| 1. |
- Mishra, A, et al.
(författare)
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Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents' growth and development
- 2023
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-4687 .- 0028-0836. ; 615:7954, s. 874-883
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified.
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| 2. |
- Bixby, H., et al.
(författare)
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Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults
- 2019
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 569:7755, s. 260-4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Body-mass index (BMI) has increased steadily in most countries in parallel with a rise in the proportion of the population who live in cities(.)(1,2) This has led to a widely reported view that urbanization is one of the most important drivers of the global rise in obesity(3-6). Here we use 2,009 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in more than 112 million adults, to report national, regional and global trends in mean BMI segregated by place of residence (a rural or urban area) from 1985 to 2017. We show that, contrary to the dominant paradigm, more than 55% of the global rise in mean BMI from 1985 to 2017-and more than 80% in some low- and middle-income regions-was due to increases in BMI in rural areas. This large contribution stems from the fact that, with the exception of women in sub-Saharan Africa, BMI is increasing at the same rate or faster in rural areas than in cities in low- and middle-income regions. These trends have in turn resulted in a closing-and in some countries reversal-of the gap in BMI between urban and rural areas in low- and middle-income countries, especially for women. In high-income and industrialized countries, we noted a persistently higher rural BMI, especially for women. There is an urgent need for an integrated approach to rural nutrition that enhances financial and physical access to healthy foods, to avoid replacing the rural undernutrition disadvantage in poor countries with a more general malnutrition disadvantage that entails excessive consumption of low-quality calories.
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| 4. |
- Alcantara, K. Suarez, et al.
(författare)
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3CaH(2)+4MgB(2) + CaF2 Reactive Hydride Composite as a Potential Hydrogen Storage Material: Hydrogenation and Dehydrogenation Pathway
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Physical Chemistry C. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1932-7447 .- 1932-7455. ; 116:12, s. 7207-7212
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A reactive hydride composite (RHC) with initial composition 3CaH(2) + 4MgB(2) + CaF2 was studied by in situ synchrotron radiation powder X-ray diffraction (SR-PXD) and X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) at the B K-edge and at the Ca K-edge. The hydrogenation reaction proceeds by an unknown intermediate. No evidence of intermediates was observed during the dehydrogenation reaction. B and Ca K-edge XANES results hint to a closed interaction of CaF2 and Ca(BH4)(2). The main function of CaF2 in the 3CaH(2) + 4MgB(2) + CaF2 RHC is as a dopant for the hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions.
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| 6. |
- Eigen, N., et al.
(författare)
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Reversible hydrogen storage in NaF-Al composites
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Alloys and Compounds. - : Elsevier BV. - 0925-8388. ; 477:1-2, s. 76-80
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This work demonstrates that hydrogen can be reversibly stored in a composite of NaF and Al. NaF and Al reacts to a mixture of Na3AlF6 and NaAlH4 via hydridofluoride phases of the form Na3AlH6-xFx. The analysis of thermodynamics based on literature standard enthalpies of formation yields the technically favourable enthalpy of reaction of roughly 35 kJ/mol H-2 for a theoretical gravimetric hydrogen storage capacity of 3.3 wt%. Reaction mechanisms are discussed with respect to substitution of hydrogen by fluorine in complex hydrides. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 12. |
- Forngren, B H, et al.
(författare)
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Determination of specific radioactivity for Br-76-labeled compounds measuring the ratio between Br-76 and Br-79 using packed capillary liquid chromatography mass spectrometry
- 2000
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Ingår i: Nuclear Medicine and Biology. - 0969-8051 .- 1872-9614. ; 27:8, s. 851-853
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Packed capillary liquid chromatography with electrospray mass spectrometry was used for direct determination of the specific radioactivity by calculation of isotope ratios between the Br-76- and Br-76-labeled analogues of N-((3 aminomethyl)benzyl) 4-bromobenzamide. Using 20 muL injections on packed capillary columns, sufficient mass sensitivity was attained for the determination on an injected amount of radioactivity corresponding to approximately 2 MBq (0.3 pmol of the Br-76 isotopic analogue). NUCL MED BIOL 27;6:851-853, 2000. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
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| 13. |
- Hofvander, Yngve, et al.
(författare)
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Amningsvänliga sjukhus omevalueras
- 1997
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Ingår i: Läkartidningen. ; 94, s. 4599-
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 14. |
- Ladds, MJGW, et al.
(författare)
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Publisher Correction: A DHODH inhibitor increases p53 synthesis and enhances tumor cell killing by p53 degradation blockage
- 2018
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Ingår i: Nature communications. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2041-1723. ; 9:1, s. 2071-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The original PDF version of this Article listed the authors as “Marcus J.G.W. Ladds,” where it should have read “Marcus J. G. W. Ladds, Ingeborg M. M. van Leeuwen, Catherine J. Drummond et al.#”.Also in the PDF version, it was incorrectly stated that “Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to S. Lín.”, instead of the correct “Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to S. Laín.”This has been corrected in the PDF version of the Article. The HTML version was correct from the time of publication.
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| 20. |
- Moraeus, Lotta, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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Multi-level influences on childhood obesity in Sweden: societal factors, parental determinants and child's lifestyle
- 2012
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Ingår i: International Journal of Obesity. - London, United Kingdom : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0307-0565 .- 1476-5497. ; 36:7, s. 969-976
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Swedish school children living in rural areas and in areas with low education are at excess risk of becoming overweight. This study examines influences of societal and individual characteristics (children and their parents) on prevalence of overweight and obesity, in a national sample of 7-9-year-old children. METHOD: Anthropometric and lifestyle data were collected in a nationally representative sample of 3636 Swedish children. Overweight and obesity (International Obesity Task Force (IOTF)) data were analyzed in relation to lifestyle factors, parental weight, education and breast-feeding. RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight was 15.6% including 2.6% obese. Urbanization level and parental characteristics (weight status and education) were related to risk of overweight. Overall less favorable lifestyle characteristics were observed in rural areas and for children of low/medium educated mothers. Boys had greater risk of obesity in semi-urban and rural areas but this was not true for girls. For children's overweight, the living area effect was attenuated in multivariate analysis, while there was an association with origin of parents, high parental weight and medium maternal education. For obesity, the living area effect remained in boys while having two non-Nordic parents predicted obesity in girls. Parental weight status was associated with obesity in both girls and boys. CONCLUSION: Individual and societal factors influence children's weight status, and parental weight status is a strong determinant. Including overweight and obese parents in future health promoting interventions could be a strategy to prevent children from becoming overweight, but identifying those parents may prove difficult. To ensure reaching children with the greatest needs, targeting high risk areas might be a more effective approach.
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| 21. |
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| 24. |
- Ramnemark, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Progressive hemiosteoporosis on the paretic side and increased bone mineral density in the nonparetic arm the first year after severe stroke
- 1999
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Ingår i: Osteoporosis International. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0937-941X .- 1433-2965. ; 9:3, s. 269-275
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fractures are a common and serious complication after stroke and the risk of hip fractures among stroke patients is 2 to 4 times greater than among other elderly people. The aim of this study was to investigate prospectively the change in bone mineral density (BMD) after severe stroke and to study the association between motor impairment, disability and the development of hemiosteoporosis. The study comprised 24 stroke patients, with no persistent paresis from previous strokes or previous osteoporotic fractures, included 1 month after stroke onset. BMD, motor function, ambulation and activities of daily living (ADL) were assessed at 1, 4, 7 and 12 months after stroke onset. At inclusion, the patients' BMD was normal for their age. During the study, there was a significant loss of BMD in the total body (-2.0%; p < 0.05), but not in the head or spine. BMD differed significantly between the paretic and the non-paretic arm at inclusion (-4.8%; p < 0.001). Decrease in BMD was most pronounced in the affected humerus (-17.4%; p < 0.001) and proximal femur (-12.2%; p < 0.01). BMD decreased significantly in both lower extremities during follow-up, but the losses were more pronounced on the paretic side (p < 0.01). In the nonaffected ultradistal radius there was a significant increase in BMD from inclusion to the end of the study (+5.8%; p < 0.01). There was no pattern in the bone losses correlating with presumptive risk factors for hemiosteoporosis such as motor function, ability to perform ADL or ambulation. Two patients had fractures at follow-up, both on the paretic side. Loss of bone mineral density in the paretic extremities is thus pronounced and progressive during the first year after stroke, indicating that loss of BMD is probably an important risk factor for post-stroke fractures. Surprisingly, BMD in the nonaffected arm increased significantly during the first year after stroke, most likely due to increased physical activity, and perhaps a redistribution of bone minerals from the paretic extremities.
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| 25. |
- Sjostrom, M, et al.
(författare)
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Diet and physical activity--interactions for health; public health nutrition in the European perspective
- 1999
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Ingår i: Public health nutrition. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 1368-9800 .- 1475-2727. ; 2:3A, s. 453-459
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- For the majority of European adults, who neither smoke nor drink excessively, the most significant controllable risk factors affecting their long-term health are what they eat, and how physically active they are.Scientists are supposed to clarify to policy makers and health professionals the usefulness of their health messages. However, to be able to do that, a more detailed understanding is needed of the basic mechanisms behind the effects on health of diet and physical activity and, especially, the two in combination. Further, better methods for assessment of nutrition and physical activity in the population have to be developed, and more and better baseline data have to be collected. Increased and more efficient interventions are then needed. People trained and competent in the new discipline of Public Health Nutrition are required.Through the stimulating support that the European Commission, as well as other national and international partners, are presently giving to the development of Public Health Nutrition across Europe, we can hope for an increased mobility, networking and understanding between European nutrition and physical activity professionals. This will most likely result in greater and better policy making, strategy development, implementation and evaluation. We now have a great possibility to develop the integrated field of preventive nutrition and health enhancing physical activity.
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| 26. |
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| 29. |
- Sjöberg, Agneta, 1956, et al.
(författare)
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Overweight and obesity in a representative sample of schoolchildren - exploring the urban-rural gradient in Sweden
- 2011
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Ingår i: Obesity Reviews. - 1467-7881. ; 12:5, s. 305-314
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To present the prevalence and urban-rural differences of overweight and obesity in 7–9-year-old Swedish schoolchildren, we used anthropometric data from a nationally representative survey performed in 2008. Trained staff weighed and measured 4538 children in grades 1 and 2 in 94 primary schools. Weight classification was performed using the IOTF reference and school areas were classified based on level of urbanization and area-level education. Overweight was found in 17% of the children including 3% obese. For overweight, odds-ratios were 1.33 and 1.61 (significant) in semi-urban and rural areas, relative to urban areas. After adjusting for area-level education, differences by degree of urbanisation were greatly attenuated and non-significant. For obesity urban-rural differences were observed in boys only and remained after adjustment for area-level education. For area-level education, risk estimates were significantly elevated and unaffected by urbanization and gender, odds-ratios 1.75 and 2.21 for overweight and 2.62 and 3.69 for obesity, in medium- and low-education areas compared to high-education areas. This supports earlier reports identifying areas with low socioeconomic status as high-risk areas for overweight and obesity. However, this study also suggests that gender should be considered when targeting children in urban as well as rural communities for health promoting interventions.
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| 30. |
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| 32. |
- Wijnhoven, T. M. A., et al.
(författare)
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WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative 2008: weight, height and body mass index in 6-9-year-old children
- 2013
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Ingår i: Pediatric Obesity. - : Wiley. - 2047-6310 .- 2047-6302. ; 8:2, s. 79-97
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Nutritional surveillance in school-age children, using measured weight and height, is not common in the European Region of the World Health Organization (WHO). The WHO Regional Office for Europe has therefore initiated the WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative. Objective To present the anthropometric results of data collected in 2007/2008 and to investigate whether there exist differences across countries and between the sexes. Methods Weight and height were measured in 69-year-old children in 12 countries. Prevalence of overweight, obesity, stunting, thinness and underweight as well as mean Z-scores of anthropometric indices of height, weight and body mass index were calculated. Results A total of 168832 children were included in the analyses and a school participation rate of more than 95% was obtained in 8 out of 12 countries. Stunting, underweight and thinness were rarely prevalent. However, 19.349.0% of boys and 18.442.5% of girls were overweight (including obesity and based on the 2007 WHO growth reference).The prevalence of obesity ranged from 6.0 to 26.6% among boys and from 4.6 to 17.3% among girls. Multi-country comparisons suggest the presence of a northsouth gradient with the highest level of overweight found in southern European countries. Conclusions Overweight among 69-year-old children is a serious public health concern and its variation across the European Region highly depends on the country. Comparable monitoring of child growth is possible across Europe and should be emphasized in national policies and implemented as part of action plans.
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| 33. |
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| 34. |
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| 36. |
- Wu, F, et al.
(författare)
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Distribution of Br-76-labeled antisense oligonucleotides of different length determined ex vivo in rats
- 2000
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Ingår i: European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. - 0928-0987 .- 1879-0720. ; 10:3, s. 179-186
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Oligonucleotides may hybridize with high selectivity to an RNA sequence and can be used for the monitoring of gene expression or for its inhibition in experimental or therapeutic purposes. As part of the development of positron emission tomography (PET) methods, different lengths (30, 20, 12 and 6 mer) of antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotides complementary to rat chromogranin A were labeled with [Br-76] using a prosthetic group. The Br-76-oligonucleotides were injected into rat's tail vein (1-2 MBq/rat), and the radioactivity distribution was analyzed after 20 h using whole body autoradiography or by measurement of organ radioactivity concentration. The whole body autoradiography showed different distribution depending on the oligonucleotide length. The organs with highest uptake changed from kidney cortex (with 6 or 12 mer), kidney cortex and liver (with 20 mer), to liver and spleen (with 30 mer). With 20 or 30 mer sequences, uptake could be observed in the adrenals. Kidneys and livers from rats receiving 20 mer or 30 mer Br-76-oligonucleotides were analyzed with respect to subcellular distribution and DNA/RNA/protein fraction. 30%-45% of the radioactivity was found in the nuclear fraction. More than 80% of the radioactivity was recovered in the high molecular weight fraction (as proteins or oligonucleotides longer than 10 mer) using size exclusion (NAP 5) gelfiltration or cetylpyridinium bromide (CPB) precipitation. This work indicates the potential to perform kinetic whole body studies of Br-76-oligonucleotides using PET. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 37. |
- Wu, F, et al.
(författare)
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Hybridisation of [Br-76]-labelled antisense oligonucleotides to Chromogranin A mRNA verified by RT-PCR
- 2004
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Ingår i: Nuclear Medicine and Biology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0969-8051 .- 1872-9614. ; 31:8, s. 1073-1078
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Methods have been developed to label oligonucleotides (ODNs) in the 5'-position with Br-76 via a prosthetic group on a hexylamino-linker. The purpose of the study was to explore whether the labelling procedure would prevent specific hybridisation by using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) followed by sequencing of the PCR product. Antisense ODNs (30 mer, specific for rat Chromogranin A [CgA] mRNA) with phosphodiester (O-ODN) or phosphothiciate (S-ODN) backbone, either unlabelled or labelled with Br-76, served as one of the primers in individual PCR reactions. Using O-ODN as a primer, irrespective of being labelled or not, a selected 225-bp PCR fragment was successfully amplified. However, no amplification was obtained using S-ODN as a primer. The proper PCR products were only detected in the sample prepared from the adrenal gland, but not in that from the heart, liver or kidney. Autoradiographic recording of the gel, after gel electrophoresis, revealed radioactive signals corresponding to the amplified PCR products. The sequence of the PCR product matched the rat CgA mRNA sequence obtained from the EMBL database. RT-PCR is an attractive method to identify the selective binding of modified ODNs to target mRNA. This method confirmed that the labelling with Br-76 did not change the hybridisation ability of antisense O-ODN. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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