| 1. |
- Wisén, Niclas, et al.
(författare)
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Are Peacekeeping Missions Inevitably Stressful?
- 2021
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Military Studies. - : Scandinavian Military Studies. - 2596-3856. ; 4:1, s. 210-219
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 2. |
- Wisén, Niclas, et al.
(författare)
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Is conduct after capture training sufficiently stressful?
- 2022
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Conduct after capture (CAC) training is for personnel at risk of being captured. To be effective, it needs to be stressful. But how do we know if it is stressful enough? This study uses biomarkers and cognitive measures to evaluate CAC. Soldiers undergoing CAC were measured by the stress hormone cortisol from saliva samples at baseline and during training. The training consisted of being taken capture and put through a number of realistic and threatening scenarios, targeting survival strategies taught in the preceding week. Between scenarios, the trainees were held in a holding cell where they were monitored by a guard. The saliva samples were taken in conjunction with the scenarios. The whole training took place over a period of ~24 h. Cognitive performance was measured at baseline and after training. Three groups took part Group A (n = 20) was taken after 48 h of intense tasks leaving them in a poor resting state. Group B (n = 23) was well rested at CAC onset. Group C (n = 10) was part of a survival, evasion, resistance, and escape (SERE) instructor course. The CAC training was the same for all groups. Group A exhibited a high increase in cortisol during CAC, compared to baseline levels were multiple times as high as “expected” values. Group B exhibited elevated levels slightly lower than those of group A, they also “dropped” to “normal” levels during the latter part of the exercise. Group C displayed the least increase with only slightly elevated levels. CAC training is stressful and cortisol levels were elevated enough to satisfy the prerequisite for effective stress inoculation. No cognitive performance drop could be identified; however, several participants “froze” during the exercise due to intensive stress.
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| 3. |
- Wisén, Niclas, et al.
(författare)
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Measuring the impact of operational stress : The relevance of assessing stress-related health across the deployment cycle
- 2023
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Ingår i: Military medicine. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0026-4075 .- 1930-613X. ; 188:7-8, s. 2126-2132
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: Mental health issues from intense or prolonged stress are a common concern in regard to military deployment. Deployments can objectively vary in stress exposure, but it is the individuals' perception of that stress that affects sustainability, mental health, and combat fitness, which calls for the need of a protocol to evaluate and maintain a current estimation of stress impact. So, how can we assess the impact of stressors during different phases of deployment?Materials and methods: We used three psychological self-rating forms, the PSS14-Perceived Stress Scale, SMBM-Shirom Melamed Burnout Measure, and KSQ-Karolinska Sleep Questionnaire, to measure the impact of stress before (T1), during (T2), and at homecoming (T3). We also wanted to see if T1 or T2 results could predict T3 results to be able to better prepare the homecoming program.The forms were handed out to Swedish soldiers deployed in Mali in 2017. The forms were collected as a way to assess the status of the mental health load at three timepoints based on the personnel function as a way to assess the current "psychological fitness level".Results: The results show that stress measured using PSS14 was high at homecoming. The same result was observed for SMBM. No measures from T1 or T2 could however predict the T3 results.Conclusions: Taken together, we found that screening of all contingent staff is relatively easy and provides personnel with relevant data on mental health and stress at the current time. We also found that test results correlated between T1 and T2 but not with T3. This indicates that there might be different stressors that affect staff at different timepoints.
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| 4. |
- Wisén, Niclas
(författare)
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Stress in military settings
- 2023
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Stress in military is often related to either mental health or performance. When it comes to mental health most of the literature is concerned with the possible negative effect from exposure to combat related trauma or other stressors related to deployment. Performance on the other hand is more often related to training. In this thesis both areas are addressed in the following 5 studies. In Study I stress related to deployment was measured before, during and after deployment. The results showed that stress was lower during deployment compared to before or after. The study aims to highlight that all deployments are unique and not by nature inherently stressful. Study II continues to target deployment; the study looks at the relevance of assessing stress and mental health before and during deployment in order to predict post deployment mental health. The result showed no predictive value over time but some correlation between pre and during measures. Still, we found that mental health screening is relatively easy to do and provides relevant data on current mental health status. Study III and Study IV is focused on military specific training. In Study III we looked at stress assessed through cortisol measures and cognitive performance, during a conduct after capture training course. The aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of the scenario aimed at stressing the participants. Results showed that the training were effective and that stress levels were multiplied during the exercise. During training the subjects showed difficulties to recall and utilize strategies that they were taught, due to the intense stress. However, there were no effect on cognitive performance when assessed directly after, indicating a short recovery time for cognition from being exposed to the stressors. Study IV concerns "Breaching", during breacher training the operator is exposed to low level blast LLB. In this study we look closer on two outcomes, biomarkers of brain injury and cognitive performance. The biomarkers show a reactive response in direct conjunction to the blasts, returning to baseline when followed up a few days later. There were no effects on cognitive performance due to the LLB exposure. Study V Is an international collaboration with the Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Centre in the US. In that study we used registry data from soldiers returning from Iraq or Afghanistan. They were screened for Traumatic Brain Injury, chronic pain and other disorders. The objective was to see if the age at onset of the injury had any impact on type and magnitude of symptoms. The results suggest that the younger soldiers with a still maturing brain are more susceptible for frontal lobe related symptoms, while symptoms related to cognitive performance were slightly more noticeable in the older subjects. Overall the thesis illustrates the importance of "measuring" in order to gain a valid assessment both for stress management preserving mental health and performance as well. Mental Health in the military is mostly related to post deployment assessment rather than proactive actions, bringing health closer to performance can increase awareness of the need for stress managements strategies.
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