| 1. |
- Krzewińska, Maja, et al.
(författare)
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Genomic and Strontium Isotope Variation Reveal Immigration Patterns in a Viking Age Town
- 2018
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Ingår i: Current Biology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0960-9822 .- 1879-0445. ; 28:17, s. 2730-2738
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The impact of human mobility on the northern European urban populations during the Viking and Early Middle Ages and its repercussions in Scandinavia itself are still largely unexplored. Our study of the demographics in the final phase of the Viking era is the first comprehensive multidisciplinary investigation that includes genetics, isotopes, archaeology, and osteology on a larger scale. This early Christian dataset is particularly important as the earlier common pagan burial tradition during the Iron Age was cremation, hindering large-scale DNA analyses. We present genome-wide sequence data from 23 individuals from the 10th to 12th century Swedish town of Sigtuna. The data revealed high genetic diversity among the early urban residents. The observed variation exceeds the genetic diversity in distinct modern-day and Iron Age groups of central and northern Europe. Strontium isotope data suggest mixed local and non-local origin of the townspeople. Our results uncover the social system underlying the urbanization process of the Viking World of which mobility was an intricate part and was comparable between males and females. The inhabitants of Sigtuna were heterogeneous in their genetic affinities, probably reflecting both close and distant connections through an established network, confirming that early urbanization processes in northern Europe were driven by migration.
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| 2. |
- Rodríguez-Varela, Ricardo, et al.
(författare)
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The genetic history of Scandinavia from the Roman Iron Age to the present
- 2023
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Ingår i: Cell. - : Elsevier. - 0092-8674 .- 1097-4172. ; 186:1, s. 32-46
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigate a 2,000-year genetic transect through Scandinavia spanning the Iron Age to the present, based on 48 new and 249 published ancient genomes and genotypes from 16,638 modern individuals. We find regional variation in the timing and magnitude of gene flow from three sources: the eastern Baltic, the British-Irish Isles, and southern Europe. British-Irish ancestry was widespread in Scandinavia from the Viking period, whereas eastern Baltic ancestry is more localized to Gotland and central Sweden. In some regions, a drop in current levels of external ancestry suggests that ancient immigrants contributed proportionately less to the modern Scandinavian gene pool than indicated by the ancestry of genomes from the Viking and Medieval periods. Finally, we show that a north-south genetic cline that characterizes modern Scandinavians is mainly due to the differential levels of Uralic ancestry and that this cline existed in the Viking Age and possibly earlier.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Zachrisson, Torun, 1960-
(författare)
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Barneskallene ved Tviodlo
- 2016
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Ingår i: Møt mennesket. - Stavanger : Arkeologisk museum, Universitetet i Stavanger. - 9788277601694 ; , s. 45-48
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Bokkapitel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Kraniedelar av minst 4 spädbarn hittades på Bø på Jæren, västra Norge i en myr i samband med nyodling. I myren fanns en tvillingkälla med rödfärgat vatten och spädbarnsskallarna hade deponerats i en av dem någon gång under perioden år 1–400 e.Kr. Fyndet är unikt i ett nordiskt perspektiv, men har beröringspunkter med fynd från andra samtida våtmarker. Detta, liksom fyndets landskaps- och bebyggelsemässiga sammanhang, diskuteras i den korta artikeln.
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| 6. |
- Zachrisson, Torun, 1960-
(författare)
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De heliga platsernas arkeologi : materiell kultur och miljöer i järnålderns Mellansverige
- 2014
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Ingår i: Den heliga platsen: Handlingar från symposiet Den heliga platsen. Härnösand 15-18 september 2011. - Härnösand : Mittuniversitetet. - 9789186694951 ; , s. 87-126
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ett urval av järnålderns kultplatser i Mellansverige belyses. I fokus är kultplatsernas roll i den publika kulten. På vilken samhällelig nivå kan vi placera kultplatsen, hur många människor kan den ha betjänat och vilken karaktär har den haft?
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| 7. |
- Zachrisson, Torun, 1960-
(författare)
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Depositional Traditions in Iron Age Kormt
- 2017
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Ingår i: Avaldsnes. - Berlin : Walter de Gruyter. - 9783110425789 ; , s. 687-720
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper explores Iron Age depositions in wetlands and on dry ground in Kormt. The types of objects deposited and their contexts are discussed from a longterm perspective, and the emerging patterns are interpreted in cultural-historical terms.The early Iron Age depositions cluster on northeastern and southwestern Kormt, especially in the Avaldsnes and Ferkingstad areas. They indicate the presence of men of military rank and are placed at strategic maritime sites: Ferkingstad and northern Kormt. The depositional traditions of the early Iron Age resemble those of nearby Jæren and southernmost Hordaland, and indeed those of northern Jylland, Denmark. No depositions are known from the period AD 550–700. In the Viking Period, the depositional tradition in Kormt society seems to have played a more limited and less aristocratic role than previously. The depositional traditions differ from neighbouring as well as distant regions with which there formerly were similarities.
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| 8. |
- Zachrisson, Torun, 1960-
(författare)
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Fjärran ting : Exotiska föremål och nya seder under mellersta järnåldern
- 2011
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Ingår i: Förmodern globalitet. - Lund : Nordic Academic Press. - 9789185509683 ; , s. 109-129
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Samhällsförändringen i Mellansverige under tiden 550-700 skisseras och diskuteras med hjälp av exotiska föremål, nya seder som jakten med dresserad rovfågel liksom utmarkernas betydelse i denna process.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Zachrisson, Torun, 1960-
(författare)
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Gamla Uppsala : på nytt
- 2013
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Ingår i: Gamla Uppsala i ny belysning. - Uppsala : Swedish Science Press. - 9789197544672 ; , s. 161-205
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Gamla Uppsalas historia och landskapet ikring rymmer många svar på varför Uppsala i äldsta vendeltid blev ett ryktbart säte med monumentala gravhögar och höga imposanta hallar. Yngre järnålderns kungsgårdsmiljö med sina äldre historiska rötter är en av de mest komplexa som går att finna i Norden, komplex i avseendet att den avtecknar sig i så många olika typer av källmaterial, något som diskuteras i artikeln.
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| 12. |
- Zachrisson, Torun, 1960-
(författare)
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Gård, gräns, gravfält : sammanhang kring ädelmetalldepåer och runstenar från vikingatid och tidig medeltid i Uppland och Gästrikland
- 1998
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Silver and gold deposits from the Viking Age give the contemporaneous societies in the Nordic countries, in particular Sweden, a shining and impressive exterior. Why was this gold and silver unclaimed? What kind of cultural traditions surrounded the deposits of silver and gold from the Viking Age and Early Middle Ages? To reach an understanding of this the author analyses two different aspects, namely, the conceptions that can have been associated with deposits of silver and gold, and the reconstructed milieus where the precious metal was deposited in the provinces of Uppland and Gästrikland in middle Sweden.A person's fortune was intimately linked to the precious metal he owned. Treasure legends indicate that treasures could be perceived distinctly in the landscape, but at the same time were impossible to reach for anyone but their true owners. If one took a treasure by force, one also stole the other person's well-being and luck. This was probably considered to be a fatal act.Both written source material and material culture show that people viewed and treated gold and silver differently. There are 52 silver and 13 gold deposits known from the period c. 850-1200 in Uppland and Gästrikland. The "normal" deposit is small; three fourths of the finds have a weight below 500 grams.It is the farm with its farmstead, cemeteries and boundaries that is the relevant context for the silver deposits. The gold deposits, on the other hand, might have belonged to another level in the landscape than the farm. The Late Viking Age rune stone is the key to a deeper understanding of the places for silver deposits. The rune stone is interpreted as a Christian monument which, in words and images, tries to help the deceased remembered on the stone to reach the eternal light. I argue that the older group among these rune stones was erected by people who had a double identity, that is, they were both members of the royally founded town of Sigtuna and owners of farms in the countryside. The later group of rune stones was more closely connected with the Church and can be interpreted as a result of a missionary campaign.An analysis of a limited district shows that rune stones during the entire eleventh century were erected at the boundaries of a farm and at certain times also in the farmyard. This is interpreted as if the rune stone constituted a gate inwards to the farm domain and a protection outwards for a Christian farm. The silver deposits from c. 850-1100 can have been part of the heathen rituals to guard and secure the welfare of a farm, whereas the later silver deposits from c. 1100-1200 require a different explanation.
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| 13. |
- Zachrisson, Torun, 1960-
(författare)
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Helgö : mer än ett vi
- 2011
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Ingår i: Makt, kult, plats. - Stockholm : Stockholms länsmuseum. - 9187006472 ; , s. 69-79
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Helgö i Mälaren bär många spår av religiösa ritualer inom- och utomhus. Här jämförs dessa jämförs med materiella lämningar från järnålderns kultplatser i Mellansverige
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| 14. |
- Zachrisson, Torun, 1960-
(författare)
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Håkon Jarl Ivarsson and Rodr :
- 2009
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Ingår i: Á austrvega.. - Gävle : University of Gävle. - 9789197832908 ; , s. 1072-1073
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 15. |
- Zachrisson, Torun, 1960-
(författare)
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Händelser vid vatten : om näcken vid Lutbron och de förkristna dödsoffren i sjön Bokaren, Uppland
- 2014
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Ingår i: Saga och sed. - Uppsala : Kungliga Gustav Adolfs Akadmien.
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The oral traditions and the archaeological context of the lake Bokaren are in focus in this article. During the Late Iron Age a cultic site where humans and animals were ritually killed was placed in the lake. Nearby was a contemporaneous elite settlement called Hov, marked by a concentration of large burial mounds. Many hundreds of years later a master fiddler was born and bred by the lake. He learnt his extraordinary musical skills from näcken. This occurred at the stream running out of lake and thus by the waters that had passed through platform in the lake with the remains of human and animals. This is viewed as no coincidence, instead it is argued that the oral traditions of näcken can be understood in a deeper time perspective than has formerly been applied.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Zachrisson, Torun, 1960-
(författare)
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II : 31 Sites
- 2019
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Ingår i: Handbook of Pre-Modern Nordic Memory Studies. - Berlin : Walter de Gruyter. - 9783110440201 ; , s. 620-626
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This case study demonstrates how the great mounds and halls in Old Uppsala in central Sweden, erected AD 550–650, were used for expressing cultural memory. By the construction of monumental halls, rulers created arenas for expressing both power and authority, as well as for memory production. The halls left material traces, which makes possible consideration of whether they were also maintained and used in the Viking Age, or if they were abandoned and either remembered or forgotten.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Zachrisson, Torun, 1960-
(författare)
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Medial storm och kollegiala morranden : Om könsbestämningen av krigaren i Birka, grav Bj. 581 på Björkö, Uppland
- 2020
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Ingår i: Saga och Sed. - Uppsala : Kungl. Gustav Adolfs Akademien. ; , s. 53-72
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Forskningen om gammalt DNA kan ibland ge resultat som ruskar om gamla sanningar. Det hände när mina kollegor och jag år 2017 publicerade en artikel om en av de mest berömda gravarna från vikingastaden Birka. Den innehöll en person, fullt krigarutrustad, som lagts till vila i en gravkammare tillsammans med två hästar. Alltsedan graven undersöktes på slutet av 1800-talet hade man förutsatt att graven varit uppförd över en man. Men den genetiska könsbestämningen av skelettet visar att individen är en kvinna. Nyheten mötte mycket stort intresse och for som en löpeld över snart sagt hela världen, men blev också omgående ifrågasatt. Var det verkligen rätt ben som könsbestämts? Hade graven inte också innehållit en man? Kunde kvinnan rent fysiskt haft kapacitet att hantera de vapen som fanns i graven? Nedan diskuteras mottagandet som vår artikel fick, varför den väckte sådan enorm uppmärksamhet, liksom själva graven som sådan och den gravlagda.
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| 20. |
- Zachrisson, Torun, 1960-
(författare)
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Nyckeln till den arkeologiska tolkningen - rapporten
- 1999
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Ingår i: Kulturmiljövård. - Stockholm : Riksantikvarieämbetet. - 1100-4800. ; :1, s. 38-43
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Den som inte har varit med vid en undersökning är helt beroende av hur informationen, analysen och tolkningen av den serveras. Oavsett om man är lekman eller djupt förtrogen med det arkeologiska källmaterialet så är man på olika sätt beroende av att i ord och bild förstå hur en arkeologisk undersökning gått till och vilka tolkningar arkeologerna gjort på basis av det man dokumenterat.
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Zachrisson, Torun, 1960-, et al.
(författare)
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Ritual Space
- 2020. - 1
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Ingår i: The Pre-Christian Religions of the North. History and Structures. - Turnhout : Brepols. - 9782503574899 ; , s. 671-723
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An overview of ritual places in Old Norse religion
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| 23. |
- Zachrisson, Torun, 1960-
(författare)
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Ritual Space and Territorial Boundaries in Scandinavia
- 2020
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Ingår i: Making the profane sacred in the Viking age. - Turnhout : Brepols. - 9782503586045 - 9782503586052 ; , s. 85-98
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Whether cultic sites were part of the formation of tribal boundaries, or if cultic sites were placed in liminal spaces that were later turned into territorial border zones is a question very much like that of the chicken and the egg - which came first? It seems impossible to answer with certainty and needs to be approached through interdisciplinary research, but it is worth noting that archaeologically dated cultic sites very often highlight borders known from much later times from written sources. THis article discusses certain examples to address this question.
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| 24. |
- Zachrisson, Torun, 1960-
(författare)
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Rotary querns and bread : A social history of Sweden
- 2014
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Ingår i: Seen through a millstone. - Stavanger : Arkeologisk museum, Universitetet i Stavanger. - 9788277601588 ; , s. 181-192
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Rotary querns were introduced at the same as the oldest known bread appeared in the Nordic countries, c. AD 200. Since these type of querns were very efficient, bread could have been baked and consumed in most social milieus. But this was not the case. The rotary querns first appear at elite settlements, so-called central places, were the cultic dimensions are marked. Altogether the social acceptance for bread in Iron Age Sweden seems to have been slow.Kvarnberget in Sala, Västmanland in the region north of Mälaren, is a millstone quarry mountain known from a written source from AD 1490. The quarry was located on the grounds of a lost settlement called Onsala, later split into the villages Ösby and Åby. Onsala might be interptreted as the god Odin's hall or sal. The lost settlement is situated next to a settlement called Hov, a place name that can be interpreted as a settlement where cultic rituals took place. A quarry mountain on the grounds of a Late Iron Age settlement bearing a name connected with the god Odin is an unexpected combination in this region of Sweden, where the plains transitions into the wooded area Bergslagen, renowned for its production of silver, copper, iron and other minerals. Kvarnberget is poorly known but can contribute to a general discussion on the social contexts for the production sites for rotary querns, as well as reflect on the milieus were bread was eaten.
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| 25. |
- Zachrisson, Torun, 1960-
(författare)
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Scandinavian figurines : relatives of the gold foil figures, and a new find from Old Uppsala
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Gold foil figures in focus: a Scandinavian find group and related objects and images from ancient and medieval Europe. - München : Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil. - 9783899372496 ; , s. 105-129
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper argues that figurines of gold or (gilded) copper alloy, particularly from the 5th to 7th centuries, can contribute to a better understanding of the gold foil figures. It discusses examplars dating from Late Roman Iron Age, Migration, and Vendel period Scandinavia, especially those from Slipshavn in Funen, Gudum in Zealand, and Guldhullet/Smørenge in Bornholm, all in Denmark, as well as those from Kymbo in Västergötland and Lunda in Södermanland, Sweden, and compares them with gold foil figures. A unique gilded example from the late 7th or early 8th century – so small that it is equal in size to a gold foil figure – recently found in a female burial situated near the royal seat of Old Uppsala in Uppland, Sweden, is also discussed in detail. The figurines relate in posture, gesture, and attributes to the single gold foil figures but not to gold foil figural pairs. Pendants from the 6th to 8th centuries on the other hand, such as those from Kville in Bohuslän and Tuna in Alsike in Uppland and Norsborg in Södermanland, Sweden, allude in gesture, dress, and attributes to both single gold foil figures as well as to gold foil figures depicting pairs. The attributes and gestures of the figurines connect with the pre-Christian cult. If considered in a contemporary Christian European iconography, they would have signalled awe and divine epiphany.
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| 26. |
- Zachrisson, Torun, 1960-
(författare)
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Sepulkralsten och stenansikte : Om det ovanligas betydelse i miljön kring Resmo
- 2013
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Ingår i: En bok om Resmo. - Resmo : Resmo hembygdsförening. - 9789163745393 ; , s. 303-313
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Bokkapitel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Resmo källa var förr berömd. Den var föremål för religiösa ritualer under kristen tid. Till den knyter sig en sägen om en kvinna som omvände människor under missionstiden. Men den var plats för ritualer tidigare ändå. Här hittades ett halvt människoansikte i sten och källan har förknippats med hedniska makter och en runmagiker. I artikeln diskuteras arkeologin och landskapet kring källan, liksom även ett ålderdomligt resealtare hittat i en åker vid Gynge, som kan ha samband med den tingsplats av gammal hävd nämnd i historiska kartor och i ett medeltida dokument.
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| 27. |
- Zachrisson, Torun, 1960-
(författare)
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Sigtuna : An Urban Hub in the Viking World and Its Roots
- 2020
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Ingår i: Viking Encounters. - Århus : Aarhus University Press. - 9788771842654 ; , s. 268-285
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The town of Sigtuna was established, according to dendrochronological dates from the bottom of the trenches of the large-scale excavation in the Trädgårdsmästaren block, c. AD 970-985, and most probably around 980. It has been argued that Sigtuna was founded on ‘virgin land’. This expression usually refers to sites that do not have a previous settlement history, and thus were placed on marginal land or in the outlands. But was this untouched, unsettled land? And if not, are there any traces of an earlier history? This article addresses this question and expands upon it.
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| 28. |
- Zachrisson, Torun, 1960-
(författare)
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Spår av järnålder på Stadsholmen och malmarna
- 2016
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Ingår i: Stockholm före Stockholm. - Stockholm : Stockholmia förlag. - 9789170312854
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Bokkapitel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Stockholm växte fram i ett landskapsavsnitt med särskilda kvaliteter. Ön låg tätt intill men mellan järnåldersbygderna och i den stora farleden in och ut från Svetjud. Dessutom var ön placerad där flera territoriella gränser sammanstrålade. Vikingatida föremål talar för att de människor som rört sig i hamnar och på Stadsholmen även rört sig på platser som Birka och Sigtuna, liksom förmodligen i österled. Så fort Mälaren skapas omkring år 1000 tycks passagen genom Norrström ha kontrollerats av en spärr i farleden. Vid samma tid lades en rad silverskatter ner på farledsnära platser. Strax därefter finns de första tecknen på fast bebyggelse på Stadsholmen. Stockholms speciella karaktär i äldre tid har sin grund i platsens roll för sjöfarten, särskilt sjökrigsorganisationen under vikingatid och tidig medeltid.
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| 29. |
- Zachrisson, Torun, 1960-
(författare)
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Stenansiktet vid Resmo källa
- 2015
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Ingår i: Grävda minnen. - Kalmar : Kalmar läns museum.
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Bokkapitel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 30. |
- Zachrisson, Torun, 1960-
(författare)
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Stockholm före Stockholm : en oväntat spännande historia
- 2013
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Ingår i: Yngre järnålder i Stockholms län - aktuell forskning. - Stockholm : Stockholms läns museum. ; , s. 11-19
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Att Stockholm är en intressant medeltida stad vet vi. Men vad anläggs den egentligen på för plats? Topografiskt har den särskilda kvaliteter, en ö belägen i mötet mellan en brant åsrygg och vatten. Historien börjar i romersk järnålder med ett unikt romerskt fynd, deponerat i de nära omgivningarna. En betalningsring av guld från folkvandringstid funnet i ett tjockt, mörkt kulturlager på krönet av ön talar för att där fanns bebyggelse av speciellt slag. Under 900-talet hettade det till på och runt ön med föremål som indikerar närvaron av en elit. I senvikingatid finns rester av en dendrokronologiskt daterad spärr i strömmen. Samtidigt deponeras en rad silverskatter i trakten. Öns belägenhet och lösfyndens särskilda karaktär gör det befogat att fråga sig om ön varit en helgö? en fredad ö avsedd för handels-, kult- och tingsmöten.
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| 31. |
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| 32. |
- Zachrisson, Torun, 1960-
(författare)
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The Archaeology of Rimbert : The Churches of Hergeir and Gautbert and Borg in Birka
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Viking Settlements & Viking Society. - Reykjavik : Hid islenzka fornleifafelag & University of Iceland Press. - 9789979549239 ; , s. 469-493
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In his Vita Anskarii, Rimbert describes the Christian mission to the port of the Swedes in the 830s. He mentions two churches there, one built on the family estate of the port bailiff, the other built in the seaport itself by Bishop Gautbert. The locations of these churches have long been discussed. Thanks to archaeological research excavations it is now possible to offer a new suggestion regarding the church of Gautbert. It is argued that the hillfort of Birka, Borg, may be the site of this church and the bishop’s fortified precinct. This would make Birka structurally similar to a number of coeval cities on the Continent, where there was a fortified cathedral hill and a market town at its foot. 9th century finds on and around Borg open up for such a possibility.
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| 33. |
- Zachrisson, Torun, 1960-
(författare)
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The background of the odal rights : an archaeological discussion
- 2017
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Ingår i: Danish Journal of Archaeology. - : Det Kgl. Bibliotek/Royal Danish Library. - 2166-2282 .- 2166-2290. ; 6:2, s. 118-132
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The age and origin of the odal rights known from medieval times in Sweden and Norway are debated. Archaeologists tend to view them as old and a part of the pre-Christian society, whereas historians and legal historians view them as established after Christianity was introduced, mirroring canonical laws. In Viking Age runic inscriptions from the eleventh century in the lake Mälaren valley in Sweden, from late tenth to eleventh century in south-western Norway, the term odal, inherited family land occurs together with other expressions concerning landed property. Furthermore, two runestones in Småland and Hälsingland in Sweden, c. 650 km apart, each enumerate five earlier ancestors in a male lineage, the sponsor himself being the sixth generation. As these runic inscriptions were made in different parts of Scandinavia during the late tenth and eleventh century, this indicates that the term and concept odal was widespread already before the canonic laws of the early medieval period were introduced, and quite possibly belongs to an older inheritance structure. The aim of this article is a renewed discussion focussing on the runological sources where the term and concept odal can be found in the Viking Age Scandinavian society (c. 750–1050 CE), but also early medieval written sources. Thereafter, archaeological sources from the Late Iron Age are addressed (c. 550–1050 CE).
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| 34. |
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| 35. |
- Zachrisson, Torun, 1960-, et al.
(författare)
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The "Lynx Ladies" : Burials Furnished with Lynx Skins from the Migration and Merovingian Periods found in Present-day Sweden
- 2019
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Ingår i: Sächsische Leute und Länder. - Wendeburg : Verlag Uwe Krebs. - 9783932030840 ; , s. 103-119
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Graves furnished with lynx skin from Iron Age Sweden represents an interesting group of individuals. These burials cluster in time and space and consist mainly of adult or older cremated individuals from the Migration and Merovingian period, c. 400-800 AD. This tradition is especially marked in in Uppland and Gotland, i.e. eastern Sweden. The individuals consist of adult or older women with brooches interred in well furnished burials. In Uppland these women belong to settlements of social standing and memorial rituals were performed at their graves. In Gotland, these women are present at the burial sites of harbours. Some of them were buried with small children. It is concluded that the women would have belonged to a group of ladies, mistresses of wealthy households. Furthermore, the role of the lynx and its possible connection to a female deity is discussed. It is suggested that these "lynx ladies" could have stood under the protection of the godess Freyja and been especially associated with her.
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| 36. |
- Zachrisson, Torun, 1960-
(författare)
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THe martial function of the central places
- 2020
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Ingår i: Vikings across boundaries. - London : Routledge. - 9780367364526 - 9780429346194 ; , s. 212-235
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- What was the role of central places in Viking Age Scandinavia? This paper discusses this question by examining the central places in a historical perspective. They often have a remarkable site continuity with roots in the Roman Iron Age, or slightly earlier, where certain buildings were superimposed, i.e. erected on the same spot, for generations. This speaks in favour of the idea that several of the functions/structures that were there in the early history of the central places still were important in the Viking Age. Therefore, to fully encompass the role of central places it is important to shed light upon both the early group established in the Early Iron Age and the late group that arise in the beginning of the Late Iron Age, in the late 6th/7th century. In this article the Roman influences are underlined and it is argued that these could be the root of the martial functions of the central places.
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| 37. |
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| 38. |
- Zachrisson, Torun, 1960-, et al.
(författare)
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The river Fyris route in Svithiod : a stop at Early Vendel period Tuna in Alsike, Sweden
- 2019
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Ingår i: Early medieval waterscapes. - Wendeburg : Verlag Uwe Krebs. - 9783932030796 ; , s. 185-196
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The main water route leading into the core of the realm Svithiod is discussed and especially Tuna in Alsike, a site that is situated along it. The identity of a male buried in the late 6th century at Tuna is discussed in detail using osteological, isotope and aDNA analysis in combination with the material objects in the richly furnished burial as well as the settlement context itself.
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| 39. |
- Zachrisson, Torun, 1960-
(författare)
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Trälar fanns : att synliggöra ofria 550-1200 e.Kr. i Sverige
- 2014
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Ingår i: Att befolka det förflutna. - Stockholm : Riksantikvarieämbetet. - 9789172096837 ; , s. 72-91
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Thralls. Making bonded people visible 550-1200 AD in Sweden. To be free or unfree was crucial in the Nordic society. A thrall was a person in social isolation, lacked honour, without family, belonging to the owner. The awareness of the role of the bonded people has slowly increased. By a reinterpretation of various archaeological sources it is possible to make bonded people visible to a larger extent, thereby increasing the knowledge of the material culture of bondage. The physical remains of thralls in skeletal as well as cremation graves are discussed. The finds of shackels from Birka and the royal manor of Adelsö that are put forward, can probably be an indication of slave trade. The tools and products of female thralls such as rotary querns and the widespread Baltic ceramics are touched upon. Finally milieus were Late Viking Age runic inscriptions commemorating bonded people, both stewards and homeborn thralls as well as a freed person are discussed.
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| 40. |
- Zachrisson, Torun, 1960-
(författare)
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Vetenskapligt program
- 2009
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Ingår i: Stiftelsen Kulturmiljövård Mälardalen Vetenskapligt program 2009. - Västerås : Kulturmiljövård Mälardalen. - 9789186255220 ; , s. 23-143
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 41. |
- Zachrisson, Torun, 1960-
(författare)
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Viking Age society, its realms and the importance of iron : Reflections on the historical background and emerging networks
- 2020
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Ingår i: Iron and the Transformation of Society. - Stockholm : Jernkontoret. - 9789198239744 ; , s. 89-140
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Viking Age c. 750–1050 was an era when huge quantities of iron were produced. The simple question how this iron found its way from the production sites out into the wider Viking society is easy to pose, but difficult to answer. To demonstrate how the iron bars through exchange, middle-men and various markets reached the customers is demanding from an archaeological perspective. Furthermore, written contemporaneous sources are lacking, both in Scandinavia and on the Continent. The social structure of the period, and the traditions of the various networks that transported the iron, as well as the rise and fall of harbour sites, central places and early towns add to the complexity. Even harder is trying estimate the demand of iron from abroad. However, through various archaeological materials and sites there are indications, although not full answers to the question. This paper will discuss some of these as well as give a historical background.
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| 42. |
- Zachrisson, Torun, 1960-
(författare)
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Volund was here : A Myth Archaeologically Anchored in Viking Age Scania
- 2018
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Ingår i: Old-Norse Mythology. - Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press. - 9780674975699 ; , s. 139-162
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A recently discovered object from the Viking Age shows a winged human figure. It has been interpreted as a representation of Volund the smith and more specifically to the version of the legend found in Þiðreks saga. The context for the object is the center Uppåkra in Sweden, is compared with the context presented in saga. The article concludes that an audience in Viking Age Uppåkra would have felt at home with the winged man and the version in Þiðreks saga, but less familiar with the social setting for Volund presented in Vǫlundarkviða that represents a setting that would have been more easily understood further north in Mid-Sweden.
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| 43. |
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