| 1. |
- Dong, Hengjin, et al.
(författare)
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The impact of expanded health system reform on governmental contributions and individual copayments in the new Chinese rural cooperative medical system
- 2016
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Ingår i: International Journal of Health Planning and Management. - : Wiley. - 0749-6753 .- 1099-1751. ; 31:1, s. 36-48
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2002, the Chinese central government created a new rural cooperative medical system (NCMS), ensuring that both central and local governments partner with rural residents to reduce their copayments, thus making healthcare more affordable. Yet, significant gaps in health status and healthcare utilization persisted between urban and rural communities. Therefore, in 2009, healthcare reform was expanded, with (i) increased government financing and (ii) sharply reduced individual copayments for outpatient and inpatient care. Analyzing data from China's Ministry of Health, the Rural Cooperative Information Network, and Statistical Yearbooks, our findings suggest that healthcare reform has reached its preliminary objectives-government financing has grown significantly in most rural provinces, especially those in poorer western and central China, and copayments in most rural provinces have been reduced. Significant intraprovincial inequality of support remains. The central government contributes more money for poor provinces than for rich ones; however, NCMS schemes operate at the county level, which vary significantly in their level of economic development and per capital gross domestic products (GDP) within a province. Data reveal that the compensation ratios for both outpatient and inpatient care are not adjusted to compensate for a rural county's level of economic development or per capita GDP. Consequently, a greater financial burden for healthcare persists among persons in the poorest rural regions. A recommendation for next step in healthcare reform is to pool resources at prefectural/municipal level and also adjust central government contributions according to the GDP level at prefectural/municipal level.
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| 2. |
- Wang, Tao, et al.
(författare)
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A Co3O4-embedded porous ZnO rhombic dodecahedron prepared using zeolitic imidazolate frameworks as precursors for CO2 photoreduction
- 2016
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Ingår i: Nanoscale. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 2040-3364 .- 2040-3372. ; 8:12, s. 6712-6720
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are attracting considerable attention for their use as both the precursor and the template to prepare metal oxides or carbon-based materials. For the first time in this paper, the core-shell ZIF-8@ZIF-67 crystals are thermally converted into porous ZnO@Co3O4 composites by combining a seed-mediated growth process with a two-step calcination. The designed porous ZnO@Co3O4 composites exhibited the highest photocatalytic activity with an excellent stability for the reduction of CO2 among the commonly reported composite photocatalysts. Their superior photocatalytic performance is demonstrated to be resulting from the unique porous structure of ZnO@Co3O4 and the co-catalytic function of Co3O4 which can effectively suppress the photocorrosion of ZnO.
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| 3. |
- Ye, Lian, et al.
(författare)
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Feasibility analysis of plastic and biomass hydrochar for blast furnace injection
- 2023
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Ingår i: Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0360-5442 .- 1873-6785. ; 263
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) technology upgrades combustible waste (CW) to high-quality fuel known as hydrochar. However, there is a research gap regarding the application limit of hydrochar instead of fossil fuels in blast furnaces. In this study, the physical, chemical, and metallurgical properties of hydrochar were thoroughly analyzed. The results showed that gross calorific value, grindability, ignition temperature, explosivity, combustion and gasification all improved by HTC process compared with the waste feedstocks. Moreover, the HTC process can effectively remove harmful elements (K, Na, Cl, and S) from feedstocks into liquid and gas phase without adding other reagents, reducing harmful effects in the blast furnace. Removal rates by HTC were >80% for alkali metals and >73.9% for Cl (reaching 98.18% for polyvinyl chloride hydrochar). The environmental benefit calculation shows that the CO2 emission reduction of replacing bituminous coal with 40% HTC-treated maize straw can reach 94.7 kg/tHM. The annual CO2 reduction can reach 1.7 x 107 kg and the annual coal reduction is 1.5 x 107 kg of a blast furnace. The results showed that hydrochar is a clean energy source compared with fossil fuel alternatives and meets the blast furnace injection requirements.
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