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- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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- Virasjoki, Vilma, et al.
(författare)
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Market Power with Combined Heat and Power Production in the Nordic Energy System
- 2018
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Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Power Systems. - 0885-8950 .- 1558-0679. ; 33:5, s. 5263-5275
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The trend toward increasing energy efficiency and variable renewable energy (VRE) production has implications for combined heat and power (CHP) plants, which operate in both the price-driven power market and the district heating (DH) sector. Since CHP will be important in VRE integration, we develop a complementarity model to analyze CHP producers' roles in integrated markets. We use a Nordic case study to gain insights into (i) the effect of the link between CHP and DH on market power and (ii) market power's impact on operations in the DH sector. The results indicate that (i) the link of CHP to DH supply can increase market power and (ii) market power can induce shifts in DH production from heat-only to CHP.
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- Zakeri, S., et al.
(författare)
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Dairy market selection approach using MCDM methods : A case of Iranian dairy market
- 2020
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Ingår i: International Journal of Management and Decision Making. - : Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.. - 1462-4621 .- 1741-5187. ; 19:3, s. 267-311
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper addresses the development of a multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) procedure including a pattern extraction from success and failure of current market introduction to generate a logical framework for target market selection. In addition of covering the gap of comprehensive research in Iran’s domestic dairy market, using combined MCDM methods and grey systems, the main problem this paper tries to solve is the selection of a target market which covers not only the limitations of the company’s current markets but also possesses their advantages. A real-world implementation of the approach is done within a dairy company located in Iran. Considering Tehran, the North, Khuzestan, and West Azerbaijan as the current market, and also Mashhad, Isfahan, Shiraz, and Tabriz as the potential market, Shiraz selected as the best target market through analysis of various criteria. Results show that considering current markets has a big influence on the market ranking procedure.
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