| 1. |
- Andersson, August, et al.
(författare)
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Regionally-Varying Combustion Sources of the January 2013 Severe Haze Events over Eastern China
- 2015
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Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 49:4, s. 2038-2043
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Thick haze plagued northeastern China in January 2013, strongly affecting both regional climate and human respiratory health. Here, we present dual carbon isotope constrained (Delta C-14 and delta C-13) source apportionment for combustion-derived black carbon aerosol (BC) for three key hotspot regions (megacities): North China Plain (NCP, Beijing), the Yangtze River Delta (YRD, Shanghai), and the Pearl River Delta (PRD, Guangzhou) for January 2013. BC, here quantified as elemental carbon (EC), is one of the most health-detrimental components of PM2.5 and a strong climate warming agent. The results show that these severe haze events were equally affected (similar to 30%) by biomass combustion in all three regions, whereas the sources of the dominant fossil fuel component was dramatically different between north and south. In the NCP region, coal combustion accounted for 66% (46-74%, 95% C.I.) of the EC, whereas, in the YRD and PRD regions, liquid fossil fuel combustion (e.g., traffic) stood for 46% (18-66%) and 58% (38-68%), respectively. Taken together, these findings suggest the need for a regionally-specific description of BC sources in climate models and regionally-tailored mitigation to combat severe air pollution events in East Asia.
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| 2. |
- Liang, Yuanyuan, et al.
(författare)
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Spatial distribution and seasonal variations of atmospheric organophosphate esters (OPEs) in Tianjin, China based on gridded field observations
- 2020
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Ingår i: Environmental Pollution. - : Elsevier BV. - 0269-7491 .- 1873-6424. ; 263
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The atmospheric concentrations of 14 organophosphate esters (OPEs) were monitored by passive air sampling at 33 sites to determine their spatial distributions, and seasonal variations (summer and winter) in Tianjin, North China. The total concentrations of the OPEs (Sigma 9OPEs) in the summer ranged from 0.08 to 1113 ng/sample with a median of 98.4 ng/sample, which was non-statistically different from the concentrations obtained in the winter (which ranged from 1.93 to 548 ng/sample with a median of 46.2 ng/sample). Among the observed OPEs, the concentrations of TnBP and TCiPP were statistically higher in the summer compared with the winter (p < 0.05). For grouped OPEs, only a significantly higher level of chlorinated OPEs was found in summer than that in winter. In the winter, spatial differences were found to be significantly different between the concentrations of TnBP, TiBP, TCEP, and TEHP in the suburban and rural areas (p < 0.05). Considering the possible point-sources, in the summer, the concentrations of TDCPP, TCiPP, DPEHP, TEHP, and the total concentration of TCPs (denoted as Sigma 3TCP, comprised of the concentrations of TCP, TmCP, and ToCP) in an electronic-waste (e-waste) dismantling area were higher than those obtained at the other sampling sites. Sigma 9OPEs at the e-waste site and another site located near a manufacturing plant of organophosphate flame retardants (OFRs) were both higher than the median concentrations obtained at the other sampling sites, and TCiPP was the most abundant pollutant. In the winter, the concentrations of Sigma 9OPEs at the e-waste site were still higher than their median concentrations at the other sites. Because OPEs are used in aircraft lubricating oils and hydraulic fluids, an airport was thought to be another important source of TiBP and TPhP in the present study. Therefore, the e-waste site, airport, and OFR manufacturing plant may be the major sources of OPEs in the environment.
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| 3. |
- Yan, Caiqing, et al.
(författare)
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Chemical characteristics and light-absorbing property of water-soluble organic carbon in Beijing : Biomass burning contributions
- 2015
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 1352-2310 .- 1873-2844. ; 121, s. 4-12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Emissions from biomass burning contribute significantly to water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and light-absorbing organic carbon (brown carbon). Ambient atmospheric samples were collected at an urban site in Beijing during winter and summer, along with source samples from residential crop straw burning. Carbonaceous aerosol species, including organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), WSOC and multiple saccharides as well as water-soluble potassium (K+) in PM2.5 (fine particulate matter with size less than 2.5 mu m) were measured. Chemical signatures of atmospheric aerosols in Beijing during winter and summer days with significant biomass burning influence were identified. Meanwhile, light absorption by WSOC was measured and quantitatively compared to EC at ground level. The results from this study indicated that levoglucosan exhibited consistently high concentrations (209 +/- 145 ng m(-3)) in winter. Ratios of levoglucosan/mannosan (L/M) and levoglucosan/galacosan (L/G) indicated that residential biofuel use is an important source of biomass burning aerosol in winter in Beijing. Light absorption coefficient per unit ambient WSOC mass calculated at 365 nm is approximately 1.54 +/- 0.16 m(2) g(-1) in winter and 0.73 +/- 0.15 m(2) g(-1) in summer. Biomass burning derived WSOC accounted for 23 +/- 7% and 16 +/- 7% of total WSOC mass, and contributed to 17 +/- 4% and 19 +/- 5% of total WSOC light absorption in winter and summer, respectively. It is noteworthy that, up to 30% of total WSOC light absorption was attributed to biomass burning in significant biomass-burning-impacted summer day. Near-surface light absorption (over the range 300-400 nm) by WSOC was about similar to 40% of that by EC in winter and similar to 25% in summer.
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| 4. |
- Yan, Caiqing, et al.
(författare)
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Important fossil source contribution to brown carbon in Beijing during winter
- 2017
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Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Organic aerosol (OA) constitutes a substantial fraction of fine particles and affects both human health and climate. It is becoming clear that OA absorbs light substantially (hence termed Brown Carbon, BrC), adding uncertainties to global aerosol radiative forcing estimations. The few current radiative-transfer and chemical-transport models that include BrC primarily consider sources from biogenic and biomass combustion. However, radiocarbon fingerprinting here clearly indicates that light-absorbing organic carbon in winter Beijing, the capital of China, is mainly due to fossil sources, which contribute the largest part to organic carbon (OC, 67 +/- 3%) and its sub-constituents (water-soluble OC, WSOC: 54 +/- 4%, and water-insoluble OC, WIOC: 73 +/- 3%). The dual-isotope (Delta C-14/delta C-13) signatures, organic molecular tracers and Beijing-tailored emission inventory identify that this fossil source is primarily from coal combustion activities in winter, especially from the residential sector. Source testing on Chinese residential coal combustion provides direct evidence that intensive coal combustion could contribute to increased light-absorptivity of ambient BrC in Beijing winter. Coal combustion is an important source to BrC in regions such as northern China, especially during the winter season. Future modeling of OA radiative forcing should consider the importance of both biomass and fossil sources.
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| 5. |
- Yan, Caiqing, et al.
(författare)
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Residential Coal Combustion as a Source of Levoglucosan in China
- 2018
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Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 52:3, s. 1665-1674
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Levoglucosan (LG) has been widely identified as a specific marker for biomass burning (BB) sources and frequently utilized in estimating the BB contribution to atmospheric fine particles all over the world. However, this study provides direct evidence to show that coal combustion (CC) is also a source of LG, especially in the wintertime in Northern China, based on both source testing and ambient measurement. Our results show that low-temperature residential CC could emit LG with emission factors (EF) ranging from 0.3 to 15.9 mg kg(-1). Ratios of LG to its isomers, mannosan and galactosan, differ between CC and BB emissions, and the wintertime ratios in Beijing ambient PM2.5 and source-specific tracers including carbon isotopic signatures all indicated a significant contribution from CC to ambient levoglucosan in winter in Beijing. The results suggest that LG cannot be used as a distinct source marker for biomass burning in special cases such as some cities in the northern China, where coal is still widely used in the residential and industrial sectors. Biomass burning sources could be overestimated, although such an over estimation could vary spatially and temporally.
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