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1.
  • Konold, Patrick E., et al. (author)
  • 3D-printed sheet jet for stable megahertz liquid sample delivery at X-ray free-electron lasers
  • 2023
  • In: IUCrJ. - : International Union Of Crystallography. - 2052-2525. ; 10, s. 662-670
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) can probe chemical and biological reactions as they unfold with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution. A principal challenge in this pursuit involves the delivery of samples to the X-ray interaction point in such a way that produces data of the highest possible quality and with maximal efficiency. This is hampered by intrinsic constraints posed by the light source and operation within a beamline environment. For liquid samples, the solution typically involves some form of high-speed liquid jet, capable of keeping up with the rate of X-ray pulses. However, conventional jets are not ideal because of radiation-induced explosions of the jet, as well as their cylindrical geometry combined with the X-ray pointing instability of many beamlines which causes the interaction volume to differ for every pulse. This complicates data analysis and contributes to measurement errors. An alternative geometry is a liquid sheet jet which, with its constant thickness over large areas, eliminates the problems related to X-ray pointing. Since liquid sheets can be made very thin, the radiation-induced explosion is reduced, boosting their stability. These are especially attractive for experiments which benefit from small interaction volumes such as fluctuation X-ray scattering and several types of spectroscopy. Although their use has increased for soft X-ray applications in recent years, there has not yet been wide-scale adoption at XFELs. Here, gas-accelerated liquid sheet jet sample injection is demonstrated at the European XFEL SPB/SFX nano focus beamline. Its performance relative to a conventional liquid jet is evaluated and superior performance across several key factors has been found. This includes a thickness profile ranging from hundreds of nanometres to 60 nm, a fourfold increase in background stability and favorable radiation-induced explosion dynamics at high repetition rates up to 1.13 MHz. Its minute thickness also suggests that ultrafast single-particle solution scattering is a possibility.
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2.
  • Konold, Patrick, et al. (author)
  • Microsecond time-resolved X-ray scattering by utilizing MHz repetition rate at second-generation XFELs
  • Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
    • Detecting microsecond structural perturbations in biomolecules has wide relevance inbiology, chemistry, and medicine. Here, we show how MHz repetition rates at X-ray freeelectron lasers (XFELs) can be used to produce microsecond time-series of proteinscattering with exceptionally low noise levels of 0.001%. We demonstrate the approach byderiving new mechanistic insight into Jɑ helix unfolding of a Light-Oxygen-Voltage (LOV)photosensory domain. This time-resolved acquisition strategy is easy to implement andwidely applicable for direct observation of structural dynamics of many biochemicalprocesses. 
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