| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Kurdve, Martin, 1971, et al.
(författare)
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Considerations when Modelling EV Battery Circularity Systems
- 2019
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Ingår i: Batteries. - : MDPI AG. - 2313-0105. ; 5:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The electric vehicle market is expected to grow substantially in the coming years, which puts new requirements on the end-of-life phase and on the recycling systems. To a larger extent, the environmental footprint from these vehicles is related to raw material extraction and production, and, consequently, a material- and energy-efficient 3R system (reuse, remanufacturing, recycling) is urgently needed. The ability to understand and model the design and development of such a system therefore becomes important. This study contributes to this by identifying factors that affect 3R system design and performance, relating these factors to the various actors and processes of the system and categorising them according to time from implementation to impact. The above is achieved by applying a PEST analysis (political, economic, social and technological factors), differentiating between political, economic, social and technological factors. Data were gathered from literature, by interviews and by a number of workshops in the automotive industry and the 3R system and observations at meetings, etc. The study confirms some previous results on how vehicle battery 3R systems work and adds knowledge about the influencing factors, especially the timeframes and dynamics of the system, necessary for modelling the system and the influencing factors. For practitioners, the results indicate how to use appropriate models and which factors are most relevant to them.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Landström, Anna, 1990, et al.
(författare)
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A life cycle approach to business performance measurement systems
- 2018
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Ingår i: Procedia Manufacturing. - : Elsevier BV. - 2351-9789. ; 25, s. 126-133, s. 126-133
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Virtually every company has implemented a Business Performance Measurement System (BPMS) with the purpose of monitoring production and business performance and to execute the corporate strategy at all levels in a company. The purpose of this article is to shed light on common pitfalls related to the practical use of BPMS and further to present a life cycle model with the purpose of introducing structured approach to avoiding the pitfalls. The article contributes to further development of the BPMS life cycle concept and practical examples of how it can be used.
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| 5. |
- Landström, Anna, 1990, et al.
(författare)
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Present state analysis of BPMS in large manufacturing companies
- 2016
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Ingår i: Proceedings from PMA 2016, 10th conference of the Performance Measurement Association 26-29 June 2016 Edinburgh, Scotland.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this article is to empirically investigate the present state of the performance measurement systems (PMS) at 7 sites of 6 different large Swedish manufacturingcompanies. The methodology has both a bottom-up and a top-down perspective. Important findings are that the PMSs are very similar in how they function but differ a lot in what ismeasured.
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| 6. |
- Landström, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Present state analysis of business performance measurement systems in large manufacturing companies
- 2016
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Ingår i: PMA Conference 2016 PMA2016. - Edinburgh, United Kingdom. ; , s. 26-29
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this article is to empirically investigate the present state of the performance measurement systems (PMS) at 7 sites of 6 different large Swedish manufacturing companies. The methodology has both a bottom-up and a top-down perspective. Important findings are that the PMSs are very similar in how they function but differ a lot in what is measured.
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| 7. |
- Zackrisson, Mats, et al.
(författare)
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Sustainability Performance Indicators at Shop Floor Level in Large Manufacturing Companies
- 2017
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Ingår i: The 24th CIRP Conference on Life Cycle Engineering. - : Elsevier. ; 61, s. 457-462
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article investigates sustainability in the performance measurement systems of Swedish manufacturing companies. It builds on a previous study that documents relatively few direct environmental indicators at shop floor level, which raises questions about possible indirect links between existing indicators and the environment that could be used to improve the environmental aspect of company's sustainability ambitions. A method for identifying and categorizing indirect links to sustainability issues was defined and used. The results suggest that at shop floor level 90% of the indicators have at least an indirect relation to one or more of the sustainability dimensions economy, environment and social, of which 26% are at least indirectly related to the environmental dimension. Despite the many indirect connections, participating companies perceive a need to improve sustainability indicators and some ideas are suggested.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Axelsson, Ulrik, et al.
(författare)
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Livscykelanalys av färg
- 1999
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Denna projektrapport presenterar resultatet av en livscykelanalysstudie av färger för användning inom områdena industriell behandling av trä, industriell behandling av metall och måleri. I projektet har data för olika färgråvaror inventerats och sammanställts. Den information som sammanställts kan användas: - om underlag till livscykelanalyser (främst för att analysera färgens betydelse för den produkt som skall ytbehandlas). - som underlag för miljöanpassad produktutveckling. - till att ta fram miljövarudeklarartioner för färger. Livscykelanalysernas resultat visar på att färgens miljöpåverkan i förhållande till substratet ej kan försummas. Färgens miljöpåverkan härrör främst från råvaruframställningen med undantag för utsläpp av lösningsmedel som bidrar till miljöpåverkanskategorin marknära ozon.
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| 10. |
- Berg, Helena, et al.
(författare)
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Perspectives on environmental and cost assessment of lithium metal negative electrodes in electric vehicle traction batteries
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Power Sources. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-7753 .- 1873-2755. ; 415, s. 83-90
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using a lithium metal negative electrode may give lithium metal batteries (LMBs), higher specific energy density and an environmentally more benign chemistry than Li-ion batteries (LIBs). This study asses the environmental and cost impacts of in silico designed LMBs compared to existing LIB designs in a vehicle perspective. The life cycle climate and cost impacts of LMBs show a similar pattern: the use phase has more climate and cost impacts than the production phase. As compared to LIBs and with respect to the positive electrode, Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC) is preferable to Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP). The cell cost is highly dependent on the cost of lithium metal; a cost reduction of 50% causes a cell cost reduction of 8–22% depending on the choice of positive electrode material and if the cell is optimised for power or energy. For electric vehicle usage, the total cost per km is mainly dependent on the energy consumption per km and the capacity of the positive electrode, representing cost saving potentials of about 10%. These generic results can be used as a base for investigations of other battery technology using lithium metal electrodes.
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Bergendahl, Carl Gunnar, et al.
(författare)
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Environmental and Economic Implications of a Shift to Halogen-Free Printed Wiring Boards
- 2005
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Ingår i: Circuit world. - : Emerald. - 0305-6120 .- 1758-602X. ; 31:3, s. 26-31
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose – To present the outcome from one case study in the EU project grEEEn (Cost Management System for greening Electrical and Electronic Equipment). The study addressed the material shift in printed wiring boards (PWBs), from the traditional FR4 material containing halogenated flame retardants to halogen-free FR4 materials. Design/methodology/approach – The paper presents by way of introduction the grEEEn method. From the product, process and scenario modelling the results from the analysis of cost, environmental profile and legal compliance are presented and discussed. Findings – It was found that the shift to the halogen-free material leads to a slight increase in environmental burden. However, the shift to a halogen-free material could mean that toxic substances are eliminated or reduced resulting in an overall improvement of the environmental performance. The shift causes an increase in cost ranging between nearly zero and 10 ? per PWB panel. Originality/value – The paper presents results from the first study on the shift from FR4 material containing halogenated flame retardants to halogen-free FR4 materials and comprises an analysis of the economic, environmental and legislative implications.
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Eriksson, Pontus, et al.
(författare)
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Urodrill - a novel MRI-guided endoscopic biopsy technique to sample and molecularly classify muscle-invasive bladder cancer without fractionating the specimen during transurethral resection
- 2023
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Ingår i: European Urology Open Science. - 2666-1691. ; 53, s. 78-82
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The current diagnostic pathway for patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), which involves with computed tomography urography, cystoscopy, and transurethral resection of the bladder (TURB) to histologically confirm MIBC, delays definitive treatment. The Vesical Imaging-Reporting and Data System (VI-RADS) has been suggested for MIBC identification using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), but a recent randomized trial reported misclassification in one-third of patients. We investigated a new endoscopic biopsy device (Urodrill) for histological confirmation of MIBC and assessment of molecular subtype by gene expression in patients with VI-RADS 4 and 5 lesions on MRI. In ten patients, Urodrill biopsies were guided by MR images to the muscle-invasive portion of the tumor via a flexible cystoscope under general anesthesia. During the same session, conventional TURB was subsequently performed. A Urodrill sample was successfully obtained in nine of ten patients. MIBC was verified in six of nine patients, and seven of nine samples contained detrusor muscle. In seven of eight patients for whom a Urodrill biopsy sample was subjected to RNA sequencing, single-sample molecular classification according to the Lund taxonomy was feasible. No complications related to the biopsy device occurred. A randomized trial comparing this new diagnostic pathway for patients with VI-RADS 4 and 5 lesions and the current standard (TURB) is warranted. Patient summary: We report on a novel biopsy device for patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer that facilitates histology analysis and molecular characterization of tumor samples.
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| 15. |
- Furberg, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Environmental and resource aspects of substituting cemented carbide with polycrystalline diamond : The case of machining tools
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 277
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Synthetic diamond competes with the conventional cemented carbide (WC–Co) tool material in some applications due to its extreme hardness. However, so far, these materials have not been compared from a life cycle perspective regarding their environmental and resource impacts. The aims of this study are i) to provide detailed life cycle assessment (LCA) results for industrial polycrystalline diamond (PCD) production from diamond grit produced via high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) synthesis and ii) to conduct the first comparative LCA of PCD and WC-Co tools for the cases of wood working and titanium alloys machining. The results show that the main hotspot in HPHT synthesis of diamond grit, which is the main precursor to PCD, is the use of WC-Co in the high-pressure apparatus. In PCD tool production, the electricity input and the use of tungsten and molybdenum contribute the most to environmental and resource impacts. The environmental and resource impacts of the PCD tool production can be reduced with 53–83% if solar electricity and full WC-Co recycling is applied. The comparison shows high environmental and resource improvements when substituting WC-Co tools with PCD tools in wood working, but not in titanium alloys machining. © 2020 The Authors
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| 16. |
- Furberg, Anna, 1990, et al.
(författare)
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Life Cycle Environmental Impacts of Synthetic Diamond Production
- 2019
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Synthetic diamond is a superhard material found in applications such as cutting and grinding of rocks, minerals, metals and plastics, but also in windows and lenses in analytical equipment. Since the 1950s, when the synthesis of diamond via the high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) synthesis was introduced, the use of synthetic diamond has gained increasing importance within industry, for example in cutting processes. Today, synthetic diamond dominates the industrial diamond use over its natural counterpart and the production is mainly via HPHT synthesis. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) synthesis is also applied but to a lesser extent due to various technological issues, including the tendency of CVD diamond coatings to wear and tear in tooling applications. Nevertheless, a lot of research exist in the area of synthetic diamond film production via CVD synthesis addressing technological issues and CVD diamond has been described as the potential facilitator of a new diamond age. In the strive for sustainable production, it is important to investigate the environmental impacts associated with various products and life cycle assessment (LCA) is commonly applied for this purpose. Until now, however, no study has conducted LCA of conventional synthetic diamond production via HPHT synthesis and so far, only laboratory-scale LCA results have been presented for one CVD synthesis alternative. The aim of this study is to conduct a cradle-to-gate LCA for synthetic diamond production both via the conventional HPHT synthesis and the potentially emerging CVD synthesis. For the latter route of synthesis, prospective (or ex ante) LCA was conducted and a predictive scenario was constructed focusing on microwave CVD. Future scenarios were constructed, e.g. by modelling the background energy system both using a fossil-based mix, representing the currently dominating Chinese production, and a renewable energy mix in an explorative scenario. A comprehensive uncertainty analysis was furthermore conducted for the included parameters. Environmental impacts were compared between the two routes of synthesis and hotspots in synthetic diamond production identified. The results from this research can be applied as a foundation for further LCA studies of synthetic diamond products.
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| 17. |
- Furberg, Anna, 1990, et al.
(författare)
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What are the Life Cycle Environmental Impacts of Synthetic Diamond?
- 2019
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Synthetic diamond is due to its superior properties used in a wide range of applications including cutting and grinding of metals and rocks, but also in analytical equipment lenses and jewelry. The conventional production of synthetic diamond is energy-intensive and typically conducted via high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) synthesis, while microwave chemical vapor deposition (MW-CVD) is also used but to a lesser extent. The purpose of this study is to assess the environmental impacts of synthetic diamond production via HPHT and MW-CVD synthesis. The method of life cycle assessment (LCA) is applied, where the environmental impacts of a product is studied over its life cycle. In this study, the parts of the life cycle included are the raw material extraction and manufacturing of synthetic diamond. Various types of environmental impacts are assessed, including global warming and acidification. Furthermore, the largest contributors in synthetic diamond production to the environmental impacts, i.e. the hotspots, are identified and potential improvements are discussed. Scenarios were constructed in order to assess the importance of the type of electricity mix that is applied in the production. Preliminary results from the study indicate that the cemented carbide (WC-Co) parts required for the high-pressure apparatus constitute a hotspot in the HPHT synthesis, while the required electricity constitutes a hotspot in the MW-CVD synthesis.The results provided from this study on conventional synthetic diamond production can be applied by synthetic diamond manufacturers in order to identify the largest potentials for improvement in their production. The results can also be used in future full LCA studies, which then include the whole life cycle of synthetic diamond products.
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| 18. |
- Gustavsson, Ingvar, et al.
(författare)
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On objectives of instructional laboratories, individual assessment, and use of collaborative remote laboratories
- 2009
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Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies. - : IEEE. - 1939-1382. ; 2:4, s. 263-274
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Three key issues should be addressed to enable universities to deliver engineers who have a solid documented laboratory experience enabling them to design goods and services complying with the requirements of a sustainable society. First, introduce learning objectives of engineering instructional laboratories in courses including laboratory components. Second, implement individual student assessment. Third, introduce free access to online experimental resources as a supplement to the equipment in traditional laboratories. Blekinge Institute of Technology (BTH) in Sweden and the University of South Australia (UniSA) have created online laboratory workbenches for electrical experiments that mimic traditional ones by combining virtual and physical reality. Online workbenches not only supplement traditional ones, but they can also be used for low-cost individual assessment. BTH has started a project disseminating the BTH workbench concept, The Virtual Instrument Systems in Reality (VISIR) Open Laboratory Platform, and invites other universities to set up replicas and participate in further development and standardization. Further, online workbenches offer additional learning possibilities. UniSA has started a project where students located in different countries can perform experiments together as a way to enhance the participants' intercultural competence. This paper discusses online laboratory workbenches and their role in an engineering education appropriate for a sustainable society.
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| 19. |
- Henriksson, Fredrik, 1988-, et al.
(författare)
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Production system and material efficiency challenges for large scale introduction of complex materials
- 2017
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Ingår i: <em>Advanced Materials Proceedings</em>. - Linköping : VBRI Press. - 2002-441X .- 2002-4428. ; , s. 492-499
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper links production system research to advanced material research for the vehicle industry. Facilitated by need for reduction of fuel use, the automotive industry is pushing a radical change from using steel structures to new mixed materials structures. In production systems optimised for steel, the changes will affect productivity and material efficiency. Four industrial case studies focusing on production economy and productivity give implications of production technology demands on the material selection regarding new joining techniques and additive or forming methods which has to be investigated when considering new materials. Material efficiency analysis shows that minimising spill in production operations and regulatory demand of recycling need to be considered in material development, which implies both design for disassembly, advanced separation processes and use of recycled raw materials. To be successful in new material introduction, new information flows and knowledge sharing moving from operations and manufacturing development to materials development and design are needed. The material developers could use axiomatic design strategies to structure the production system demands on the materials. State of the art lightweight producers in vehicle and automotive industry are likely early adopters to advanced lightweight structures with need of information flows between material development and operations.
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| 20. |
- Hu, Xianfeng, et al.
(författare)
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A novel process on the recovery of zinc and manganese from spent alkaline and zinc-carbon batteries
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier B.V.. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 411
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Spent alkaline and zinc-carbon batteries contain valuable elements (notably, Zn and Mn), which need to be recovered to keep a circular economy. In this study, the black mass materials from those spent batteries are pyrometallurgically treated via a series of process steps in a pilot-scale KALDO furnace to produce an Mn–Zn product, a ZnO product, and an MnO (manganese monoxide) product, toward applications of Mn–Zn micronutrient fertilizer, zinc metal, and manganese alloy, respectively. After an oxidative roasting step, an Mn–Zn product, containing 43% Mn, 22% Zn, and negligible amounts of toxic elements (notably, Cd, Hg, and Pb), could be produced, being suitable for the micronutrient fertilizer application. After a reductive roasting step, a ZnO product and an MnO product are produced. The attained ZnO product, containing up to 84.6% ZnO, is suitable for zinc metal production when the leaching steps are taken to remove most of the Cl and F in the product. The attained MnO product, containing up to 91.7% MnO, is of premium quality for manganese alloy production, preferably for SiMn alloy production due to its low phosphorus content. The proposed application scenarios could substantially improve the recovery efficiency of those spent batteries.
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| 21. |
- Johannisson, Wilhelm, et al.
(författare)
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Modelling and design of structural batteries with life cycle assessment
- 2019
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A multifunctional structural battery consisting of carbon fibers, lithium-electrode coatings and a structural battery electrolyte is investigated with an analytical bottom-up model. This model has a multiphysics approach, calculating both mechanical properties and electrical energy storage. The intention of the model is twofold; first, calculating the potential mass saving with using a structural battery instead of the combination of a monofunctional carbon fiber composite and a monofunctional lithium ion battery. Second, the model is used to investigate the behavior of the mass saving due to changing variables of the structural battery. This variable sensitivity analysis is made in order to understand the behavior of the structural battery and its sensitivity to the different construction variables. The results show that the structural battery can save up to 26% of mass compared to the monofunctional parts.Next, the model of the structural battery is further utilized in a life cycle assessment, where the manufacturing, usage and recycling of the structural battery is investigated. The life cycle assessment examines the structural battery as the roof of an electric vehicle. This analysis is compared to the same assessment for a steel roof and standard lithium ion batteries, which shows that manufacturing the carbon fibers and structural battery with clean energy is most important for decreasing the emissions from manufacturing.
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| 22. |
- Johnsson, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Anal cancer in Sweden 2015-2019. Implementation of guidelines, structural changes, national registry and early results
- 2022
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Ingår i: Acta Oncologica. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 0284-186X .- 1651-226X. ; 61:5, s. 575-582
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Squamous cell cancer of the anus is an uncommon malignancy, usually caused by human papilloma virus (HPV). Chemoradiotherapy (CRT) is the recommended treatment in localized disease with cure rates of 60-80%. Local failures should be considered for salvage surgery. With the purpose of improving and equalizing the anal cancer care in Sweden, a number of actions were taken between 2015 and 2017. The aim of this study was to describe the implementation of guidelines and organizational changes and to present early results from the first 5 years of the Swedish anal cancer registry (SACR). Methods The following were implemented: (1) the first national care program with treatment guidelines, (2) standardized care process, (3) centralization of CRT to four centers and salvage surgery to two centers, (4) weekly national multidisciplinary team meetings where all new cases are discussed, (5) the Swedish anal cancer registry (SACR) was started in 2015. Results The SACR included 912 patients with a diagnosis of anal cancer from 2015 to 2019, reaching a national coverage of 95%. We could show that guidelines issued in 2017 regarding staging procedures and radiotherapy dose modifications were rapidly implemented. At baseline 52% of patients had lymph node metastases and 9% had distant metastases. Out of all patients in the SACR 89% were treated with curative intent, most of them with CRT, after which 92% achieved a local complete remission and the estimated overall 3-year survival was 85%. Conclusions This is the first report from the SACR, demonstrating rapid nation-wide implementation of guidelines and apparently good treatment outcome in patients with anal cancer in Sweden. The SACR will hopefully be a valuable source for future research.
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| 23. |
- Jönbrink, Anna Karin, et al.
(författare)
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Ekodesign : praktisk vägledning
- 2011
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Det blir alltmer uppenbart att vi behöver vara rädda om vår jord. Miljöfrågorna startade med debatten om kvicksilver och DDT och handlade sedan om direkta utsläpp från fabriker. Idag inser vi vikten av att sätta produkten i centrum. Att förbättra produktens egenskaper under hela livscykeln är centralt för ett framgångsrikt miljöarbete. Produktutvecklare är en av de grupper som har störst möjlighet att påverka denna utveckling i en positiv riktning. Många lösningar ger – förutom bättre miljö – dessutom ökat kundvärde till lägre kostnader. Bra miljö genom ekodesign är ett nytt sätt att tänka. Denna bok ger vägledning i hur man kan integrera miljöaspekter i produktutvecklingen. Boken visar också ett antal verktyg, checklistor och exempel på ekodesign i företag. Boken vänder sig i första hand till produktutvecklare och konstruktörer men också till företagsledning, inköpsavdelning, marknadsförare och miljöansvariga. Dessutom lämpar sig boken väl för undervisning inom ekodesign.
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| 24. |
- Kurdve, Martin, Dr, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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FKG method for collecting data and calculation of climate footprint forcomponents supplied to the automotive industry
- 2024
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Th is method is developed for the purpose of helping suppliers to the automotive industry present a potential climate footprint of their proposed products to their customers in a quotation stage. The supplier/producer company is responsible for making a complete inventory of all inputs and outputs of the proposed product in accordance with the D ata C o llection T emplate. The method is based on the modelling of a climate footprint for a fictive average product, that can be used to present an estimated potential climate footprint for future product offers. Th e method was developed as integral parts of a climate footprint project coordinated by FKG, representing Swedish automotive component suppliers. The project resulted in this method, including an inventory tool to be used by supplier s to collect data and an average product model and calculator to estimate a potential clim ate footprint of the suppliers products. The inventory data includes information on supplied materials (types and qualities), transportation ( volume , mode, and distance), and energy sources (types and suppliers) used in production during 2021 or 2022 . This data can be used in simulations for future products. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) consultants utilize the inventory to construct a simplified cradle to gate model in software tools like SimaPro, LCA for Experts (formerly GaBi )), or other LCA modelling software tool . This model, which employs a “simple cut off for recycled input materials and recyclable materials from production (“simple cut off” according to Ekvall et al. 2020 as recommended by EPD International see further chapter 2 and 3 for scope and modelling )), either utilizes certified climate data (e. EPDs) from sub suppliers or, more commonly, relies on general Ecoinvent data for materials and energy. A simplified LCA model for the average product from the previous year is documented and serves as the baseline for the calculation . Subsequently, a calculator is developed that can simulate a climate footprint for production of a new product in the factory based on the production volume and material mix from the previous year. In the calculator, the climate footprint of the 'core' for each main process and subprocess is treated as fixed factors proportional to the weight of the product. The upstream part treats the raw material mix (bill of materials) as a variable that can be adjusted for each product, where each raw material has specific materials) as a variable that can be adjusted for each product, where each raw material has specific climate footprint factorsclimate footprint factors.. Validation of the Validation of the method method toto developdevelop an an averageaverage--productproduct--model and the calculator is carried out by model and the calculator is carried out by a a validation bodyvalidation body.. In this first version of the methodIn this first version of the method, , the validation body is the validation body is RISE. The validation proRISE. The validation programgram builds on builds on review of review of assumed dataassumed data andand confirms the use of reasonabconfirms the use of reasonable and le and sufficient sufficient data for thedata for the simplifiedsimplified LCALCA modelmodel. The validation program. The validation program does not verify does not verify thatthat the bill of materials the bill of materials andand bill of bill of processes processes are sufficient are sufficient to produce to produce the the product/product/component butcomponent but validates the reasonableness of thvalidates the reasonableness of this is datadata..
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| 25. |
- Kurdve, Martin, 1971, et al.
(författare)
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Implementation of daily visual management at five small and medium sized enterprises in Produktionslyftet compared to six larger Swedish companies
- 2016
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Ingår i: Swedish Production Symposium 2016.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper compares the implementation of daily visual management (DVM) in five SMEs (small and medium sized enterprises), with practice in six large Swedish companies, considering the challenge to include sustainability aspects. With method definition from Produktionslyftet (PL), a Swedish development programme, DVM includes daily meetings around key performance indices (KPIs) and visualised information on boards. The SMEs were studied within PL while the large companies were studied in the research project SuReBPMS (Sustainable and resource efficient Business Performance Measurement Systems). The empirical result from SMEs shows that KPIs often cover few areas (most common: delivery, safety and quality) while the larger companies have wider range of areas. In some SMEs the meeting agendas, KPIs and pulse-boards are standardised while in others there are differences between teams or operations. The larger companies were mainly standardised. Both SMEs and larger companies mostly include all employees in DVM, in line with PL-DVM methodology. The general tendency is to focus on short term rather than follow-up of strategic challenges in the DVM. Furthermore, environmental issues, such as climate impact, are rarely found on boards, while often reflected in company policy. However, many KPIs have a strong, indirect, connection to sustainability and environment.
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
- Kurdve, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Lean and green integration into production system models - Experiences from Swedish industry
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 85, s. 180-190
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper focuses on integration of operations management, specifically production system models with environmental management and related issues such as quality and safety. Based on knowledge concerning lean-based improvement programmes for company-specific production systems (XPS) and integration between formal management systems, such as ISO 9001 and 14001, industrial practices from integrating management systems with the XPS were studied. A literature-based comparison between formal management systems and XPS is made, indicating integration potentials. The empirical research is an analysis of five vehicle and automotive companies in which various efforts have been made to integrate their management systems with their XPS. The results show that although conscious steps have been taken since the introduction of ISO 14001 in integrating environmental management into everyday operations, there are still obstacles to overcome. To fully include sustainability aspects, the characteristics of the improvement systems have to be adapted and extended. One barrier to extended integration is the lack of integration strategy. There is further a lack of sustainability metrics and adaptation of improvement methods to push companies' operational performance. In addition, organisational issues still arise concerning the responsibility and ownership of environmental management in relation to operations. Based on these results it is concluded that processes for integration are recommended; however, each organisation needs to consider its operations, corporate culture and business opportunities of its environmental management. Still, incorporating environmental management systems into XPS is seen as an effective way of establishing company commonality in continuous improvement, resulting in holistic understanding and improved organisation performance.
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| 28. |
- Mellin, P., et al.
(författare)
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Environmental and safety aspects of AM metal powder recycling
- 2019
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Ingår i: Euro PM 2019 Congress and Exhibition.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Repeated recirculation of powder in AM processes ultimately results in a powder with degraded properties. We firstly discuss this topic and describe an experiment designed to understand the mechanisms behind the degradation. Secondly, we perform yield analysis for build jobs on a SLM 125 at RISE IVF. Further on, we consider the required resources and estimate the emitted carbon dioxide equivalents (kgCO2eq) during production of the PBF-LB fraction of two gas atomized powders. The first powder is a tool steel alloy that emits 3.1 kgCO2eq/kg; the second powder is Hastelloy X (HX) that emits 24.2 kgCO2eq/kg. The HX powder, if degraded, is hence very desirable to recycle. Producing 1 kg of PBF-LB fraction from recycled HX material causes 5.7 kgCO2eq vs 24.2 from virgin sources. Finally, we review the health and safety aspects of recirculation and recycling of powder.
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| 29. |
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| 30. |
- Nilsson, Kristian, et al.
(författare)
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Remote Access of Computer Controlled Experiments
- 2008
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Ingår i: International Journal of Online Engineering. - Florianopolis : International Association of Online Engineering (IAOE). - 1868-1646 .- 1861-2121. ; 4:4, s. 52-56
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we present a way for students to access and operate laboratory equipment, controlled by a laboratory computer via a remote access program. In this way, the solution is not dependent on the specific laboratory equipment, as long as the equipment can be remotely controlled. The system can easily be altered to be used in another laboratory setup. Students are able to make reservations of experiment sessions through a web interface, which is administrated by the system administrator. The solution proposed in this paper is one way to speed up the development of remote accessible laboratories. Most of the proposed solution is based on open source software and the hardware is built on ordinary consumer parts, which makes the proposed remote laboratory architecture cost effective.
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| 31. |
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| 32. |
- Shahbazi, Sasha, et al.
(författare)
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Comparison of Four Environmental Assessment Tools in Swedish Manufacturing: A Case Study
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Sustainability. - : MDPI AG. - 2071-1050. ; 11:7
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To achieve sustainable development goals, it is essential to include the industrial system. There are sufficient numbers of tools and methods for measuring, assessing and improving the quality, productivity and efficiency of production, but the number of tools and methods for environmental initiatives on the shop floor is rather low. Incorporating environmental considerations into production and performance management systems still generally involves a top-down approach aggregated for an entire manufacturing plant. Green lean studies have been attempting to fill this gap to some extent, but the lack of detailed methodologies and practical tools for environmental manufacturing improvement on the shop floor is still evident. This paper reports on the application of four environmental assessment tools commonly used among Swedish manufacturing companies—Green Performance Map (GPM), Environmental Value Stream Mapping (EVSM), Waste Flow Mapping (WFM), and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)—to help practitioners and scholars to understand the different features of each tool, so in turn the right tool(s) can be selected according to particular questions and the industrial settings. Because there are some overlap and differences between the tools and a given tool may be more appropriate to a situation depending on the question posed, a combination of tools is suggested to embrace different types of data collection and analysis to include different environmental impacts for better prioritization and decision-making.
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| 33. |
- Siska, Veronika, et al.
(författare)
-
BUILDING A SUSTAINABLE BATTERY SUPPLY CHAIN WITH DIGITAL BATTERY PASSPORTS
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Bu31st Interdisciplinary Information Management Talks: New Challenges for ICT and Management. - : Trauner Verlag Universitat. ; , s. 347-354
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The digital battery passport is an essential driver of sustainable production and circular economy as it enables storing and tracking data for batteries throughout the whole value chain. The BatWoMan project is paving the way towards carbon-neutral Li-ion battery cell production via new sustainable and cost-efficient methods, and by building a prototype for a digital battery passport. In this article, we outline the concept of the battery passport, including the status of relevant regulations, standards and initiatives. We then present the BatWoMan project and its design for a battery dataspace and passport. We describe relevant stakeholders and their interactions within the data space and introduce the system architecture, which is based on the International Data Spaces and Gaia-X frameworks. Finally, limitations of the research outcome are presented. © 2023 IDIMT 2023: New Challenges for ICT and Management - 31st Interdisciplinary Information Management Talks. All rights reserved.
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| 34. |
- Tidbeck, Björn, et al.
(författare)
-
Funktionsbaserad kravställning för rostskyddsmålning inom infrastrukturen : Del 2-upphandlingsstrategier och tekniska krav
- 2019
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Med funktionsbaserad kravställning avses i detta arbete en blandning av funktionskrav och utförandekrav. Målet med en funktionsbaserad kravställning är att hitta ett optimum mellan funktionskrav och utförandekrav, så att introduktion av nya förbättrade produkter och produktionsmetoder underlättas utan att risken för misslyckanden blir alltför stora. De funktionskrav som beskrivs i denna rapport förväntas lämpa sig bäst för projekt där anbud på rostskyddet kan utvärderas separat. Sådana projekt kan vara nymålning eller komplett ommålning i projekt där målningsentreprenaden upphandlas separat. Att använda funktionskrav i nybyggnadsprojekt där målningen endast utgör en liten del av det totala projektet, riskerar att resultera i att rostskyddet får underordnad betydelse i anbudsutvärderingen. I detta arbete har vi definierat nio generella funktionsmål, vilka betraktas som oreglerade krav som definierar ett idealiskt rostskydd. Om beställaren för varje objekt inventerar behoven i entreprenaden och beslutar om en prioriteringsordning av funktionsmålen, kan rangordningen användas för att ta fram objektspecifika funktionskrav. För att stimulera till nytänkande och användning av alternativa produkter och processlösningar skulle det vara fördelaktigt att tillåta sidoanbud i upphandlingar med funktionskrav. Entreprenörerna skulle till exempel kunna lämna ett huvudanbud som ska följa den generella kravställningen med utförandekrav enligt SIS-TS 44, och ett kompletterande sidoanbud som adresserar de objektspecifika funktionskraven och funktionsmålen. Sidoanbuden kan utvärderas med livscykelanalyser, typprovning och inspektion av referensobjekt. Inom projektet har arbetsgruppen tagit fram en LCA-analys och en LCC analys för dagens målningsprogram så som det beskrivs i SIS-TS 44. Inom projektet har den gällande kravställningen i SIS-TS 44 granskats med utgångspunkt att revidera de krav som kan komma att stå i vägen för tillämpningen av nya alternativa produkter och metoder med förbättrade egenskaper. Avsnitt 9 i rapporten innehåller en sammanfattad handlingsplan för hur en funktionsbaserad kravställning skulle kunna användas för att introducera nya produkter och metoder i Trafikverkets krav för rostskyddsmålning.
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| 35. |
- Zackrisson, Mats, et al.
(författare)
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Case study LCA on automotive light-weighting, using different datasets
- 2019
-
Ingår i: The 9th International Conference on Life Cycle Management Abstract book.
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Goal(s) Practitioners need quick but accurate methods for decision making when choosing materials in e.g. car chassis components. Simplified LCA is commonly used for this but choice of database, impact assessment method, material source and system boundaries can distort results and decision-making. This case study investigating steel versus aluminium in a cars roof evaluates effects from making lighter vehicles and demonstrates how the calculation results differ depending on choice of datasets. The impact of sourcing recycled or virgin material and depending on carbon intensity of energy source is assessed. Implications regarding future development and LCA modelling of e.g. light-weighting of electric cars is discussed. Method(s) The model considers manufacturing of a car roof from two optional materials, aluminium and steel, and the difference in fuel/electrical consumption for 10 years. The LCA system model compares the environmental impact of the material production with the weight-induced incremental fuel consumption impact of carrying the roof. The system boundary includes all life cycle phases, but in line with EPD system rules, end of life recycling is considered at the input material level. Cars are regulated to 85% material recycling, with near 100% for metal chassis.[MZ1] Also, from overview analysis of component production plants (stamping and joining) the chassis production difference was omitted. The functional unit is use of a car roof during car life cycle. A 17 kg steel roof is compared to a 7 kg aluminium roof, where the requirement of functionality stays the same for the roof regardless of the material chosen. In this study the following impact categories are used: -Climate impact -Acidification -Ground-level ozone (Photochemical oxidation) -Overfertilization (Eutrophication) Cost impact is also calculated to compare with literature. The evaluation only considers the effect of light-weighting a car depending on its energy source. It cannot be used to compare cars using different energy sources. The system boundaries and functional unit does not include the production of engines nor anything else of the car except the roof. Thus, the study is limited to comparing differences in the material production with the weight-induced energy consumption changes. Results. The study validates earlier studies on climate, eutrophication and economic gains in changing car body. For photochemical oxidation and acidification, the result differs depending on database, no robust conclusion can be. One dataset always gives reduced environmental impact on the chosen categories. The reason is that these data incorporates the effects of future recycling. This could be interpreted as in a system with effective end-of-life recycling and a high use of recycled materials, all investigated impacts would be reduced by light-weighting. For electric cars, light-weighting of chassis can minimise battery size and/or increase drive range. Adaptions for other materials must consider that the assumption of negligible impact changes in the car manufacturing plant is only true for metal plate in a mixed model line, thus the component plant has to be accounted for. Also, many reinforced plastic compounds are not recycled but incinerated, thus EoL combustion need to be accounted for.
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| 36. |
- Zackrisson, Mats
(författare)
-
Environmental aspects when manufacturing products mainly out of metals and/or polymers
- 2005
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Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 13:1, s. 43-49
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The most fundamental aspect in the ISO 14001 standard Environmental management systems - Specification with guidance for use is to find out ways by which an organisation influences environment to a significant degree. This paper examines environmental data from companies manufacturing products mainly from metals and/or polymers. The data were collected in a uniform way by use of special guidelines. Weighting or valuation methods often used in life cycle assessments were used to quantitatively compare and rank environmental aspects. The study results suggest that, in general, the largest environmental impact in the investigated manufacturing sub-sector can be associated with product use and/or disposal phases. This in turn shows a need for more attention on environmental work on the design for environment than what the ISO 14001 standard requires. It is further suggested that weighting or valuation methods can aid in determining the significance of environmental impacts and aspects in the context of ISO 14001.
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| 37. |
- Zackrisson, Mats, et al.
(författare)
-
Including grid storage to increase the use of renewables case of an island in the North sea
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Going Green CARE INNOVATION 2018. <em>Conference Program &Abstract Book</em>.
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Utilization of renewable energy supply is limited by fluctuations and lack of alignment with demand. Including storage technology in the grid can increase self-consumption of renewable energy in local applications as well as reduce peaks in supply and demand for local low voltage grids with a high share of renewable energy input. The project NETfficient, funded by the European Union under the Grant Agreement 646463, explores requirements and effects of storage solutions in a grid on different levels. On the island of Borkum in the North Sea, a variety of grid-connected use cases is installed and tested in pilot studies. This paper focusses on homes equipped with photovoltaic panels for harvesting energy and two different storage solutions. The research addresses the resource demand and emissions due to novel components and the potential to decrease resource demand during the use phase, applying a life cycle perspective for components and systems. Data from the project as well as from LCA databases are collected and used to calculate environmental impacts for three different systems or applications: Stand alone photovoltaic (PV) panels, PV panels and customized Li- Ion-batteries and PV panels with a disused Li-Ion battery from an electric vehicle. The results indicate that the customized or dedicated Li-Ion battery in combination with PV panels have a larger climate impact avoidance than the other systems.
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| 38. |
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| 39. |
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| 40. |
- Zackrisson, Mats, et al.
(författare)
-
Life Cycle Assessment and Life Cycle Cost of Waste Management : Plastic Cable Waste
- 2014
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Ingår i: Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science. - : Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.. - 2160-0392 .- 2160-0406. ; 4:2
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The main driver for recycling cable wastes is the high value of the conducting metal, while the plastic with its lower value is often neglected. New improved cable plastic recycling routes can provide both economic and environmental incentive to cable producers for moving up the “cable plastic waste ladder”. Cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment, LCA, of the waste management of the cable scrap is suggested and explained as a method to analyze the pros and cons of different cable scrap recycling options at hand. Economic and environmental data about different recycling processes and other relevant processes and materials are given. Cable producers can use this data and method to assess the way they deal with the cable plastic waste today and compare it with available alternatives and thus illuminate the improvement potential of recycling cable plastic waste both in an environmental and in an economic sense. The methodology applied consists of: cradle-to-gate LCA for waste material to a recycled material (recyclate); quantifying the climate impact for each step on the waste ladder for the specific waste material; the use of economic and climate impact data in parallel; climate impact presented as a span to portray the insecurities related to which material the waste will replace; and possibilities for do-it-yourself calculations. Potentially, the methodology can be useful also for other waste materials in the future.
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| 41. |
- Zackrisson, Mats, 1958-, et al.
(författare)
-
Life cycle assessment and potential of remanufacturing of vehicle components
- 2022
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Life cycle assessment of remanufacturing of vehicle components Life cycle assessment, LCA, has been used to compare the environmental impact of new vehicle components with remanufactured vehicle components. The aim was to develop simplified guidelines for decisions when a component, for environmental reasons, should be remanufactured, or scrapped and recycled. The study focuses on a stay, wheel spindle, link arm and electric motor from the rear trailer on a Volvo XC90 Hybrid, a traction battery from the plug-in Volvo V60 and various seats cover constructions. The figure below shows how much climate impact is avoided if a damaged component is replaced with a remanufactured component, instead of a new component. The reduced climate impact per component or part (blue bars) varies greatly between different parts, while the climate gain per kilogram part (orange bars) is between 2-14 kg CO2 per kg part or component. Also with regard to resource depletion, all examined parts provide resource savings in remanufacturing compared with new production. The results are so unequivocally positive and the components so different that one should be able to assume that, if it is economically advantageous to remanufacture a car component, it is in all probability also environmentally beneficial. The difference between the bar in steel and the aluminium components (link arm, wheel spindle) indicates that one can count on more environmental benefits the more precious metal is used. Both the battery and the electric motor indicate potentially very large environmental benefits from remanufacturing. However, it is important that driveline components do not lose efficiency due to remanufacturing, as the use phase dominates the life cycle environmental impact of driveline components. Seat covers were investigated with an alternative focus. Remanufacturing of seat covers as an isolated component is not practiced and also not foreseen with the current construction, since they are an integrated part of a seat. Investigations therefore focused on proposed design changes and on changes of material choice. For the seat covers as they are currently used, remanufacturing assumes that they remain on the seat and are transferred to another vehicle. This requires removal of the airbag and addition of a new one in all cases. For remanufacturing of seats, economic barriers have been identified due to the relatively high demand for storage space and transport volume of car seats, and the large number of variations in seat design with covers in textile and leather in several colours. Regarding the simplified LCA methodology used in the project, the following can be concluded: • New manufacturing is often complex and thus resource-intensive to model. An alternative is then to instead compare with existing LCA studies on similar components. This strategy was applied, in this study, regarding battery and electric motor. • The seat cover manufacturing is modelled based on existing models for textile processes intended for apparel and fashion evaluation (Mistra future fashion and several studies related to environmental product declarations, EPD). With the perspective of a supplier who explores options in design that reduce the climate impact of a future seat cover, the focus for this case was on the cradle to gate stages of seat cover manufacturing. Remanufacturing of seat covers is not well established and based on assumptions and thus not modelled as completely as the other parts of the life cycle. • The sub-components that are replaced in the remanufacturing need not be included in the remanufacturing model if they are included in the new manufacturing model, since they even out. However, this simplification presupposes a separate, or sufficiently detailed LCA model of the new production, so that replaced sub-components can be removed there. • Large uncertainty about how material recycling gains should be calculated. The rule of crediting with the same material data set used for the new manufacture provides a degree of certainty, but further guidelines would be desirable. Use of cut-off methodology is a possibility.
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| 42. |
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| 43. |
- Zackrisson, Mats, 1958-
(författare)
-
Life cycle assessment of electric vehicle batteries and new technologies
- 2021
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Electrification of vehicles has for decades been explored as a possible solution to the problem of climate change. Today, in 2021, the issue is no longer whether the electrification of vehicle fleets ought to happen but rather how it can be achieved with as little environmental impact as possible.The objective of this thesis is therefore to facilitate the use of life cycle assessment (LCA) for the evaluation and improvement of the environmental performance of electric vehicle traction batteries. The lack of LCA data on several traction battery chemistries and some associated LCA methodological difficulties have been identified as important research gaps. The broader purpose of this thesis is to contribute to sustainable industrial and societal change that involves new technologies.This thesis examines three research questions related to LCA in new technology introduction: (1) LCA data issues regarding present and future lithium traction battery chemistries. (2) LCA methodological issues regarding present and future lithium traction battery chemistries. (3) Use of LCA in product and production development to advance the introduction of sustainable consumption and production of any new technology. The results emphasise e.g. to always include the use phase in LCA traction battery studies and to improve battery energy density but not to the detriment of battery internal efficiency. Furthermore, it points to use two abiotic depletion measures to reflect scarce materials in both the short term and the long term. Additionally, it is recommended to calculate the results for all relevant functional units, because it facilitates comparisons and reflection, to choose environmental impact categories for traction batteries from a ranking list, as well as to use chemical risk assessment from a life cycle perspective to complement and develop within-LCA toxicity impact methods. To some extent, the above results are applicable for most development of new technology. A general recommendation for all technology development striving to include LCA is to use screening LCA, chemical risk assessment and idea generation in early phases to help build engagement, competence and data for a full LCA in later phases.
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| 44. |
- Zackrisson, Mats
(författare)
-
Life cycle assessment of high temperature batteries : 5Ah cell
- 2017
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report contains a life cycle assessment of a 5Ah LiFeSO4F high-temperature battery cell weighing 110 grams. It was performed in the context of the Swedish From road to load project. The 5 Ah cell has been analyzed from cradle to grave, i.e., from raw material production over own manufacturing, use in a typical application and end-of-life. It has also been compared to other lithium battery cells. The results indicate that: Production in Sweden is favourable due to that electricity is a main driver of climate impact and toxicity in the production phase. Electricity is a main driver of climate impact and toxicity also in the use phase which emphasizes the need to keep the charge/discharge efficiency high. Indium tin oxide in the anode dominates abiotic depletion. Comparison with lithium-air cells reflects that the lithium air technology is still very far from commercial reality, while indicating that it is an interesting technology for the future.
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| 45. |
- Zackrisson, Mats, et al.
(författare)
-
Life cycle assessment of lithium-air battery cells
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 135, s. 299-311
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Lithium-air batteries are investigated for propulsion aggregates in vehicles as they theoretically offer at least 10 times better energy density than the best battery technology (lithium-ion) of today. A possible input to guide development is expected from Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of the manufacture, use and recycling of the lithium-air battery. For this purpose, lithium-air cells are analyzed from cradle to grave, i.e., from raw material production, cathode manufacturing, electrolyte preparation, cell assembly, use in a typical vehicle to end-of-life treatment and recycling. The aim of this investigation is highlighting environmental hotspots of lithium-air batteries to facilitate their improvement, in addition to scrutinizing anticipated environmental benefits compared to other battery technologies. Life cycle impacts are quantified in terms of climate impact, abiotic resource depletion and toxicity. Data is partly based on assumptions and estimates guided from similar materials and processes common to lithium-ion technologies. Laboratory scale results for lithium-air systems are considered, which include expectations in their future development for efficiency gains. At the present level of lithium-air cell performance, production-related impacts dominate all environmental impact categories. However, as the performance of the lithium-air cell develops (and less cells are needed), battery-related losses during operation become the major source of environmental impacts. The battery internal electricity losses become heat that may need considerable amounts of additional energy for its transportation out of the battery. It is recommended that future battery cell development projects already at the design stage consider suitable methods and processes for efficient and environmentally benign cell-level recycling. LCA could provide additional arguments and a quantitative basis for lithium battery recycling. This emphasizes the need to develop LCA toxicity impact methods in order to properly assess lithium.
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| 46. |
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| 47. |
- Zackrisson, Mats, et al.
(författare)
-
Life cycle assessment of lithium-ion batteries for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles-Critical issues
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 18:15, s. 1517-1527
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The main aim of the study was to explore how LCA can be used to optimize the design of lithium-ion batteries for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. Two lithium-ion batteries, both based on lithium iron phosphate, but using different solvents during cell manufacturing, were studied by means of life cycle assessment, LCA. The general conclusions are limited to results showing robustness against variation in critical data. The study showed that it is environmentally preferable to use water as a solvent instead of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, NMP, in the slurry for casting the cathode and anode of lithium-ion batteries. Recent years' improvements in battery technology, especially related to cycle life, have decreased production phase environmental impacts almost to the level of use phase impacts. In the use phase, environmental impacts related to internal battery efficiency are two to six times larger than the impact from losses due to battery weight in plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, assuming 90% internal battery efficiency. Thus, internal battery efficiency is a very important parameter; at least as important as battery weight. Areas, in which data is missing or inadequate and the environmental impact is or may be significant, include: production of binders, production of lithium salts, cell manufacturing and assembly, the relationship between weight of vehicle and vehicle energy consumption, information about internal battery efficiency and recycling of lithium-ion batteries based on lithium iron phosphate. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 48. |
- Zackrisson, Mats, 1958-, et al.
(författare)
-
Life cycle assessment of lithium-ion battery recycling - The Scope-lib process
- 2023
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report contains a life cycle assessment, LCA, of recycling of lithium-ion battery, LIB, cells. It was performed in the context of the Swedish Scope-lib project. The study aims to highlight environmental hotspots with LIB recycling and shows the potential of LIB recycling. In short, the results indicate that: • the Scope-lib process operated in full scale, can potentially recover almost half of the climate impacts of producing a new NMC traction battery, the currently most common traction battery chemistry. The main reason is that the climate impact (data) of cobalt production has four folded since 2018. It emphasizes the importance of recycling scarce battery materials. • the Scope-lib process is not dependent on carbon-lean electricity to achieve a lot of climate impact avoidance. Using average European electricity mix (around 400 g CO2-eq/kWh) instead of Swedish electricity mix (around 40 g CO2-eq/kWh) only decrease the climate impact avoidance with less than 1 kg CO2-eq/kg cell or less than 10%. • recovery and recycling of ethylene carbonate (used as solvent in LIB electrolytes) shows much smaller potential climate benefits than recovery and recycling of the metals. • the resource depletion gains of the Scope-lib process follow the same trend as the climate impact gains, with the exception of aluminium. To complement the LCA, a life cycle-based risk mapping was performed which identified a particular high risk with fluorinated materials present in binders and electrolytes in NMC batteries which could potentially form hazardous chemical emissions during recycling (such as persistent PFAS) and thus need special attention.
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| 49. |
- Zackrisson, Mats
(författare)
-
Life cycle assessment of long life lithium electrode for electric vehicle batteries : cells for Leaf, Tesla and Volvo bus
- 2017
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report contains a life cycle assessment of 10Ah lithium battery cells with metallic lithium in the anode. It was performed in the context of the Swedish TriLi - Longlife lithium electrodes for EV and HEV batteries - project. The cells have been analyzed from cradle to grave, i.e., from raw material production over own manufacturing, use in three different vehicles: Nissan Leaf, Tesla model S and a Volvo bus; and end-of-life. The study aims to highlight environmental hotspots with lithium batteries with metallic lithium in the anode in order to improve them as well as to investigate environmental benefits with such lithium batteries in different vehicles. Battery cells with metallic lithium in the anode and LFP and NMC chemistry were compared to the original vehicle batteries. In short, the study points towards the following conclusions: Both the LFP and NMC lithium metal anode battery cells shows lower climate impact potential, lower abiotic depletion potential and lower toxicity potential than the original NMC and NCA cells with copper anodes. The main reason for the difference is higher energy density which gives lower weight and thus lower electricity consumption. However, the lower carbon footprint of the metal anode cells rests on the assumption that they last as many cycles as the original NMC and NCA, something which has not yet been proven. For the same reason (higher energy density) the NMC chemistry shows lower environmental impacts per vehicle kilometre than the LFP chemistry for the metal anode battery cells, but here the difference is much smaller and probably within error margins. Assembly energy is a main driver for climate impact. Sensitivity calculations with Swedish average electricity mix for production of the cells show that production impacts can be reduced by 25% by producing in Sweden, compared to global average production.
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| 50. |
- Zackrisson, Mats
(författare)
-
Life cycle assessment of long life lithiumelectrode for electric vehicle batteries : 5Ah cell
- 2016
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report contains a life cycle assessment of a 5Ah lithium battery cell with metallic lithium in the anode. It was performed in the context of the Swedish TriLi - Longlife lithium electrodes for EV and HEV batteries - project. The 5 Ah cell has been analyzed from cradle to grave, i.e., from raw material production over own manufacturing, use in a typical application and end-of-life. The study aims to highlight environmental hotspots with lithium batteries with metallic lithium in the anode in order to improve them as well as to verify environmental benefits with lithium batteries in vehicles.A number of LCAs of different depth and detail will be carried out in the TriLiproject, each following more or less the steps:Provision of preliminary cell design and dataScreening LCAWorkshop to present and discuss screening LCA resultsRevised cell design and data and recalculation of LCAWorkshop to present and discuss LCA-results of “final” cell designManufacturing of cell and testing of cellCalculation of final LCA if neededThis report concerns the final LCA of a 5 Ah cell. The results indicate that:LCA may be very helpful in the design process of batteries. An example is that the amount of lithium was reduced to a quarter without affecting battery performance, following that the screening LCA results pointed towards the lithium metal as the major source of climate impact.The largest non-recyclable contributor to climate impact and abiotic depletion in the production phase is the assembly energy. It therefore warrants special attention in further efforts to minimize cell environmental impacts.The cell efficiency is very important to consider. For η=0.95-0.5 electric losses range from 5 to 50% per delivered kWh. These losses are transformed into heat that may require further energy to get rid of.Use phase weight related losses are quite low and become lower the heavier the vehicle is, i.e., battery weight is not all that important (efficiency is, for example, much more important).At 4000-6000 discharge cycles and (η=0.9), production level climate impacts and use phase climate impacts are at the same level, assuming West European electricity mix for the propulsion. However, with carbonlean electricity for the propulsion, use phase climate impacts are much smaller and not at all dominant.Abiotic depletion is dominated by metals depletion related to electricity distribution, not production. Therefore, abiotic depletion is not all assensitive to the choice of electricity mix as climate impact is.
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