjectives, since a number of them readily lent themselves to partial readings. Four types of bounded antonyms emerged from the participants’ judgements. For both unbounded and bounded adjectives, the interpretations of the approximating degree modifiers and the adjectives were not significantly different from the negated adjectives.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Paradis, Carita, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluative polarity of antonyms
- 2012
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Ingår i: Lingue e Linguaggio. - 1720-9331. ; 11, s. 199-214
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 19. |
- Paradis, Carita, et al.
(författare)
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Good and bad opposites: using textual and experimental techniques to measure antonym canonicity
- 2009
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Ingår i: The Mental Lexicon. - : John Benjamins. - 1871-1340 .- 1871-1375. ; , s. 380-429
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The goal of this paper is to combine corpus methodology with experimental methods to gain insights into the nature of antonymy as a lexico-semantic relation and the degree of antonymic canonicity of word pairs in language and in memory. Two approaches to antonymy in language are contrasted, the lexical categorical model and the cognitive prototype model. The results of the investigation support the latter model and show that different pairings have different levels of lexico-semantic affinity. At this general level of categorization, empirical methods converge; however, since they measure slightly different aspect of lexico- semantic opposability and affinity, and since the techniques of investigation are different in nature, we obtain slightly conflicting results at the more specific levels. We conclude that some antonym pairs can be diagnosed as “canonical” on the strength of three indicators: textual co-occurrence, individual judgement about “goodness” of opposition, and elicitation evidence.
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Paradis, Carita, et al.
(författare)
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Negation and approximation as configurational construals in SPACE
- 2013
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Ingår i: The Construal of Spatial Meaning Windows into Conceptual Space. - 9780199641635
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article is a window into conceptual space through antonyms, negated antonyms and antonyms modified by degree modifiers. It investigates native speakers’ understanding of negation in combination with BOUNDED antonymic adjectival meanings and also in relation to their interpretations of the approximating degree modifier, ‘almost’ in Swedish. The results of the investigation are compared with a similar study by Paradis and Willners (2006), which includes ‘not’ with UNBOUNDED SCALE meanings and in relation to ‘fairly’. We propose that ‘not’ is a degree modifier and like all other degree modifiers it operates on the configurational construals in SPACE. In combination with BOUNDED antonyms ‘not’ operates on the boundary and bisects a spatial structure. The combinations of ‘not’ and BOUNDED meanings are interpreted as synonyms of their antonyms. ‘Almost closed’ differs significantly from ‘closed’ but is not significantly different from ‘not open’. In contrast, in combination with UNBOUNDED antonyms, ‘not’ modifies the UNBOUNDED SCALE structure and evokes a range on the scale in SPACE in the same way as ‘fairly’ does. While the results for the UNBOUNDED meanings are very robust across all test items, the BOUNDED meanings are much more volatile and adaptive to alternative scalar interpretations.
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
- Paradis, Carita, et al.
(författare)
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Selecting antonyms for dictionary entries: methodological aspects
- 2006
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Ingår i: Working Papers (Lund University, Department of Linguistics). - 0280-526X. ; 6, s. 95-106
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper investigates the treatment of antonymy in Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary (2003) in order to find out what kinds of headwords are provided with antonyms as part of their definitions and also discusses the principles for antonym inclusion in the entries. CCALED includes canonical antonyms such as good/bad and dead/alive, as well as more contextually restricted pairings such as hot/mild and flat/fizzy. The vast majority of the antonymic pairings in the dictionary are adjectives. Most of the antonyms are morphologically different from the headwords they define and typically do not involve antonymic affixes such as non-, un- or -less. Only just over one-third of the total number of pairs is given in both directions. The principles for when antonyms are included in CCALED are not transparent to us. We propose a corpus-based method to support decisions about antonym selection and inclusion.
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| 28. |
- Paradis, Carita, et al.
(författare)
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Semantic profiles of antonymic adjectives in discourse
- 2015
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Ingår i: Linguistics. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 1613-396X .- 0024-3949. ; 53:1, s. 153-191
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study has two goals: Firstly, to give an account of the semantic organization of individually used antonymic adjectives in discourse, and secondly, based on these finding, and previous work on antonymic meanings, contribute to a comprehensive theoretical account of their representation within the framework of Cognitive Linguistics. The hypothesis is that the members of the pairs are used in the same contexts and in the same type of constructions, not only when they co-occur and are used to express binary opposition as shown in previous work, but also otherwise. The manually coded corpus data from the BNC are analyzed along four semantic parameters: (i) the configuration of the adjectives in terms of gradability, (ii) the way they modify the nominal meanings, i.e. attributively or predicatively (iii) the meaning type of the modified nouns, and (iv) the status of the constructions with respect to whether their meanings are what we refer to as ‘basic’, metaphorical or metonymical. Multi-dimensional correspondence analysis technique is used to identify similarity spaces on the basis of the totality of the data. As predicted, our findings confirm a high degree of pairwise similarity – and some differences. On the basis of these results, it can be argued that the long-standing controversy within Structuralism between proponents of the co-occurrence hypothesis and the substitutability hypothesis in antonym research is a non-issue.
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| 29. |
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| 30. |
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| 31. |
- Paradis, Carita, et al.
(författare)
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What a corpus-based dictionary tells us about antonymy
- 2006
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Ingår i: Proceedings XII EURALEX International Congress. ; , s. 213-220
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper investigates the treatment of antonymy in Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary (2003) in order to find out what kinds of headwords are provided with antonyms as part of their definitions and also discusses the principles for antonym inclusion in the entries. CCALED includes canonical antonyms such as good/bad and dead/alive, as well as more contextually restricted pairings such as hot/mild and flat/fizzy. The vast majority of the antonymic pairings in the dictionary are adjectives. Most of the antonyms are morphologically different from the headwords they define and typically do not involve antonymic affixes such as non-, un- or -less. Only just over one-third of the total number of pairs are given in both directions. The principles for when antonyms are included in CCALED are not transparent to us.
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| 32. |
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| 33. |
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| 34. |
- Sigurd, Bengt, et al.
(författare)
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Deep Comprehension, Automatic translation and Generation of Weather Reports (Weathra)
- 1992
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Ingår i: COLING 1992 Volume 2: The 14th International Conference on Computational Linguistics. ; 14, s. 749-755
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Weather forecasts were early noted to be a domain where automatic translation was possible (Kittredge, 1973). Everybody in the field knows that there is a computer in Montreal translating forecasts routinely be- tween French and English (METEO). The weather domain has proven to be a fruitful domain for further research as witnessed e.g. by the system for generating marine forecasts presented by Kittredge et al (1986), by the work by Goldberg et al (1988), by the system gene- rating public weather reports in Bulgarian reported on by Mitkov (1991) and the system translating Finnish marine forecasts into Swedish by Bl~tberg (1988). The Swedish Weathra system to be presented in this paper explores the language and semantics of weather forecasts further and it aims at deep comprehension of forecasts. Beside grammatical re- presentations, Weathra uses repre- sentations of the meteorological raw facts and secondary facts, e.g. the fact that it will probably rain at a place where there is a low pressure area. It uses a representation of meteorological objects with their properties as frames in a data base and graphic representation with tile standard meteorological icons on a map, e.g. icons for sun, cloudy, rain, snow, thunderstorm, westerly winds, L(ow) and H(igh) pressure, temperatures, e.g. 10-15. Weathra also features a dynamic discourse representation including the discourse objects which may be referred to by the words and anaphora in the text (cf Karttunen, 1976, Johnson & Kay, 1990). The discourse objects are regarded as instances of the (proto)types or (concepts), which are also available as frames in a database. The formal grammar, morpho- logy and lexicon of Weathra are based on experience from the machine translation system Swetra (Sigurd & Gawronska, 1988), which is also written in Prolog (LPA MacProlog). The Weathra system can understand weather forecasts in a fairly deep sense, depict its comprehension in a map, answer questions about the main contents and consequences, translate English forecasts into Swedish ones and vice versa, and generate various forecast texts in English or Swedish.
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| 35. |
- van de Weijer, Joost, et al.
(författare)
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Antonym canonicity: Temporal and contextual manipulations
- 2014
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Ingår i: Brain and Language. - : Elsevier BV. - 1090-2155 .- 0093-934X. ; 128:1, s. 1-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract in UndeterminedPrevious research on antonyms has shown that some pairings form more felicitous couplings than others. Following up on that research, we conducted two semantic categorization experiments using Event Related Potentials to establish whether there are neurophysiological differences related to levels of antonym canonicity. In Experiment 1, the members of canonical antonym pairs (e.g. black-white), non-canonical antonym pairs (e.g. white-dark) and unrelated word pairs (e.g. bumpy-small) were presented in isolation separated either by a short (200ms) or a long (800ms) time interval. The canonical antonyms gave rise to significantly lower N400 amplitudes than both non-canonical antonyms and unrelated pairs, but no significant difference in N400 amplitudes for non-canonical and unrelated pairs was found. In Experiment 2, the same pairs were presented in a congruent context. Significant differences in N400 amplitudes across all three conditions were found, also between non-canonical antonyms and unrelated word pairs.
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| 36. |
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| 37. |
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| 38. |
- Willners, Caroline
(författare)
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Antonyms in Context : A Corpus-Based Semantic Analysis of Swedish Descriptive Adjectives
- 2001
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- How are antonym relations acquired? What types of lexical information can be extracted from corpora and how? How can this information be encoded in a lexicon? The work in this book was developed within the framework of WordNet. A further elaborated lexical model is suggested, as well as methods for implementing it. The first part of the book is a study of adjectives co-occurring with adjectives. English direct antonyms, e.g. short-long, have previously been shown to co-occur in the same sentence significantly more often than expected according to the null hypothesis that the words of a corpus are randomly distributed. Using further elaborated methods that account for variation in sentence length, the studies in this book show that this is true also for Swedish direct antonyms, e.g. kort-long 'short'-'long'. However, there are various reasons why words co-occur; most word pairs from the same semantic scale co-occur more often than expected according to the null hypothesis. It is further shown that so called indirect antonyms, such as småväxt-reslig 'short of stature'-'stately' co-occur sententially less often than the direct antonyms of the same scales. It is also shown that the vast majority of the co-occurring antonyms appear in parallel context. These characteristics may facilitate the acquisition of antonym relations, and can also be used to find semantically related words in corpora. The second part of the book focus on the co-occurrence of adjectives and nouns, i.e. the semantic range of adjectives, which can be used to distinguish the various meanings of an adjective. The semantic ranges of full 'full' and tom 'empty' are described and compared in a case study. It is found that the semantic ranges of the words overlap only in the so-called container sense while only full is used in the so-called rod sense. The polysemy of the words and their diverging semantic ranges may explain why the two words do not co-occur significantly more often than expected, as other direct antonyms do. A case study of stor 'large' and 28 synonyms of stor describes the semantic ranges of the 29 words. The words were organised according to the most frequently modified semantic category of each word. This grouping was used as a basis to distinguish groups of synonyms, so called synsets, and to code the words in the Swedish WordNet. Four meanings of stor were distinguished: concrete dimension, importance, countable quantity, and uncountable quantity. The most frequent meaning found in corpora was not the core meaning, concrete dimension, which was outnumbered by both countable quantity and uncountable quantity. A study of the early use of stor in children shows that they in fact only use stor in the concrete-dimension sense, validating that this is the core meaning of stor. An explanation of the semantic shift of stor from the central meaning to importance, countable quantity, and uncountable quantity is suggested within a cognitive semantic framework. Various computer programs facilitating research such as presented in this book is also described.
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| 39. |
- Willners, Caroline
(författare)
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Implementing WordNet for Swedish adjectives
- 1997
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A Swedish version of WordNet was created and around 300 Swedish adjectives, mainly from the semantic field of strength, were implemented. This paper is a documentation of the implementation. The purpose of the study was to investigate the possibilities of applying WordNet to Swedish and to illuminate general problems with WordNet as well as specific problems in the handling of adjectives. First, a short overview of WordNet is given, and then the WordNet categorisation of adjectives is reviewed. The section about the implementation gives hands-on knowledge of how to add a new adjectival lexical entry in WordNet. Then a description of the problems encountered and some general remarks follow.
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| 40. |
- Willners, Caroline, et al.
(författare)
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Statistics for sentential co-occurrence
- 2001
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- There is a growing trend in linguistics to use large corpora as a tool in the study of language. Through the investigation of the different contexts a word occurs in, it is possible to gain insight in the meanings associated with the word. Concordances are commonly used as a tool in lexicography, but while the study of concordances is fruitful it is also tedious, so statistical methods are gaining grounds in corpus linguistics. Several statistical measures have been introduced to measure the strength in association between two words, e.g. t-score (Barnbrook 1996:97-98), mutual information, MI (Charniak 1993; McEnery & Wilson 1996; Oakes 1998) and Berry-Rogghe’s z-score (1973). Those measures are designed to measure the strength of association between words occurring at a close distance from each other, i.e. immediately next to each other or within a fixed window span. Research that uses the sentence as a linguistic unit of study has also been presented. For example, antonymous concepts have been shown to co-occur in the same sentence more often than chance predicts by Justeson & Katz 1991, 1992 and Fellbaum 1995. A problem using the sentence as unit of study is that the lengths of the sentences vary from sentence to sentence. This has an impact on the statistical calculation – it is more likely to find two given words in a long sentence than in a short one. The probability of finding two given words co-occurring in the same sentence is thus affected. We introduce an exact expression for the calculation of the expected number of sentential co-occurrences. The p-value is calculated assuming that the number of random co-occurrences follows a Poisson distribution. A formal proof justifying this approximation is provided in the appendix. Apart from the statistical methods that account for the variation in sentence length, a case study is presented as an application of the statistical method. The study replicates Justeson and Katz’s 1991 study that shows that English antonyms co-occur sententially more frequently than chance predicts. The results of our study show that the variation in sentence length causes the chance for co-occurrence of two given words to increase. However, the main finding of Justeson & Katz is reinforced: antonyms co-occur significantly more often in the same sentence than expected by chance.
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| 41. |
- Willners, Caroline, et al.
(författare)
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Swedish opposites - a multi-method approach to antonym canonicity
- 2010
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Ingår i: Lexical-semantic relations from theoretical and practical perspectives. ; Lingvisticæ Investigationes Supplementa
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In spite of the fact that antonymy is considered to be an important organising lexico-semantic principle, very little research has been conducted to get a better grasp of what ‘goodness’ of binary opposition in human language and thought really is. The focus of this study is what distinguishes antonyms such as bra-dålig ‘good-bad’, lång-kort ‘long-short’, tunn-tjock ‘thin-thick’ from other types of contrast such as seg-mör ‘tough-tender’, dunkel-tydlig ‘obscure-clear’ and rask-långsam ‘speedy-slow’. There are indications in the literature that there are various converging reasons for perceptions of ‘goodness of antonymy’, e.g. frequency of co-occurrence, co-occurrence in certain constructions, stylistic co-occurrence preferences, pairwise acquisition and clarity of the antonymic dimension (e.g. Muehleisen 1997, Willners 2001, Jones 2002, Murphy 2003, Paradis et al.). The purpose of this paper is to examine some of those aspects through a multi-method approach to the study of ‘goodness of oppositeness’ of Swedish antonyms and to evaluate the converging and diverging results of the methods in the light of this particular issue. Three main methodologies are used. Corpus-driven methods ground the study of Swedish antonyms in text. These data are then used as the test set for an elicitation experiment and a judgement experiment to find patterns of ‘goodness of antonymy’ in Swedish.
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| 42. |
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