SwePub - search: WFRF:(Xiong Kunli)

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1.	Dahlin, Andreas, 1980, et al. (author) Plasmonic Nanopores in Metal-Insulator-Metal Films 2014 In: Advanced Optical Materials. - : Wiley. - 2195-1071. ; 2:6, s. 556-564 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract A novel type of plasmonic nanopore array in a metal-insulator-metal thin film is presented. The optical properties of this structure are described using a generic theoretical framework for surface waves in a coupled multilayer system. The characteristic spacing (short-range order) of the pores enables grating-type coupling to hybridized surface plasmons, with stronger coupling to some modes than others. The nature of the optical resonances and their excitation mechanisms can be conceptually understood from a charge distribution argument. The experimental results are further verified by numerical simulations, which also enable visualization of the near field. This study illustrates the surface plasmon characteristics (sensitive to periodicity) of the extinction maximum in the asymmetric spectral resonance induced by aperture arrays, while the transmission maximum corresponds to a resonance of localized character (sensitive to pore shape). Finally, the use of these nanopores for sensing applications through changes in the refractive index is evaluated.
2.	Emilsson, Gustav, 1989, et al. (author) Gating Protein Transport in Solid State Nanopores by Single Molecule Recognition 2018 In: ACS Central Science. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 2374-7951 .- 2374-7943. ; 4:8, s. 1007-1014 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Control of molecular translocation through nanoscale apertures is of great interest for DNA sequencing, biomolecular filters, and new platforms for single molecule analysis. However, methods for controlling the permeability of nanopores are very limited. Here, we show how nanopores functionalized with poly(ethylene glycol) brushes, which fully prevent protein translocation, can be reversibly gated to an "open" state by binding of single IgG antibodies that disrupt the macromolecular barrier. On the basis of surface plasmon resonance data we propose a two-state model describing the antibody-polymer interaction kinetics. Reversibly (weakly) bound antibodies decrease the protein exclusion height while irreversibly (strongly) bound antibodies do not. Our results are further supported by fluorescence readout from pore arrays and high-speed atomic force microscopy on single pores. This type of dynamic barrier control on the nanoscale provides new possibilities for biomolecular separation and analysis.
3.	Emilsson, Gustav, et al. (author) Nanoplasmonic Sensor Detects Preferential Binding of IRSp53 to Negative Membrane Curvature 2019 In: Frontiers in Chemistry. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2296-2646. ; 7:FEB Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Biosensors based on plasmonic nanostructures are widely used in various applications and benefit from numerous operational advantages. One type of application where nanostructured sensors provide unique value in comparison with, for instance, conventional surface plasmon resonance, is investigations of the influence of nanoscale geometry on biomolecular binding events. In this study, we show that plasmonic "nanowells" conformally coated with a continuous lipid bilayer can be used to detect the preferential binding of the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase substrate protein (IRSp53) I-BAR domain to regions of negative surface curvature, i.e., the interior of the nanowells. Two different sensor architectures with and without an additional niobium oxide layer are compared for this purpose. In both cases, curvature preferential binding of IRSp53 (at around 0.025 nm(-1) and higher) can be detected qualitatively. The high refractive index niobium oxide influences the near field distribution and makes the signature for bilayer formation less clear, but the contrast for accumulation at regions of negative curvature is slightly higher. This work shows the first example of analyzing preferential binding of an average-sized and biologically important protein to negative membrane curvature in a label-free manner and in real-time, illustrating a unique application for nanoplasmonic sensors.
4.	Emilsson, Gustav, 1989, et al. (author) Polymer brushes in solid-state nanopores form an impenetrable entropic barrier for proteins 2018 In: Nanoscale. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 2040-3372 .- 2040-3364. ; 10:10, s. 4663-4669 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Polymer brushes are widely used to prevent the adsorption of proteins, but the mechanisms by which they operate have remained heavily debated for many decades. We show conclusive evidence that a polymer brush can be a remarkably strong kinetic barrier towards proteins by using poly(ethylene glycol) grafted to the sidewalls of pores in 30 nm thin gold films. Despite consisting of about 90% water, the free coils seal apertures up to 100 nm entirely with respect to serum protein translocation, as monitored label-free through the plasmonic activity of the nanopores. The conclusions are further supported by atomic force microscopy and fluorescence microscopy. A theoretical model indicates that the brush undergoes a morphology transition to a sealing state when the ratio between the extension and the radius of curvature is approximately 0.8. The brush-sealed pores represent a new type of ultrathin filter with potential applications in bioanalytical systems.
5.	Emilsson, Gustav, 1989, et al. (author) Surface plasmon resonance methodology for monitoring polymerization kinetics and morphology changes of brushes-evaluated with poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) 2017 In: Applied Surface Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0169-4332. ; 396, s. 384-392 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Polymerization from surfaces and the resulting “brushes” have many uses in the development of novel materials and functional interfaces. However, it is difficult to accurately monitor the polymerization rate, which limits the use of polymer brushes in applications where control of thickness is desirable. We present a new methodology based on angular surface plasmon resonance (SPR) which provides real-time measurements of the thickness evolution during atom transfer radical polymerization, using poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) as an example. Our data analysis shows that the growth is linear with a rate of ?20 nm/min in a water/methanol mixture up to ?100 nm after which chain termination gradually reduces the growth rate. Further, we introduce an improved method in SPR which makes it possible to determine changes in brush height and refractive index during switching of responsive polymers. The ratio between heights in the coil to globule transition at 32 °C in water was found to be almost 5, independent of the initial absolute height up to ?200 nm, in agreement with theory. Complementary quartz crystal microbalance and atomic force microscopy data confirm the accuracy of our results. With the methodology presented here the established SPR technique can be used for quantitative characterization of surface-initiated polymerization and responsive polymer brushes.
6.	Fang, Yurui, 1983, et al. (author) Plasmon Enhanced Internal Photoemission in Antenna-Spacer-Mirror Based Au/TiO2 Nanostructures 2015 In: Nano Letters. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1530-6992 .- 1530-6984. ; 15:6, s. 4059-4065 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Emission of photoexcited hot electrons from plasmonic metal nanostructures to semiconductors is key to a number of proposed nanophotonics technologies for Solar harvesting, water splitting, photocatalysis, and a variety of optical sensing and photodetector applications. Favorable materials and catalytic properties make systems based on gold and TiO2 particularly interesting, but the internal photo emission efficiency for visible light is low because of the wide bandgap of the semiconductor. We investigated the incident photon-to-electron conversion efficiency of thin TiO2 films decorated with Au nanodisk antennas in an electrochemical circuit and found that incorporation of a Au mirror beneath the semiconductor amplified the photoresponse for light with wavelength lambda = 500-950 nm by a factor 2-10 compared to identical structures lacking the mirror component. Classical electrodynamics simulations showed that the enhancement effect is caused by a favorable interplay between localized surface plasmon excitations and cavity modes that together amplify the light absorption in the Au/TiO2 interface. The experimentally determined internal quantum efficiency for hot electron transfer decreases monotonically with wavelength, similar to the probability for interband excitations with energy higher than the Schottky barrier obtained from a density functional theory band structure simulation of a thin Au/TiO2 slab.
7.	Ferhan, Abdul Rahim, et al. (author) Nanoplasmonic Sensing Architectures for Decoding Membrane Curvature-Dependent Biomacromolecular Interactions 2018 In: Analytical Chemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0003-2700 .- 1520-6882. ; 90:12, s. 7458-7466 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Nanoplasmonic sensors have emerged as a promising measurement approach to track biomacromolecular interactions involving lipid membrane interfaces. By taking advantage of nanoscale fabrication capabilities, it is possible to design sensing platforms with various architectural configurations. Such capabilities open the door to fabricating lipid membrane-coated nanoplasmonic sensors with varying degrees of membrane curvature in order to understand how biomacromolecular interaction processes are influenced by membrane curvature. Herein, we employed an indirect nanoplasmonic sensing approach to characterize the fabrication of supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) on silica-coated nanowell and nanodisk sensing platforms and to investigate how membrane curvature influences membrane-peptide interactions by evaluating the corresponding measurement responses from different spectral signatures that are sensitive to specific regions of the sensor geometries. SLBs were prepared by the vesicle fusion method, as monitored in real-time by nanoplasmonic sensing measurements and further characterized by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) experiments. By resolving different spectral signatures in the nanoplasmonic sensing measurements, it was determined that peptide binding induces membrane disruption at positively curved membrane regions, while peptide binding without subsequent disruption was observed at planar and negatively curved regions. These findings are consistent with the peptide's known preference to selectively form pores in positively curved membranes, providing validation to the nanoplasmonic sensing approach and highlighting how the integration of nanoplasmonic sensors with different nanoscale architectures can be utilized to study the influence of membrane curvature on biomacromolecular interaction processes.
8.	Ferrand-Drake Del Castillo, Gustav, 1990, et al. (author) Electrically Switchable Polymer Brushes for Protein Capture and Release in Biological Environments** 2022 In: Angewandte Chemie - International Edition. - : Wiley. - 1433-7851 .- 1521-3773. ; 61:22 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Interfaces functionalized with polymers are known for providing excellent resistance towards biomolecular adsorption and for their ability to bind high amounts of protein while preserving their structure. However, making an interface that switches between these two states has proven challenging and concepts to date rely on changes in the physiochemical environment, which is static in biological systems. Here we present the first interface that can be electrically switched between a high-capacity (>1 μg cm−2) multilayer protein binding state and a completely non-fouling state (no detectable adsorption). Switching is possible over multiple cycles without any regeneration. Importantly, switching works even when the interface is in direct contact with biological fluids and a buffered environment. The technology offers many applications such as zero fouling on demand, patterning or separation of proteins as well as controlled release of biologics in a physiological environment, showing high potential for future drug delivery in vivo.
9.	Gugole, Marika, 1993, et al. (author) High-Contrast Switching of Plasmonic Structural Colors: Inorganic versus Organic Electrochromism 2020 In: ACS Photonics. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 2330-4022. ; 7:7, s. 1762-1772 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Plasmonic structural colors have recently received a lot of attention. For many applications there is a need to actively tune the colors after preparing the nanostructures, preferably with as strong changes in the optical response as possible. However, to date, there is a lack of systematic investigations on how to enhance contrast in electrically induced color modulation. In this work we implement electrochromic films with plasmonic metasurfaces and compare systematically organic and inorganic materials, with the primary aim to maximize brightness and contrast in a reflective color display. We show nanostructures with good chromaticity and high polarization-insensitive reflectivity (-90%) that are electrochemically stable in a nonaqueous solvent. Methods are evaluated for reliable and uniform electropolymerization of the conductive polymer dimethylpropylenedioxythiophene (PProDOTMe2) on gold. The resulting organic films are well-described by Lambert-Beer formalism, and the highest achievable contrast is easily determined in transmission mode. The optical properties of the inorganic option (WO3) require full Fresnel models due to thin film interference, and the film thickness must be carefully selected in order to maintain the chromaticity of the metasurfaces. Still, the optimized fully inorganic device reaches the highest contrast of approximately 60% reflectivity change for all primary colors. The switching time is about an order of magnitude faster for the organic films (hundreds of ms). The bistability is very long (hours) for the inorganic devices and comparable for the polymers, which makes the power consumption essentially zero for maintaining the same state. Finally, we show that switching of the primary colors in optimized devices (both organic and inorganic) provides almost twice as high brightness and contrast compared to existing reflective display technologies with RGB subpixels created by color filters.
10.	Gugole, Marika, et al. (author) Optimizing electrochromism for plasmonic electronic paper : Inorganic vs organic 2019 In: Proceedings. ; , s. 760-761 Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract The combination of plasmonic nanostructures and electrochromic materials for dynamic color generation has been of interest in recent year due to the possibility to make reflective displays (electronic paper) in full color with extremely low power consumption compared to emissive displays. We show a comparison between an inorganic electrochromic material, tungsten trioxide (WO3), and an organic one, PProDOT-Me2, for the purpose of electrical modulation of the resonantly reflected light from plasmonic nanostructures. The comparison focuses on achievable contrast, switching speed, coloration memory and power consumption.
11.	Gugole, Marika, 1993, et al. (author) Optimizing electrochromism for plasmonic electronic paper: Inorganic vs organic 2019 In: International Conference on Metamaterials, Photonic Crystals and Plasmonics. - 2429-1390. ; , s. 760-761 Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract The combination of plasmonic nanostructures and electrochromic materials for dynamic color generation has been of interest in recent years due to the possibility to make reflective displays in full color with extremely low power consumption compared to emissive displays. We show a comparison between two electrochromic materials, tungsten trioxide (inorganic) and PProDOTMe2 (organic), for electrical modulation of the resonantly reflected light from plasmonic nanostructures. The comparison focuses on achievable contrast, switching speed, coloration memory and power consumption.
12.	Gugole, Marika, 1993, et al. (author) Plasmonic Electronic Paper 2021 In: International Conference on Metamaterials, Photonic Crystals and Plasmonics. - 2429-1390. Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract We work on developing reflective displays (electronic paper) in color by combining plasmonic nanostructures and electrochromic materials. The main motivation is to save energy in comparison with emissive displays.
13.	Junesch, Juliane, 1987, et al. (author) Location-specific nanoplasmonic sensing of biomolecular binding to lipid membranes with negative curvature 2015 In: Nanoscale. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 2040-3372 .- 2040-3364. ; 7:37, s. 15080-15085 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The biochemical processes of cell membranes are sensitive to the geometry of the lipid bilayer. We show how plasmonic "nanowells" provide label-free real-time analysis of molecules on membranes with detection of preferential binding at negative curvature. It is demonstrated that norovirus accumulate in invaginations due to multivalent interactions with glycosphingolipids.
14.	Malekian, Bita, 1986, et al. (author) Detecting Selective Protein Binding Inside Plasmonic Nanopores: Toward a Mimic of the Nuclear Pore Complex 2018 In: Frontiers in Chemistry. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2296-2646. ; 6:December 2018 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Biosensors based on plasmonic nanostructures offer label-free and real-time monitoring of biomolecular interactions. However, so do many other surface sensitive techniques with equal or better resolution in terms of surface coverage. Yet, plasmonic nanostructures offer unique possibilities to study effects associated with nanoscale geometry. In this work we use plasmonic nanopores with double gold films and detect binding of proteins inside them. By thiol and trietoxysilane chemistry, receptors are selectively positioned on the silicon nitride interior walls. Larger (similar to 150 nm) nanopores are used detect binding of averaged sized proteins (similar to 60 kg/mol) with high signal to noise (>100). Further, we fabricate pores that approach the size of the nuclear pore complex (diameter down to 50 nm) and graft disordered phenylalanine-glycine nucleoporin domains to the walls, followed by titration of karyopherin beta 1 transport receptors. The interactions are shown to occur with similar affinity as determined by conventional surface plasmon resonance on planar surfaces. Our work illustrates another unique application of plasmonic nanostructures, namely the possibility to mimic the geometry of a biological nanomachine with integrated optical sensing capabilities.
15.	Malekian, Bita, 1986, et al. (author) Fabrication and Characterization of Plasmonic Nanopores with Cavities in the Solid Support 2017 In: Sensors. - : MDPI AG. - 1424-8220. ; 17:6, s. Article no. 1444 - Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Plasmonic nanostructures are widely used for various sensing applications by monitoring changes in refractive index through optical spectroscopy or as substrates for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. However, in most practical situations conventional surface plasmon resonance is preferred for biomolecular interaction analysis because of its high resolution in surface coverage and the simple single-material planar interface. Still, plasmonic nanostructures may find unique sensing applications, for instance when the nanoscale geometry itself is of interest. This calls for new methods to prepare nanoscale particles and cavities with controllable dimensions and curvature. In this work, we present two types of plasmonic nanopores where the solid support underneath a nanohole array has been etched, thereby creating cavities denoted as 'nanowells' or 'nanocaves' depending on the degree of anisotropy (dry or wet etch). The refractometric sensitivity is shown to be enhanced upon removing the solid support because of an increased probing volume and a shift of the asymmetric plasmonic field towards the liquid side of the finite gold film. Furthermore, the structures exhibit different spectral changes upon binding inside the cavities compared to the gold surface, which means that the structures can be used for location-specific detection. Other sensing applications are also suggested.
16.	Malekian, Bita, et al. (author) Optical Properties of Plasmonic Nanopore Arrays Prepared by Electron Beam and Colloidal Lithography 2019 In: Nanoscale Advances. - : Royal Society of Chemistry. - 2516-0230. ; 1:11, s. 4282-4289 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Solid state nanopores are central structures for many applications. To date, much effort has been spent on controlled fabrication of single nanopores, while relatively little work has focused on large scale fabrication of arrays of nanopores. In this work we show wafer-scale fabrication of plasmonic nanopores in 50 nm thick silicon nitride membranes with one or two 30 nm gold films, using electron beam lithography with a negative resist or a new version of colloidal lithography. Both approaches offer good control of pore diameter (even below 100 nm) and with high yield (>90%) of intact membranes. Colloidal lithography has the advantage of parallel patterning without expensive equipment. Despite its serial nature, electron beam lithography provides high throughput and can make arbitrary array patterns. Importantly, both methods prevent metal from ending up on the membrane pore sidewalls. The new fabrication methods make it possible to compare the optical properties of structurally identical plasmonic nanopore arrays with either long-range order (e-beam) or short-range order (colloidal). The resonance features in the extinction spectrum are very similar for both structures when the pitch is the same as the characteristic spacing in the self-assembled colloidal pattern. Long-range ordering slightly enhances the magnitude of the extinction maximum and blueshift the transmission maximum by tens of nm. Upon reducing the diameter in long-range ordered arrays, the resonance is reduced in magnitude and the transmission maximum is further blue shifted, just like for short-range ordered arrays. These effects are well explained by interpreting the spectra as Fano interference between the grating-type excitation of propagating surface plasmons and the broad transmission via individual pores in the metal film. Furthermore, we find that only the short-range ordered arrays scatter light, which we attribute to the highly limited effective period in the short-range ordered system and the corresponding lack of coherent suppression of scattering via interference effects.
17.	Malekian, Bita, 1986, et al. (author) Optical properties of plasmonic nanopore arrays prepared by electron beam and colloidal lithography 2019 In: Nanoscale Advances. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 2516-0230. ; 1:11, s. 4282-4289 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Solid state nanopores are central structures for many applications. To date, much effort has been spent on controlled fabrication of single nanopores, while relatively little work has focused on large scale fabrication of arrays of nanopores. In this work we show wafer-scale fabrication of plasmonic nanopores in 50 nm thick silicon nitride membranes with one or two 30 nm gold films, using electron beam lithography with a negative resist or a new version of colloidal lithography. Both approaches offer good control of pore diameter (even below 100 nm) and with high yield (>90%) of intact membranes. Colloidal lithography has the advantage of parallel patterning without expensive equipment. Despite its serial nature, electron beam lithography provides high throughput and can make arbitrary array patterns. Importantly, both methods prevent metal from ending up on the membrane pore sidewalls. The new fabrication methods make it possible to compare the optical properties of structurally identical plasmonic nanopore arrays with either long-range order (e-beam) or short-range order (colloidal). The resonance features in the extinction spectrum are very similar for both structures when the pitch is the same as the characteristic spacing in the self-assembled colloidal pattern. Long-range ordering slightly enhances the magnitude of the extinction maximum and blueshift the transmission maximum by tens of nm. Upon reducing the diameter in long-range ordered arrays, the resonance is reduced in magnitude and the transmission maximum is further blue shifted, just like for short-range ordered arrays. These effects are well explained by interpreting the spectra as Fano interference between the grating-type excitation of propagating surface plasmons and the broad transmission via individual pores in the metal film. Furthermore, we find that only the short-range ordered arrays scatter light, which we attribute to the highly limited effective period in the short-range ordered system and the corresponding lack of coherent suppression of scattering by interference effects.
18.	Virk, Mudassar, et al. (author) A thermal plasmonic sensor platform : resistive heating of nanohole arrays. 2014 In: Nano letters (Print). - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1530-6984 .- 1530-6992. ; 14:6, s. 3544-3549 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract We have created a simple and efficient thermal plasmonic sensor platform by letting a DC current heat plasmonic nanohole arrays. The sensor can be used to determine thermodynamic parameters in addition to monitoring molecular reactions in real-time. As an application example, we use the thermal sensor to determine the kinetics and activation energy for desorption of thiol monolayers on gold. Further, the temperature of the metal can be measured optically by the spectral shift of the bonding surface plasmon mode (0.015 nm/K). We show that this resonance shift is caused by thermal lattice expansion, which reduces the plasma frequency of the metal. The sensor is also used to determine the thin film thermal expansion coefficient through a theoretical model for the expected resonance shift.
19.	Xiong, Kunli, 1987, et al. (author) Active control of plasmonic colors: emerging display technologies 2019 In: Reports on Progress in Physics. - : IOP Publishing. - 0034-4885 .- 1361-6633. ; 82:2 Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract In recent years there has been a growing interest in the use of plasmonic nanostructures for color generation, a technology that dates back to ancient times. Plasmonic structural colors have several attractive features but once the structures arc prepared the colors arc normally fixed. Lately, several concepts have emerged for actively tuning the colors, which opens up for many new potential applications, the most obvious being novel color displays. In this review we summarize recent progress in active control of plasmonic colors and evaluate them with respect to performance criteria for color displays. It is suggested that actively controlled plasmonic colors are generally less interesting for emissive displays but could be useful for new types of electrochromic devices relying on ambient light (electronic paper). Furthermore, there are several other potential applications such as images to be revealed on demand and colorimetric sensors.
20.	Xiong, Kunli, 1987, et al. (author) Biosensing using plasmonic nanohole arrays with small, homogenous and tunable aperture diameters 2016 In: The Analyst. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 0003-2654 .- 1364-5528. ; 141:12, s. 3803-3810 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Plasmonic nanohole arrays are widely used for optical label-free molecular detection. An important factor for many applications is the diameter of the apertures. So far nanohole arrays with controllable diameters below 100 nm have not been demonstrated and it has not been systematically investigated how the diameter influences the optical properties. In this work we fine-tune the diameter in short range ordered nanohole arrays down to 50 nm. The experimental far field spectra show how the wavelength of maximum extinction remains unaffected while the transmission maximum blue shifts with smaller diameters. The near field is visualized by numerical simulations, showing a homogenous enhancement throughout the cylindrical void at the transmission maximum for diameters between 50 and 100 nm. For diameters below 50 nm plasmon excitation is no longer possible experimentally or by simulations. Further, we investigate the refractive index sensing capabilities of the smaller holes. As the diameter was reduced, the sensitivity in terms of resonance shift with bulk liquid refractive index was found to be unaltered. However, for the transmission maximum the sensitivity becomes more strongly localized to the hole interior. By directing molecular binding to the bottom of the holes we demonstrate how smaller holes enhance the sensitivity in terms of signal per molecule. A real-time detection limit well below one protein per nanohole is demonstrated. The smaller plasmonic nanoholes should be suitable for studies of molecules confined in small volumes and as mimics of biological nanopores.
21.	Xiong, Kunli, 1987 (author) Electrochromic Plasmonic Metasurfaces for Reflective Displays 2017 Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract Plasmonic nanomaterials provide brilliant colors that arise from the ambient light coupling to the free electrons in metals. In the Roman empire, noble metal nanoparticles were used for staining glass in Church windows and tableware. Thanks to the extra-long lifetime of the plasmonic nanoparticles such glasswork still looks equally bright in color and can thus be used even after thousands of years. In comparison with organic dyes or paints, plasmonic nanomaterials provide strong stable colors even in ultrathin materials (hundreds of nanometers). If the colors can be electrically controlled this provides a novel technology for new display devices.In recent years, reflective (paper-like) displays become more and more interesting since they provide clear images in illuminated environments and are more friendly for human eyes compared to luminous display devices (LED, LCD). One of the most successful commercialized electronic papers is the E-ink technology (e.g. the popular KindleTM). However, one big problem of the E-ink technology on the market is that it only displays monochromatic texts or pictures.It has been known for some time that by implementing electrochemical control over the plasmonic nanostructures one can actively tune the optical response to some extent. Recently, it has also been shown that when combining conjugated polymers with the plasmonic nanomaterials the optical transmission can be modulated with high contrast and fast responding speed.In our work, a novel plasmonic nanomaterial combined with conjugated polymers works as an “electronic paper” in color with high contrast, fast response time (ms) and ultra-low power consumption (0.5mW/cm2). Especially, by using an ultrathin plasmonic nanostructure with a soft polymer layer the system is highly bendable with ultra-high optical reflection (>90 %), which opens up a new technology for electronic paper applications.
22.	Xiong, Kunli, 1987 (author) New Nanopores for Combined Plasmonic and Electrical Sensing 2016 Licentiate thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract In this thesis, several kinds of artificial plasmonic biosensors are introduced. They havedifferent nanostructures which are nanoholes, nanowells and nanopores. The fabricationtechnologies are introduced. All these nanostructures are fabricated based on colloidallithography technology and following by several special steps. Different kinds of nanostructurescan be used for different purposes, nanoholes is one of the simplest biosensors, which can beused to detect one kind of targets. Nanowells has different plasmonic signals for differentbinding positions. Nanopores can act not only as a biosensor but also nanofluidics.All these plasmonic biosensors have plasmonic signals, which provide the information forsensing. Depending on observing the shifts of the peak and the dip for plasmonic signal, thereaction between the targets and the receptors on the sensor surface can be detected. Thetheoretical analyzing and mathematic functions of plasmonic signals are introduced. Fordifferent nanostructures, the plasmonic signals are also different. Even for the same kind ofnanostructures, the position of the peak and the dip are also influenced by the periodicity, thediameters of the nanostructures and the thickness of metal layer.The plasmonic biosensors could have lots of additional applications after combing othertechnologies, the plasmonic thermal sensor is one of them. This special sensor is produced byimplementing the electrical technology on nanoholes sample. After applying electronic currents,the nanoholes sample can produce thermal energy, meanwhile, it can also provide plasmonicsignals. By calculation the resistance of the metal film, the temperature can be gotten, so theplasmonic biosensor can be used to heat targets with specific temperature and also observe thesurface condition of the biosensor based on the variation of the plasmonic signal.
23.	Xiong, Kunli, 1987, et al. (author) Plasmonic Metasurfaces with Conjugated Polymers for Flexible Electronic Paper in Color 2016 In: Advanced Materials. - : Wiley. - 0935-9648 .- 1521-4095. ; 28:45, s. 9956-9960 Journal article (peer-reviewed)
24.	Xiong, Kunli, et al. (author) Polymer Gates in Nanochannels 2015 Conference paper (peer-reviewed)
25.	Xiong, Kunli, 1987, et al. (author) Switchable Plasmonic Metasurfaces with High Chromaticity Containing only Abundant Metals 2017 In: Nano Letters. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1530-6984 .- 1530-6992. ; 17:11, s. 7033-7039 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Plasmonic color generation offers several advantages but is also limited by the cost and availability of noble metals like gold. In this work, we present color-tunable metasurfaces with high chromaticity and reflectivity consisting of an aluminum mirror, a dielectric spacer, and a plasmonic nanohole array in copper. Copper is shown to be an excellent alternative to gold when properly protected from oxidation and makes it possible to generate a wide RGB gamut covering 27% of the standard RGB. By patterning the metasurfaces into microscale pixel triplets, color photos can be well reproduced with high resolution over wafer-sized areas. Further, we demonstrate active modulation of the reflected intensity using an electrochromic conductive polymer deposited on top of the nanostructures by screen printing. This technology opens up for ultrathin and flexible reflective displays in full color, that is, plasmonic electronic paper, compatible with large-scale sustainable production.
26.	Xiong, Kunli, 1987, et al. (author) Video-Rate Switching of High-Reflectivity Hybrid Cavities Spanning All Primary Colors 2023 In: Advanced Materials. - : WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH. - 0935-9648 .- 1521-4095. ; 35:31 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Dynamically tunable reflective structural colors are attractive for reflective displays (electronic paper). However, it is challenging to tune a thin layer of structural color across the full red-green-blue (RGB) basis set of colors at video rates and with long-term stability. In this work, this is achieved through a hybrid cavity built from metal-insulator-metal (MIM) "nanocaves" and an electrochromic polymer (PProDOTMe(2)). The reflective colors are modulated by electrochemically doping/dedoping the polymer. Compared with traditional subpixel-based systems, this hybrid structure provides high reflectivity (>40%) due to its "monopixel" nature and switches at video rates. The polymer bistability helps deliver ultralow power consumption (& AP;2.5 mW cm(-2)) for video display applications and negligible consumption (& AP;3 & mu;W cm(-2)) for static images, compatible with fully photovoltaic powering. In addition, the color uniformity of the hybrid material is excellent (over cm(-2)) and the scalable fabrication enables large-area production.
27.	Xiong, Kunli, et al. (author) Video Speed Switching of Plasmonic Structural Colors with High Contrast and Superior Lifetime 2021 In: Advanced Materials. - : Wiley. - 0935-9648 .- 1521-4095. ; 33:41 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Reflective displays or "electronic paper" technologies provide a solution to the high energy consumption of emissive displays by simply utilizing ambient light. However, it has proven challenging to develop electronic paper with competitive image quality and video speed capabilities. Here, the first technology that provides video speed switching of structural colors with high contrast over the whole visible is shown. Importantly, this is achieved with a broadband-absorbing polarization-insensitive electrochromic polymer instead of liquid crystals, which makes it possible to maintain high reflectivity. It is shown that promoting electrophoretic ion transport (drift motion) improves the switch speed. In combination with new nanostructures that have high surface curvature, this enables video speed switching (20 ms) at high contrast (50% reflectivity change). A detailed analysis of the optical signal during switching shows that the polaron formation starts to obey first order reaction kinetics in the video speed regime. Additionally, the system still operates at ultralow power consumption during video speed switching (<1 mW cm(-2)) and has negligible power consumption (<1 mu W cm(-2)) in bistability mode. Finally, the fast switching increases device lifetime to at least 10(7) cycles, an order of magnitude more than state-of-the-art.

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