| 1. |
- Hahn, Robert G., et al.
(författare)
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Biomarkers of endothelial injury in plasma are dependent on kidney function
- 2019
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Ingår i: Clinical hemorheology and microcirculation. - : IOS PRESS. - 1386-0291 .- 1875-8622. ; 72:2, s. 161-168
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Injury (shedding) of the endothelial glycocalyx layer, which alters local blood flow and microvascular permeability, is assessed by measuring components of this layer in circulating blood. The influence of renal function on their concentrations is unknown. METHODS: Plasma and urine concentrations of three shedding products (syndecan-1, hyaluronic acid, and heparan sulfate) and creatinine were measured over 5 hours in 15 healthy volunteers and 15 postoperative patients; this guaranteed a spread of kidney functions. Renal clearances were calculated. RESULTS: Low renal clearances of syndecan-1 (mean 3.5 mL/min) and hyaluronic acid (0.8 mL/min) correlated inversely with the 6-fold variability in the plasma concentrations of these substances (r = -0 . 45 and-0.49). Low creatinine clearance correlated inversely (r = -0.60) and plasma creatinine directly (r = 0.52) with the two-fold variability in heparan sulfate, which was the only shedding substance that also correlated with C-reactive protein (r= 0.51) and, therefore, showed higher concentrations after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: The present explorative study suggests that a 6-fold variability in the plasma concentrations of three commonly measured endothelial shedding products can be understood by the kidneys ability to excrete them. This finding has implications when interpreting results of studies where shedding is assessed.
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| 2. |
- Hahn, Robert G., et al.
(författare)
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Elevated Plasma Concentrations of Syndecan-1 Do Not Correlate With Increased Capillary Leakage of 20% Albumin
- 2021
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Ingår i: Anesthesia and Analgesia. - : LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. - 0003-2999 .- 1526-7598. ; 132:3, s. 856-865
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Preclinical experiments show that an inflammatory reaction causes degradation of the endothelial glycocalyx layer and accelerated capillary leakage of albumin and fluid. The hypothesis in the present study was that elevated plasma concentrations of glycocalyx degradation products are associated with greater capillary leakage in humans. METHODS: This open clinical trial involved administration of an intravenous infusion of 20% albumin at 3 mL/kg over 30 minutes to 15 postburn patients who showed an activated inflammatory response. Blood samples and urine were collected for 300 minutes. The plasma concentrations of 2 biomarkers of glycocalyx degradation-syndecan-1 and heparan sulfate-were measured at 0, 60, and 300 minutes and compared to the capillary leakage of albumin and fluid obtained by mass balance calculations and population kinetic analysis. RESULTS: Patients were studied at 7 days (median) after a burn injury that covered 15% (maximum 48%) of the body surface area. The median plasma syndecan-1 concentration was 71 (25th-75th percentiles, 41-185) ng/mL. The 2 patients with highest values showed 2279 and 2395 ng/mL (normal 15 ng/mL). Heparan sulfate concentrations averaged 915 (673-1539) ng/mL. The infused amount of albumin was 57 (48-62) g, and 6.3 (5.1-7.7)% of that leaked from the plasma per hour. Linear correlation analysis of the relationship between the (10)logarithm of the mean syndecan-1 and the albumin leakage showed a slope coefficient of -1.3 (95% confidence interval [CI], -3.6 to 1.0) and a correlation coefficient of -0.33 (P = .24). The kinetic analysis revealed that syndecan-1 served as a statistically significant covariate to the albumin leakage, but the relationship was inverse (power exponent -0.78, 95% CI, -1.50 to -0.05; P < .02). Heparan sulfate levels did not correlate with the capillary leakage of albumin or fluid in any of the analyses. CONCLUSIONS: A raised plasma concentration of syndecan-1 alone cannot be extrapolated to indicate increased capillary leakage of albumin and fluid.
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| 3. |
- Hahn, Robert G., et al.
(författare)
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Fluid volume kinetics of 20% albumin
- 2019
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Ingår i: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. - : WILEY. - 0306-5251 .- 1365-2125. ; 85:6, s. 1303-1311
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims A population kinetic model was developed for the body fluid shifts occurring when 20% albumin is given by intravenous infusion. The aim was to study whether its efficacy to expand the plasma volume is impaired after major surgery. Methods An intravenous infusion of 3 mL/kg 20% albumin over 30 minutes was given to 15 volunteers and to 15 patients on the 1(st) day after major open abdominal surgery. Blood samples and urine were collected during 5 hours. Mixed-effect modelling software was used to develop a fluid volume kinetic model, using blood haemoglobin and urine excretion the estimate body fluid shifts, to which individual-specific covariates were added in sequence. Results The rise in plasma albumin expanded the plasma volume in excess of the infused volume by relocating noncirculating fluid (rate constant k(21)), but it also increased losses of fluid from the kinetic system (k(b)). The balance between k(21) and k(b) maintained the rise in plasma albumin and plasma volume at a virtual steady-state for almost 2 hours. The rate constant for urinary excretion (k(10)) was slightly reduced by the preceding surgery, by a marked rise in plasma albumin, and by a high preinfusion urinary concentration of creatinine. The arterial pressure, body weight, and plasma concentrations of C-reactive protein and shedding products of the endothelial glycocalyx layer (syndecan-1, heparan sulfate, and hyaluronic acid) did not serve as statistically significant covariates. Conclusions There were no clinically relevant differences in the kinetics of 20% albumin between postoperative patients and volunteers.
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| 4. |
- Hahn, Robert G., et al.
(författare)
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Plasma concentrations of syndecan-1 are dependent on kidney function
- 2021
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Ingår i: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. - : WILEY. - 0001-5172 .- 1399-6576. ; 65:6, s. 809-815
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Elevated plasma concentrations of syndecan-1 and heparan sulfate in studies of trauma, sepsis, and major surgery are commonly assumed to indicate acute glycocalyx degradation. We explored a possible role of the kidneys for these elevations. Methods Plasma and urine concentrations of syndecan-1, heparan sulfate, and biomarkers of inflammation were measured over 5 hours in 15 hospital patients treated for post-burn injury. The renal clearances of syndecan-1 and heparan sulfate (CLR) were calculated and their influence on the plasma concentration predicted by simulation. Results The urine/plasma concentration ratio was 0.9 (0.3-3.0) for syndecan-1 and 2.8 (2.0-4.3) for heparan sulfate. The CLR varied 250-fold for syndecan-1 and 10-fold for heparan sulfate. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that CLR for syndecan-1 was positively associated with the creatinine clearance (P < .0032) and the urine flow (P < .015). CLR for heparan sulfate increased with interleukin-6 (P < .003) and the urine flow (P < .01). Simulations suggested that a change in CLR from the mean of the highest 3 to the lowest three values would double plasma syndecan-1 within 4 hours and cause a 7-fold rise after 24 hours. A similar change in CLR for heparan sulfate would triple the plasma level within 24 hours, even if no increased shedding of the glycocalyx takes place. Conclusions The renal elimination of syndecan-1 and heparan sulfate varied greatly. A change in kidney function, which is common after trauma and major surgery, might alone induce several-fold changes in their plasma concentrations.
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| 5. |
- Hasselgren, Emma, et al.
(författare)
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Long Intravascular Persistence of 20% Albumin in Postoperative Patients
- 2019
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Ingår i: Anesthesia and Analgesia. - : LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. - 0003-2999 .- 1526-7598. ; 129:5, s. 1232-1239
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Albumin may persist intravascularly for a shorter time in patients after major surgery than in healthy volunteers due to a surgery-induced breakdown (shedding) of the endothelial glycocalyx layer. METHODS: In this nonrandomized clinical trial, an IV infusion of 3 mL/kg of 20% albumin was given at a constant rate during 30 minutes to 15 patients on the first day after major open abdominal surgery (mean operating time 5.9 h) and to 15 conscious volunteers. Blood samples and urine were collected during 5 h and mass balance calculations used to estimate the half-lives of the administered albumin molecules and the induced plasma volume expansion, based on measurements of hemodilution and the plasma albumin concentration. RESULTS: At the end of the infusions, albumin had diluted the plasma volume by 13.3% +/- 4.9% (mean +/- SD) in the postoperative patients and by 14.2% +/- 4.8% in the volunteers (mean difference -0.9, 95% CI, -4.7 to 2.9; 1-way ANOVA P = .61), which amounted to twice the infused volume. The intravascular half-life of the infused albumin molecules was 9.1 (5.7-11.2) h in the surgical patients and 6.0 (5.1-9.0) h in the volunteers (Mann-Whitney U test, P = .26; geometric mean difference 1.2, 95% CI, 0.8-2.0). The half-life of the plasma volume expansion was 10.3 (5.3-17.6; median and interquartile range) h in the surgical patients and 7.6 (3.5-9.0) h in the volunteers (P = .10; geometric mean difference 1.5, 95% CI, 0.8-2.8). All of these parameters correlated positively with the body mass index (correlation coefficients being 0.42-0.47) while age and sex did not affect the results. CONCLUSIONS: Twenty percent albumin caused a long-lasting plasma volume expansion of similar magnitude in postoperative patients and volunteers.
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| 6. |
- Zdolsek, Joachim, et al.
(författare)
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Recruitment of efferent lymph during infusion of 20% albumin
- 2023
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Ingår i: Microvascular Research. - : ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE. - 0026-2862 .- 1095-9319. ; 148
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Intravenous infusion of hyper-oncotic 20 % albumin expands the plasma volume by approximately twice the infused volume. We investigated whether the recruited fluid stems from accelerated flow of efferent lymph, which would add protein to the plasma, or from reversed transcapillary solvent filtration, where the solvent is expected to be low in protein.Methods: We analyzed data from 27 intravenous infusions of 20 % albumin (3 mL/kg; approximately 200 mL) over 30 min given to 27 volunteers and patients. Twelve of the volunteers were also given a 5 % solution and served as controls. The pattern of blood hemoglobin, colloid osmotic pressure, and the plasma concentrations of two immunoglobulins (IgG and IgM) were studied over 5 h.Results: A decrease of the difference between the plasma colloid osmotic pressure and plasma albumin occurred during the infusions and was almost four times greater for 5 % albumin than for 20 % albumin at 40 min (P < 0.0036), which indicates that non-albumin protein enriched the plasma when 20 % was infused. Moreover, the difference between the infusion-derived dilution of the blood plasma based on hemoglobin and the two im-munoglobulins amounted to-1.9 % (-6 to +0.2) for 20 % albumin and to-4.4 % (25th-75th percentile range -8.5 to +0.2) during experiments with 5 % albumin (P < 0.001). This supports that the plasma was enriched by immunoglobulins, probably via the lymph, when 20 % was infused.Conclusions: Between half and two-thirds of the extravascular fluid that was recruited during infusion of 20 % albumin in humans consisted of protein-containing fluid consistent with efferent lymph.
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| 7. |
- Zdolsek, Markus, et al.
(författare)
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Plasma disappearance rate of albumin when infused as a 20% solution
- 2022
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Ingår i: Critical Care. - : BMC. - 1364-8535 .- 1466-609X. ; 26:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background The transcapillary leakage of albumin is increased by inflammation and major surgery, but whether exogenous albumin also disappears faster is unclear. Methods An intravenous infusion of 3 mL/kg of 20% albumin was given over 30 min to 70 subjects consisting of 15 healthy volunteers, 15 post-burn patients, 15 patients who underwent surgery with minor bleeding, 10 who underwent surgery with major bleeding (mean, 1.1 L) and 15 postoperative patients. Blood Hb and plasma albumin were measured on 15 occasions over 5 h. The rate of albumin disappearance from the plasma was quantitated with population kinetic methodology and reported as the half-life (T-1/2). Results No differences were observed for T-1/2 between volunteers, post-burn patients, patients who underwent surgery with minor bleeding and postoperative patients. The T-1/2 averaged 16.2 h, which corresponds to 3.8% of the amount infused per h. Two groups showed plasma concentrations of C-reactive protein of approximately 60 mg/L and still had a similarly long T-1/2 for albumin. By contrast, patients undergoing surgery associated with major hemorrhage had a shorter T-1/2, corresponding to 15% of the infused albumin per h. In addition, our analyses show that the T-1/2 differ greatly depending on whether the calculations consider plasma volume changes and blood losses. Conclusion The disappearance rate of the albumin in 20% preparations was low in volunteers, in patients with moderately severe inflammation, and in postoperative patients.
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| 8. |
- Zdolsek, Markus, et al.
(författare)
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Plasma volume expansion and capillary leakage of 20% albumin in burned patients and volunteers
- 2020
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Ingår i: Critical Care. - : BMC. - 1364-8535 .- 1466-609X. ; 24:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Burn injury is associated with a long-standing inflammatory reaction. The use of albumin solutions for plasma volume support is controversial because of concerns of increased capillary leakage, which could aggravate the commonly seen interstitial oedema. Methods In the present open controlled clinical trial, an intravenous infusion of 20% albumin at 3 mL/kg was given over 30 min to 15 burn patients and 15 healthy volunteers. Blood samples and urine were collected for 5 h. Plasma dilution, plasma albumin and colloid osmotic pressure were compared. Mass balance calculations were used to estimate plasma volume expansion and capillary leakage of fluid and albumin. Results The patients were studied between 4 and 14 (median, 7) days after the burn injury, which spread over 7-48% (median, 15%) of the total body surface area. The albumin solution expanded the plasma volume by almost 15%, equivalent to twice the infused volume, in both groups. The urinary excretion exceeded the infused volume by a factor of 2.5. Capillary leakage of albumin occurred at a rate of 3.4 +/- 1.5 g/h in burn patients and 3.7 +/- 1.6 g/h in the volunteers (P = 0.61), which corresponded to 2.4 +/- 1.0% and 2.5 +/- 1.2% per hour of the intravascular pool (P = 0.85). The median half-life of the plasma volume expansion was 5.9 (25th-75th percentiles 2.7-11.7) h in the burn patients and 6.9 (3.4-8.5) h in the volunteers (P = 0.56). Conclusions Albumin 20% was an effective volume expander in patients at 1 week post-burn. No relevant differences were found between burn patients and healthy volunteers.
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| 9. |
- Zdolsek, Markus, et al.
(författare)
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Recruitment of extravascular fluid by hyperoncotic albumin
- 2018
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Ingår i: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. - : WILEY. - 0001-5172 .- 1399-6576. ; 62:9, s. 1255-1260
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BackgroundAlthough hyperoncotic albumin may be used to recruit oedema, its effectiveness remains unclear. Therefore, this issue was studied during infusion experiments in healthy volunteers. MethodFifteen healthy volunteers (mean age 31years) received an infusion of 3mL/kg of 20% albumin over 30minutes. Their urinary excretion was recorded, and venous blood samples were taken to measure blood haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit, colloid osmotic pressure as well as plasma albumin and sodium concentrations on 15 occasions over a period of 300minutes. Plasma volume expansion was taken as the inverse of the fluid-induced dilution of venous plasma, as given by the blood Hb concentration. Mass balance calculations were used to estimate the mobilisation of fluid from the tissues. ResultsMaximum plasma volume expansion was reached 20minutes after completing an infusion of 20% albumin. Urinary excretion was effectively increased, and the mobilised fluid from the tissues at 300minutes amounted to 3.41.2mL for each infused mL of 20% albumin, of which 19% was of intracellular origin. The urinary excretion correlated strongly with the amount of recruited fluid (R-2=0.87) and inversely with the plasma volume expansion (R-2=0.53). ConclusionThe infusion of 20% albumin significantly increases the plasma volume by recruiting interstitial fluid. After completing the infusion, there is a delay of 20minutes until maximum plasma dilution is reached, and the duration of the plasma volume expansion lasts far beyond 5hours.
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| 10. |
- Bergek, Christian, et al.
(författare)
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Accuracy of noninvasive haemoglobin measurement by pulse oximetry depends on the type of infusion fluid
- 2012
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Ingår i: European Journal of Anaesthesiology. - : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. - 0265-0215 .- 1365-2346. ; 29:12, s. 586-592
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Context: Measurement of blood haemoglobin concentration by pulse oximetry could be of value in determining when erythrocytes should be transfused during surgery, but the effect of infusion fluids on the results is unclear.Objective: To study the effect of crystalloid and colloid fluid on the accuracy (bias) and precision of pulse oximetry haemoglobin estimation to indicate the venous haemoglobin concentration in volunteers.Design: Open interventional crossover study.Setting: Single university hospital.Participants: Ten male volunteers aged 18–28 (mean 22) years.Interventions: Each volunteer underwent three infusion experiments on separate days and in random order. The infusions were Ringer's acetate (20 ml kg−1), hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (10 ml kg−1) and a combination of both.Results: At the end of the infusions of Ringer's acetate, pulse oximetry haemoglobin concentration had decreased more than the true haemoglobin concentration (15 vs. 8%; P < 0.005; n = 10) whereas starch solution decreased pulse oximetry haemoglobin concentration less than true haemoglobin concentration (7 vs. 11%; P < 0.02; n = 20). The same differences were seen when the fluids were infused separately and when they were combined. The overall difference between all 956 pairs of pulse oximetry haemoglobin concentration and true haemoglobin concentrations (the bias) averaged only −0.7 g l−1 whereas the 95% prediction interval was wide, ranging from −24.9 to 23.7 g l−1. In addition to the choice of infusion fluid, the bias was strongly dependent on the volunteer (each factor, P < 0.001).Conclusion: The bias of measuring haemoglobin concentration by pulse oximetry is dependent on whether a crystalloid or a colloid fluid is infused.
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| 11. |
- Bergek, Christian, et al.
(författare)
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Non-invasive blood haemoglobin and plethysmographic variability index during brachial plexus block
- 2015
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Ingår i: British Journal of Anaesthesia. - : Oxford University Press (OUP): Policy B - Oxford Open Option B. - 0007-0912 .- 1471-6771. ; 114:5, s. 812-817
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Plethysmographic measurement of haemoglobin concentration (SpHb ), pleth variability index (PVI), and perfusion index (PI) with the Radical-7 apparatus is growing in popularity. Previous studies have indicated that SpHb has poor precision, particularly when PI is low. We wanted to study the effects of a sympathetic block on these measurements.Methods Twenty patients underwent hand surgery under brachial plexus block with one Radical-7 applied to each arm. Measurements were taken up to 20 min after the block had been initiated. Venous blood samples were also drawn from the non-blocked arm.Results During the last 10 min of the study, SpHb had increased by 8.6%. The PVI decreased by 54%, and PI increased by 188% in the blocked arm (median values). All these changes were statistically significant. In the non-blocked arm, these parameters did not change significantly.Conclusions Brachial plexus block significantly altered SpHb , PVI, and PI, which indicates that regional nervous control of the arm greatly affects plethysmographic measurements obtained by the Radical-7. After the brachial plexus block, SpHb increased and PVI decreased.
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| 12. |
- Gunnström, Michaela, et al.
(författare)
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Plasma Volume Expansion and Fluid Kinetics of 20% Albumin During General Anesthesia and Surgery Lasting for More Than 5 Hours
- 2022
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Ingår i: Anesthesia and Analgesia. - : LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. - 0003-2999 .- 1526-7598. ; 134:6, s. 1270-1279
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Intraoperative administration of crystalloid for plasma volume expansion may be reduced by use of hyperoncotic albumin. However, the degree of plasma volume expansion with administration of 20% albumin is poorly quantitated. We estimated the amount of volume expansion attributable to 20% albumin administration in patients undergoing surgery for more than 5 hours. METHODS: Twenty percent albumin was delivered at 3 mL/kg by intravenous infusion during 30 minutes to 15 patients (mean +/- standard deviation [SD] age; 46 +/- 15 years) undergoing surgery. Blood samples and urine were collected for 5 hours. Mass balance calculations and volume kinetics were used to estimate plasma volume expansion and capillary leakage of albumin and fluid. RESULTS: Administration of 20% albumin was associated with an increase in plasma volume amounting to 1.7 times the infused volume. After correction for hemorrhage, the median (and 25th to 75th percentiles) intravascular half-life for the administered albumin mass was 20.4 (14.2-34.7) hours. The plasma volume decreased with a half-life of 21.7 (16.1-26.8) hours. Urinary excretion was 3 times greater than the infused volume of albumin, but kinetic analysis suggested that other flows of fluid to and from the plasma occurred more slowly than previously found in volunteers. Hemodynamic support with norepinephrine increased urinary excretion and contracted the plasma volume. CONCLUSIONS: Albumin (20%) increased the plasma volume by 1.7 times the infused volume. Our results do not support that the transcapillary leakage of albumin is accelerated by anesthesia and surgery.
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| 13. |
- Hahn, Robert G., et al.
(författare)
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Can perioperative hemodilution be monitored with non-invasive measurement of blood hemoglobin?
- 2021
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Ingår i: BMC Anesthesiology. - : BMC. - 1471-2253 .- 1471-2253. ; 21:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Trends in non-invasive measurements of blood hemoglobin (Hb) may be useful for identifying the need for transfusion in the perioperative period. Methods Crystalloid fluid (5-20 mL/kg) was administered intravenously or by mouth to 30 volunteers and 33 surgical patients in five non-randomized clinical studies where Hb was measured on 915 occasions by non-invasive (Radical-7 (TM)) and invasive methodology. The hemodilution curves were compared by volume kinetic analysis and linear regression, with the slope and scattering of the data as key outcome measures. Results The slope was 1.0, indicating unity between the two modes of measuring Hb when crystalloid fluid was infused in volunteers; however, only 40-45% of the variability in the non-invasive Hb could be explained by the invasive Hb. Patients undergoing major surgery, who showed the most pronounced hemodilution (median 24 g/L); non-invasive Hb explained 72% of the variability but indicated only half the magnitude of the invasive Hb changes (slope 0.48, P < 0.001 versus the volunteers). Simulations based on volume kinetic parameters from the volunteers showed 25% less plasma volume expansion after infusion when based on non-invasive as compared to invasive Hb, while no difference was found during infusion. Conclusions In volunteers the non-invasive Hb had good accuracy (low bias) but poor precision. In surgical patients the non-invasive Hb had good precision but systematically underestimated the hemodilution. Despite severe limitations, the non-invasive technology can be used to follow Hb trends during surgery if supported by occasional invasive measurements to assure acceptable quality of the hemodilution curve.
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| 14. |
- Hahn, R. G., et al.
(författare)
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Distribution of crystalloid fluid changes with the rate of infusion: a population-based study
- 2016
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Ingår i: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. - : WILEY-BLACKWELL. - 0001-5172 .- 1399-6576. ; 60:5, s. 569-578
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Crystalloid fluid requires 30 min for complete distribution throughout the extracellular fluid space and tends to cause long-standing peripheral edema. A kinetic analysis of the distribution of Ringers acetate with increasing infusion rates was performed to obtain a better understanding of these characteristics of crystalloids. Methods: Data were retrieved from six studies in which 76 volunteers and preoperative patients had received between 300 ml and 2375 ml of Ringers acetate solution at a rate of 20-80 ml/min (0.33-0.83 ml/min/kg). Serial measurements of the blood hemoglobin concentration were used as inputs in a kinetic analysis based on a two-volume model with micro-constants, using software for nonlinear mixed effects. Results: The micro-constants describing distribution (k(12)) and elimination (k(10)) were unchanged when the rate of infusion increased, with half-times of 16 and 26 min, respectively. In contrast, the micro-constant describing how rapidly the already distributed fluid left the peripheral space (k(21)) decreased by 90% when the fluid was infused more rapidly, corresponding to an increase in the half-time from 3 to 30 min. The central volume of distribution (V-c) doubled. Conclusion: The return of Ringers acetate from the peripheral fluid compartment to the plasma was slower with high than with low infusion rates. Edema is a normal consequence of plasma volume expansion with this fluid, even in healthy volunteers. The results are consistent with the view that the viscoelastic properties of the interstitial matrix are responsible for the distribution and redistribution characteristics of crystalloid fluid.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Hahn, Robert G., et al.
(författare)
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Kinetics of crystalloid fluid in hyperglycemia; an open-label exploratory clinical trial
- 2020
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Ingår i: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. - : WILEY. - 0001-5172 .- 1399-6576. ; 64:8, s. 1177-1186
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Infusion with 0.9% saline is a mainstay in the treatment of severe hyperglycemia, but the kinetics of the saline volume in this setting has not been studied. Methods An intravenous infusion of 1 L of 0.9% saline over 30 minutes was given on 31 occasions to 17 patients with hyperglycemia due to poorly controlled diabetes (mean age 51 years). A two-volume kinetic model was fitted to serial data on the hemodilution and urinary excretion, using mixed-effects modeling software. Results Plasma glucose was 36 +/- 9 mmol/L on arrival to the hospital. The central volume of distribution (the plasma) was only 2.38 L (mean; 95% confidence interval 1.73-3.04) on the day of admission. Uptake into a remote compartment, believed to be the cells, amounted to 300 mL of the first liter of saline, although only small amounts of insulin were given. Plasma glucose, plasma bicarbonate, urine glucose, and plasma creatinine served as covariates in the kinetic model and mathematically affected the urinary excretion. For example, elimination of the infused fluid tripled from an increase in plasma glucose from 5 to 35 mmol/L and doubled from a reduction in plasma bicarbonate from 24 to 5 mmol/L. Conclusions The excretion of 0.9% saline was increased depending on the degree of hyperglycemia. The kinetics was characterized by glucose-accelerated diuresis, and an intracellular uptake that occurred at two thirds the urine flow rate. These data could help to determine appropriate volumes and rates of infusion of crystalloids in hyperglycemia.
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| 17. |
- Hahn, Robert G., et al.
(författare)
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Kinetics of Ringers Solution in Extracellular Dehydration and Hemorrhage
- 2020
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Ingår i: Shock. - : LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. - 1073-2322 .- 1540-0514. ; 53:5, s. 566-573
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Ringers solution might be used to treat volume depletion (extracellular dehydration) and hemorrhage, but there is no integrated view of how these fluid balance disorders influence the kinetics of the infused volume. Methods: Acute dehydration (mean 1.7 L) was induced by repeated doses of furosemide (5 mg) in 10 healthy male volunteers, and 0.5 L and 0.9 L of blood was withdrawn in random order on different occasions in another 10 male volunteers, just before administration of Ringers acetate solution. Infusions performed in the normovolemic state served as controls. Measurements of blood hemoglobin and urinary excretion were used to create volume kinetic profiles that were analyzed using mixed-effects modeling software. Results: Infusions over 15 to 30 min showed a marked distribution phase during which the plasma volume transiently increased by 50% to 75% of the administered volume. Dehydration and hemorrhage accelerated redistribution but retarded the elimination; the half-life of the infused fluid increased from 36 to 51 min (mean) from 1 L of dehydration and to 95 min from 1 L of hemorrhage. Extravascular accumulation decreased with the dehydration volume and increased with the hemorrhage volume. Simulations show that 60% as much Ringer is needed to replace volume depletion amounting to 1 L as compared with hemorrhage over a 2-h period. A continued but slower drip after the initial fluid resuscitation prevents rebound hypovolemia. Conclusions: Furosemide-induced dehydration and blood withdrawal in normotensive volunteers had modest effects on the Ringers acetate kinetics. Urinary excretion was inhibited more by hemorrhage than by dehydration.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Hahn, Robert G., et al.
(författare)
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Serum Creatinine Levels and Nephrocheck (R) Values With and Without Correction for Urine Dilution-A Multicenter Observational Study
- 2022
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Medicine. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2296-858X. ; 9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BackgroundThe Nephrocheck (R) test is a single-use cartridge designed to measure the concentrations of two novel cell-cycle arrest biomarkers of acute kidney injury, namely tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP-2) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 7 (IGFBP7). Correlations of serum creatine values and TIMP-2 and IGFBP7 with and without correction for urine dilution have not been previously undertaken in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. We hypothesized that the Nephrocheck (R) values would be significantly different with and without correction for urine dilution in patients with elevated creatinine values post major abdominal surgery. MethodsWe performed a post hoc analysis of serum and urine specimens sampled preoperatively and postoperatively in 72 patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Thirty samples were measured from patients with the greatest decrease and the greatest increase in postoperative serum creatinine values. Urine was analyzed with the Nephrocheck to predict the risk of acute kidney injury (AKIRisk (TM)). We then examined the relationship between serum creatinine and the urinary excretion of TIMP-2 and IGFBP7 as measured by the Nephrocheck test. The AKIRisk between the groups with and without correction for urine dilution was assessed. ResultsThe median perioperative change in serum creatinine in the two groups was -19% and +57%, respectively. The uncorrected median baseline AKIRisk decreased from 0.70 (25th-75th percentiles, 0.09-1.98) to 0.35 (0.19-0.57) (mg/L)(2) in the first group and rose from 0.57 (0.22-1.53) to 0.85 (0.67-2.20) (mg/L)(2) in the second group. However, when corrected for the squared urine dilution, the AKIRisk (TM) in patients with postoperative increases in serum creatinine was not indicative of kidney injury; the corrected AKIRisk was 8.0 (3.2-11.7) mu g(2)/mmol(2) before surgery vs.6.9 (5.3-11.0) mu g(2)/mmol(2) after the surgery (P = 0.69). ConclusionIn the setting of major abdominal surgery, after correction of TIMP-2 and IGFBP7 for urine dilution, the Nephrocheck AKIRisk scores were significantly different from the uncorrected values. These finding imply that the AKIRisk index is a function of urine flow in addition to an increased release of the biomarkers.
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| 20. |
- Hahn, Robert G., et al.
(författare)
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The Extended Starling principle needs clinical validation
- 2020
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Ingår i: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. - : WILEY. - 0001-5172 .- 1399-6576. ; 64:7, s. 884-887
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Revised (or "Extended") Starling principle is based on highly controlled laboratory-based frog and rodent experiments and remains a hypothesis awaiting clinical validation. A key point is that the endothelial glycocalyx layer moves the oncotic gradient from being between the plasma and the interstitium to between the plasma and a virtually protein-free space between the glycocalyx and the endothelial cell membrane, which dramatically changes the prerequisites for fluid absorption from tissue to plasma. However, many experimental and clinical observations in humans agree poorly with the new microcirculatory proposals. The most troubling aspect of the explanation regarding the role of the glycocalyx in the Revised Starling principle is the effective reabsorption of fluid by skeletal muscle when the capillary filtration pressure is acutely reduced. Other issues include the plasma volume effects of hypertonic saline, iso-oncotic and hyper-oncotic albumin, fluid distribution during cardio-pulmonary bypass, and the virtually identical capillary leakage of plasma and albumin despite marked inflammation found in our fluid therapy studies. The Revised Starling principle deals mainly with steady-state conditions, but the circulatory system is highly dynamic. Second to second vasomotion is always operational and must be considered to understand what we observe in humans.
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| 21. |
- Hahn, Robert, et al.
(författare)
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Interactions between the volume effects of hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 and Ringer´s acetate
- 2013
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Ingår i: Critical Care. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1364-8535 .- 1466-609X. ; 17:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The turnover of Ringer´s solutions is greatly dependent on the physiological situation, such as the presence of dehydration or anaesthesia. The present study evaluates whether the kinetics is affected by previous infusion of colloid fluid. Methods: Ten male volunteers with a mean age of 22 years underwent three infusion experiments, on separate days and in random order. The experiments included 10 mL/kg of 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (Voluven™), 20 mL/kg of Ringer's acetate, and a combination of both, where Ringer´s was administered 75 minutes after the starch infusion ended. The kinetics of the volume expansion was analysed by non-linear least- squares regression, based on urinary excretion and serial measurement of blood haemoglobin concentration for up to 420 minutes. Results: The mean volume of distribution of the starch was 3.12 L which agreed well with the plasma volume (3.14 L) estimated by anthropometry. The volume expansion following the infusion of starch showed monoexponential elimination kinetics with a half-life of two hours. Two interaction effects were found when Ringer´s acetate was infused after the starch. First, there was a higher tendency for Ringer´s acetate to distribute to a peripheral compartment at the expense of the plasma volume expansion. The translocated amount of Ringer´s was 70% higher when HES had been infused earlier. Second, the elimination half-life of Ringer´s acetate was five times longer when administered after the starch (88 versus 497 minutes, P <0.02). Conclusions: Starch promoted peripheral accumulation of the later infused Ringer´s acetate solution and markedly prolonged the elimination half-life.
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| 22. |
- Hahn, Robert, et al.
(författare)
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Non-invasive monitoring of blood haemoglobin for analysis of fluid volume kinetics
- 2010
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Ingår i: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. - : Blackwell Publishing Ltd. - 0001-5172 .- 1399-6576. ; 54:10, s. 1233-1240
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: A commercially available pulse oximeter that reports blood haemoglobin (Hb) concentration is evaluated. This study considers whether this device can provide serial Hb data that would be sufficiently reliable for volume kinetic analysis of infusion fluids.Methods: Forty infusions of 5 or 10 ml/kg of acetated Ringer's solution were given over 15 min in 10 healthy volunteers. Hb was measured on 17 different occasions over 120 min using the Radical 7 pulse oximeter and compared with the result of invasive blood sampling (control). A one-volume kinetic model was applied to each data series. The pulse oximeter also reported the perfusion index (PI).Results: The median deviation between the 680 invasive and non-invasive Hb samples (the accuracy) was 1.6% and the absolute median deviation (precision) was 4.6%. Between-subject factors explained half of the variation in the difference between non-invasive vs. invasive sampling.Ten of the 40 non-invasive series of Hb values were discarded from kinetic analysis due to poor quality. The remaining 30 series showed a smaller distribution volume for the infused fluid when kinetic analysis was based on the non-invasive method (3.0 vs. 5.3 l; P<0.001). This was due to co-variance with the PI, which exaggerated the decrease in Hb caused by the infusions. The non-invasive method might provide useful kinetic data at the group level, but individual curves deviated too much from the invasive data to be reliable.Conclusions: Non-invasive measurement of the Hb concentration during volume loading could not provide useful kinetic data for individuals.
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| 23. |
- Lindahl, Olof, et al.
(författare)
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Human postburn oedema measured with the impression method
- 1993
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Ingår i: Burns. - 0305-4179 .- 1879-1409. ; 19:6, s. 479-484
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The course of tissue swelling in human non-injured skin after burn injury was investigated with a non-invasive impression method that measures force and tissue fluid translocation during mechanical compression of the skin. Time-dependent changes in the fluid translocation and the interstitial-pressure related to impression force were measured on 11 occasions, during 3 weeks, in seven patients postburn. A mathematical model was fitted to the impression force curves and the parameters of the model depicted the time-dependent compartmental fluid shift in the postburn generalized oedema. Tissue fluid translocation increased significantly (P < 0.05) up to a maximum value after 6 days postburn and declined thereafter. This indicated a continuous increase in the generalized postburn oedema for the first 6 days postburn. Impression force at 3 weeks postburn was significantly lower (P < 0.001) as compared with the half-day postburn value, indicating an increased tissue pressure during the first days postburn. Parameter analysis indicated a flux of water-like fluid from the vasculature to the interstitial space during the first 6 days postburn. The spread of the values registered between different measurement sites was, however, large.
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| 24. |
- Lindahl, Olof, et al.
(författare)
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Impression measurement on and analysis of human postburn oedema
- 1993
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the IXth Nordic meeting on medical and biological engineering. - : International federation for medical and biological engineering. ; , s. 44-
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
- Sjöberg, Folke, 1956-, et al.
(författare)
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Utility of an intervention scoring system in documenting effects of changes in burn treatment
- 2000
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Ingår i: Burns. - : Elsevier. - 0305-4179 .- 1879-1409. ; 26:6, s. 553-559
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The consequences of the introduction of a program of consistent use of topical antimicrobials and early aggressive excision of deep burn wounds by utilizing a comprehensive, computerized patient registry/therapeutic intervention scoring system, were investigated. Prospectively, the clinical course, mortality, outcome and hospital costs were compared for the year preceding (89 patients) and the 4 years following (226 patients) the introduction of the new treatment program. It was found that mortality decreased from 10.1 to 4.6% after change in therapy (P < 0.001), despite an increase in mean burn extent. The length of hospital stay per % burn surface area declined from 1.2 to 1.0 days (P < 0.001). The number and complexity of therapeutic interventions and the associated costs, also declined. Patients in the new treatment program had a better level of physical and psychosocial function at follow up. In conclusion, the introduction of a program of consistent use of topical antimicrobials and early, aggressive surgical excision was associated with an improved outcome at lesser cost. The combined registry-intervention scoring system permits ready analysis of results using data entered on a daily, near-real time basis.
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| 28. |
- Svensson, Robert, et al.
(författare)
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Electrolyte-based calculation of fluid shifts after infusing 0.9% saline in severe hyperglycemia
- 2020
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Ingår i: Intensive Care Medicine Experimental. - : SPRINGER. - 2197-425X. ; 8:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Early treatment of severe hyperglycemia involves large shifts of body fluids that entail a risk of hemodynamic instability. We studied the feasibility of applying a new electrolyte equation that estimates the degree of volume depletion and the distribution of infused 0.9% saline in this setting. Methods The new equation was applied to plasma and urinary concentrations of sodium and chloride measured before and 30 min after a 30-min infusion of 1 L of 0.9% saline on two consecutive days in 14 patients with severe hyperglycemia (mean age 50 years). The extracellular fluid (ECF) volume was also estimated based on the volume dilution kinetics of chloride. Results On day 1, the baseline ECF volume amounted to 11.5 L. The saline infusion expanded the ECF space by 160 mL and the intracellular fluid space by 375 mL. On day 2, the ECF volume was 15.5 L, and twice as much of the infused fluid remained in the ECF space. The chloride dilution kinetics yielded baseline ECF volumes of 11.6 and 15.2 L on day 1 and day 2, respectively. No net uptake of glucose to the cells occurred during the two 1-h measurement periods despite insulin administration in the intervening time period. Conclusions The electrolyte equation was feasible to apply in a group of hyperglycemic patients. The ECF space was 3 L smaller than expected on admission but normal on the second day. Almost half of the infused fluid was distributed intracellularly.
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| 29. |
- Svensson, Robert, et al.
(författare)
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Plasma volume expansion reveals hidden metabolic acidosis in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis
- 2022
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Ingår i: Intensive Care Medicine Experimental. - : Springer. - 2197-425X. ; 10:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis that develops during the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis is usually attributed to the chloride content of resuscitation fluids. We explored an alternative explanation, namely that fluid-induced plasma volume expansion alters the absolute differences in the concentrations of sodium and chloride (the Na-Cl gap) enough to affect the acid-base balance. We analyzed data from a prospective single-center cohort study of 14 patients treated for diabetic ketoacidosis. All patients received 1 L of 0.9% saline over 30 min on two consecutive days. Blood gases were sampled before and after the infusions. Results: The initial plasma volume was estimated to be 25 +/- 13% (mean +/- SD) below normal on admission to the intensive care unit. At that time, most patients had an increased actual Na-Cl gap, which counteracts acidosis. However, the correction of the plasma volume deficit revealed that these patients would have had a decreased Na-Cl gap upon admission if they had been normovolemic at that time; the estimated "virtual Na-Cl gap" of 29 +/- 5 mmol/L was significantly lower than the uncorrected value, which was 39 +/- 5 mmol/L (P < 0.001). On Day 2, most patients had a decreased actual Na-Cl gap (33 +/- 5 mmol/L), approaching the corrected value on Day 1. Conclusions: The hyperchloremic acidosis commonly seen in diabetic ketoacidosis may not be primarily caused by the chloride content of resuscitation fluids but, rather, by the restoration of plasma volume, which reveals the hidden metabolic acidosis caused by a decreased Na-Cl gap.
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| 30. |
- Törnudd, Mattias, et al.
(författare)
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Fluid distribution kinetics during cardiopulmonary bypass
- 2014
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Ingår i: Clinics. - : Faculdade de Medicina / USP. - 1807-5932 .- 1980-5322. ; 69:8, s. 535-541
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE:The purpose of this study was to examine the isovolumetric distribution kinetics of crystalloid fluid during cardiopulmonary bypass.METHODS:Ten patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting participated in this prospective observational study. The blood hemoglobin and the serum albumin and sodium concentrations were measured repeatedly during the distribution of priming solution (Ringer's acetate 1470 ml and mannitol 15% 200 ml) and initial cardioplegia. The rate of crystalloid fluid distribution was calculated based on 3-min Hb changes. The preoperative blood volume was extrapolated from the marked hemodilution occurring during the onset of cardiopulmonary bypass. Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT01115166.RESULTS:The distribution half-time of Ringer's acetate averaged 8 minutes, corresponding to a transcapillary escape rate of 0.38 ml/kg/min. The intravascular albumin mass increased by 5.4% according to mass balance calculations. The preoperative blood volume, as extrapolated from the drop in hemoglobin concentration by 32% (mean) at the beginning of cardiopulmonary bypass, was 0.6-1.2 L less than that estimated by anthropometric methods (p<0.02). The mass balance of sodium indicated a translocation from the intracellular to the extracellular fluid space in 8 of the 10 patients, with a median volume of 236 ml.CONCLUSIONS:The distribution half-time of Ringer's solution during isovolumetric cardiopulmonary bypass was 8 minutes, which is the same as for crystalloid fluid infusions in healthy subjects. The intravascular albumin mass increased. Most patients were hypovolemic prior to the start of anesthesia. Intracellular edema did not occur.
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| 31. |
- Ylinenvaara, Sandra I, et al.
(författare)
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Preoperative urine-specific gravity and the incidence of complications after hip fracture surgery : A prospective, observational study
- 2014
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Ingår i: European Journal of Anaesthesiology. - : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. - 0265-0215 .- 1365-2346. ; 31:2, s. 85-90
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Mild to moderately severe dehydration is common in the elderly, but its relationship to surgical outcome is unclear.OBJECTIVES: To study the incidence of dehydration prior to hip fracture surgery and its relationship to postoperative complications.DESIGN: Prospective observational study.SETTING: Operation department and orthopaedic ward at a regional hospital.PATIENTS: Forty-five patients [median (interquartile range) age 78 (75 to 86) years] undergoing acute hip fracture surgery.INTERVENTIONS: A urine sample was taken on admission to the operating theatre. Complications were assessed 2 days postoperatively using a check-list.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Dehydration was considered to be present if the urinary specific gravity was 1.020 or higher, indicating renal water conservation. The number and type of postoperative complications were recorded.RESULTS: Dehydration was present in one third of the patients. Sixty percent of these patients had at least one postoperative complication, whereas the corresponding proportion was 30% in the euhydrated patients (P <0.01). Only one patient (3%) had more than one complication in the euhydrated group compared with six patients (40%) in the dehydrated group (P <0.01). Euhydrated patients had a mean of 0.3 postoperative complications per surgery, whereas dehydrated patients scored 1.1 complications (P <0.015). The higher incidence included confusion, arterial desaturation and cardiovascular events.CONCLUSION: Dehydration before surgery nearly quadrupled the number of postoperative complications after hip fracture repair.
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| 32. |
- Yu-Hong, Li, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of tap water, electrolyte solution, and spontaneous and furosemide-stimulated urinary excretion on thirst
- 2012
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Ingår i: World Journal of Experimental Medicine. - : Baishideng Publishing Group. - 2220-315X. ; 2:1, s. 1-6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AIM: To contrast the effects of various modifications of body fluid volumes on thirst as reported by healthy volunteers.METHODS: Ten male volunteers aged between 19 and 37 years (mean 22 years) underwent four experiments each, which comprised infusion of 400-800 mL of acetated Ringer’s solution and intake of 600 mL of tap water. Half of the experiments were preceded by volume depletion (median 1.7 L) with furosemide. A visual analogue scale (0-100 mm) was used to assess perceived thirst during each experiment.RESULTS: Volume depletion (P < 0.001) and tap water (P < 0.03) both affected thirst by 13 mm per L of fluid, whereas spontaneous diuresis and infusion of Ringer’s acetate did not significantly change the thirst rating (multiple regressions). More detailed analyses showed that the volume depletion increased the median (25th-75th percentiles) thirst rating from 28 mm (21-43) to 59 mm (46-72, P < 0.001) while no change occurred in those who were only slightly thirsty (< 30 mm) before the volume depletion began. Ringer’s solution alleviated thirst in those who were very thirsty, but tended to increase thirst in the volunteers who were not thirsty before the infusion. Similarly, hydration with tap water decreased thirst (by 24 mm, P < 0.04) in those who were thirsty (> 60 mm) while the others reported no change.CONCLUSION: The change in thirst rating during volume depletion, administration of Ringer’s acetate, and ingestion of tap water were all dependent on the thirst rating obtained when the manipulation of the body fluid volume was initiated.
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| 33. |
- Zdolsek, Hans Joachim, 1960-, et al.
(författare)
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Albumin supplementation during the first week after a burn does not mobilise tissue oedema in humans
- 2001
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Ingår i: Intensive Care Medicine. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0342-4642 .- 1432-1238. ; 27:5, s. 844-852
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: To measure water balance and changes in distribution, and the effect of giving supplementary albumin, early after a burn injury.Design: Consecutive patients (matched groups) and healthy controls.Setting: National burn unit in a Swedish university hospital.Patients and subjects: Eighteen patients with 18%-90% total burned surface area and 16 healthy male control subjects.Interventions: The patients were given an intravenous infusion of ethanol over 1 h, 0.35-0.60 g/kg body weight, and a bolus of 3.3 to 6.5 g of iohexol. The control subjects were given the same amounts of either ethanol or iohexol. Patients were subdivided into two groups according to whether or not they received supplementary albumin starting 12 h post-burn.Measurements and results: Blood samples were drawn at 20-30 min intervals over 4 h after the start of the infusion. Serum ethanol was measured by headspace gas chromatography, and iohexol with high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Distribution volume was calculated from the concentration-time profiles. Total body water (TBW) was measured by the ethanol tracer and bioelectric impedance (BIA) techniques, and estimated extracellular water (ECWest) by iohexol tracer. They were all significantly increased after a burn. Excess water was accumulated mainly in the extracellular compartment. It declined towards normal values (those of volunteers) at the end of the week. Albumin supplementation did not influence the amount or distribution of the excess fluid.Conclusion: Body water increases after a burn. Excess water is mainly deposited in the extracellular space. Tissue oedema fluid is not mobilised by albumin supplementation.
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| 34. |
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| 35. |
- Zdolsek, Hans Joachim, et al.
(författare)
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Non-invasive assessment of fluid volume status in the interstitium after haemodialysis
- 2000
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Ingår i: Physiological Measurement. - : IOP Publishing. - 0967-3334 .- 1361-6579. ; 21:2, s. 211-220
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- During dialysis excess fluid is removed from uraemic patients. The excess fluid is mainly located in the skin and subcutaneous tissues. In this study we wished, with two noninvasive techniques, the IM (impression method) and BIA (bioimpedance analysis), to study what mechanical (IM) and electrical cellular membrane (BIA) effects the fluid withdrawal has on these tissues. The IM measures the resistive force of the tissues when mechanically compressed. From the force curve two parameters are calculated, the F(0), indicative of interstitial tissue pressure and the FT corresponding to the translocation of tissue fluid (interstitial movable water). The BIA phase angle shift (phi), i.e. geometrical angular transformation of the ratio between reactance and resistance, which has been associated with cellular membrane function, was used as a measurement of electrical cellular membrane effects. Twenty patients were studied before and after haemodialysis measuring the F(0), FT and phi. Theresults showed that the patients lost a median of 3.7 kg during the haemodialysis. F(0) increased until after dialysis, but did not reach significant values, whereas FT increased significantly after dialysis, p < 0.001, as compared with before. After a peak at one hour postdialysis the FT value returned to predialysis values at four hours after termination of dialysis. Also phi increased from before to after dialysis, p < 0.001, but already after one hour it returned to predialysis values. It is common knowledge that dialysis alters the dynamics of fluid in the interstitium of the skin and subcutis. We conclude that the impression method is sensitive enough to detect and chronicle these changes. Furthermore, with the BIA, (phase angle) signs of changes in the electrical properties of the tissues, possibly reflecting cellular membrane function, could be detected
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| 36. |
- Zdolsek, Hans Joachim, et al.
(författare)
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Non-invasive assessment of intercompartmental fluid shifts in burn victims
- 1998
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Ingår i: Burns. - 0305-4179 .- 1879-1409. ; 24:3, s. 233-240
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Two non-invasive methods (the bioimpedance technique, BIA, and the impression method, IM) were studied, to find out whether they are sensitive enough to detect and chronicle the development of the oedema and fluid resuscitation effects (Parkland formula) that occur secondary to a major burn. Ten patients with a total burned body surface area (TBSA) of more than 10% were included in this prospective study. Total body water (TBW), as measured by the resistance (BIA) or F(0) variable (IM), reached a maximum on day 2. The tissue fluid translocation (INT) variable (IM) followed a different course, increasing slowly to reach a maximum on day 6, when it was 40% higher than the 12 h value. TBW and the interstitial translocatable fluid were still increased 1 week post-burn. The non-invasive measurements of TBW (resistance by BIA and F(0) by IM) reflected the anticipated changes in TBW. The phase angle (BIA) indicative of cellular membrane effects of burn and sepsis had its lowest values at day 1.5, and stayed significantly low until day 4. Interestingly, the phase angle was lowest in the two cases that died subsequently. The different time course of the INT value (IM), which reflected the translocatable interstitial fluid volume in skin, may be the result of resuscitation fluid remaining in this compartment, due to the excess sodium content together with a possible change in tissue compliance secondary to the early total water peak on day 2.
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| 37. |
- Zdolsek, Hans Joachim, 1960-, et al.
(författare)
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The effect of hypermetabolism induced by burn trauma on the ethanol-oxidizing capacity of the liver
- 1999
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Ingår i: Critical Care Medicine. - 0090-3493 .- 1530-0293. ; 27:12, s. 2622-2625
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: To study the rate of elimination of ethanol after a major burn trauma.Design: Prospective, controlled study.Setting: National burns unit in a Swedish university hospital.Patients and Subjects: Eight consecutive patients suffering from 18%-72% total burned surface area and nine healthy male control subjects.Interventions: The patients received ethanol, 0.35-0.60 g/kg body weight intravenously, during 1 hr. This was repeated daily during the first week postburn. The control subjects received the same amount of ethanol once.Measurements and Main Results: Blood samples were drawn at 20- to 30-min intervals during 5 hrs after the start of the infusion. Serum ethanol was determined by headspace gas chromatography. The rate of elimination of ethanol was calculated from the concentration time profile. In the control subjects, the median elimination rate was 0.074 g/kg/hr (range, 0.059-0.083 g/kg/hr). In the patients, it was already 0.138 g/kg/hr (range, 0.111-0.201 g/kg/hr) on the first day; this increased even further over the following 6 days, reaching 0.183 g/kg/hr (range, 0.150-0.218 g/kg/hr) on the seventh day.Conclusions: Ethanol elimination is augmented postburn. A more effective reoxidation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide seems the most likely explanation for the increased rate of ethanol elimination in these hypermetabolic trauma patients. This finding suggests that the oxidative capacity of the liver may be assessed by studying the rate of ethanol elimination in burn victims.
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| 38. |
- Zdolsek, Joachim, et al.
(författare)
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Circulatory arrest in late pregnancy : caesarean section a vital decision for both mother and child
- 2009
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Ingår i: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0001-5172 .- 1399-6576. ; 53:6, s. 828-829
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Circulatory arrest during pregnancy is extremely rare and there should be a well-planned strategy for its management in all hospitals. To consider the priority of the mothers life over the childs and an unwarranted pre-term delivery may lead to hesitancy and uncertainty and jeopardize both of them. In these situations, speed is a priority. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation should commence immediately. The anaesthesiologist should be well aware of the possible advantage of a caesarean section. Even if the obstetrician is responsible for the decision to perform the operation, the anaesthesiologist should strongly support the action. An emergency caesarean kit with the essential surgical instruments should be immediately available in every labour ward and emergency department.
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| 39. |
- Zdolsek, Joachim, et al.
(författare)
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Colloid osmotic pressure and extravasation of plasma proteins following infusion of Ringers acetate and hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4
- 2015
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Ingår i: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. - : WILEY-BLACKWELL. - 0001-5172 .- 1399-6576. ; 59:10, s. 1303-1310
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BackgroundDuring fluid infusion therapy, plasma proteins are diluted and leak from the intravascular space, which alters the colloid osmotic pressure (COP) and potentially affects coagulation. We hypothesised that acetated Ringers and starch solution, alone or in combination, influence these mechanisms differently. Materials and methodsOn different occasions, 10 male volunteers were infused with 20ml/kg acetated Ringers and 10ml/kg 6% hyroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (Voluven((R))) alone or in combination (first with starch solution followed by Ringers solution). Blood samples were collected every 30-min for measurements of COP, blood haemoglobin, platelets, and plasma concentrations of albumin, immunoglobulins (IgG and IgM), coagulation factor VII (FVII), fibrinogen, cystatin C, activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and prothrombin international normalised ratio (PT-INR). Changes were compared with the haemoglobin-derived plasma dilution. ResultsThe COP increased by 8.4% (SD 3) with starch and decreased by 26.2% (7.9) with Ringers. These infusions diluted the plasma by 23.4% (5.3) and 18.7% (4.9) respectively. The COP changes in the combined experiment followed the same pattern as the individual infusions. Albumin and IgG changes in excess of the plasma dilution were very subtle. The intravascular contents of the IgM and platelets decreased, whereas FVII, fibrinogen and cystatin C increased. PT-INR increased by 1/3 of the plasma dilution, whereas changes in APTT did not correlate with the plasma dilution. ConclusionsThe starch increased COP and only minor capillary leak occurred in healthy volunteers. The fluid-induced plasma dilution correlated with mild impairment of the extrinsic coagulation pathway but not of the intrinsic pathway.
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| 40. |
- Zdolsek, Joachim, et al.
(författare)
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Detection of Dehydration by Using Volume Kinetics
- 2012
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Ingår i: Anesthesia and Analgesia. - : Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins. - 0003-2999 .- 1526-7598. ; 115:4, s. 814-822
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Patients admitted to surgery may be dehydrated, which is difficult to diagnose except when it is severe (>5% Gl116 of the body weight). We hypothesized that modest dehydration can be detected by kinetic analysis of the blood hemoglobin concentration after a bolus infusion of crystalloid fluid.METHODS: Four series of experiments were performed on 10 conscious, healthy male volunteers. Separated by at least 2 days, they received 5 or 10 mL/kg acetated Ringer's solution over 15 minutes. Before starting half of the IV infusions, volume depletion amounting to 1.5 to 2.0 L (approximately 2% of body weight) was induced with furosemide. The elimination clearance and the half-life of the infused fluid were calculated based on blood hemoglobin over 120 minutes. The perfusion index and the pleth variability index were monitored by pulse oximetry after a change of body position.RESULTS: Dehydration decreased the elimination clearance of acetated Ringer's solution [median (25th-75th percentile)] from 1.84 (1.23-2.57) to 0.53 (0.41-0.79) mL/kg/min (Wilcoxon matched-pair test P < 0.001) and increased the half-life from 23 (12-37) to 76 (57-101) minutes (P < 0.001). The smaller infusion, 5 mL/kg, fully discriminated between experiments performed in the euhydrated and dehydrated states, whereas the urinary excretion provided a less-reliable indication of hydration status. Dehydration decreased the perfusion index but did not affect the pleth variability index.CONCLUSION: Dehydration amounting to 2% of the body weight could be detected from the elimination clearance and the half-life of an infusion of 5 mL/kg Ringer's solution.
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| 41. |
- Zdolsek, Joachim, et al.
(författare)
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Glomerular filtration rate is increased in burn patients
- 2010
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Ingår i: Burns. - : Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam.. - 0305-4179 .- 1879-1409. ; 36:8, s. 1271-1276
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Urinary output a key parameter guiding fluid resuscitation in burn trauma is an inadequate measure of renal function In this study the clearance of iohexol (CL) was used to follow the glomerular filtration rate during the first week after burn Nineteen adults with major burns received an intravenous bolus injection of iohexol every other day Plasma concentration of iohexol was measured over 4 h and CL was calculated by a one compartment kinetic model The results were compared to the CL as obtained by a two compartment model and also to the CL measured in 10 healthy controls The results show that CL values for burn patients were high The first day after burn median CL was 155 mL/min/1 73 m(2) (range 46-237) which exceeded that for the controls (mean 117 mL/min/1 73 m(2) P less than 0 01) However on day 7 the CL approached the expected baseline (mean 122 mL/min/1 73 m(2)) CL was 10% lower when calculated from two compartment kinetics and a correction factor of 0 9 was applied to all results obtained by the one compartment calculations to give results comparable to those from the two compartment kinetics In conclusion CL is increased early after burn The mechanism is unclear but it parallels the period of vascular dysfunction and increased cardiac output
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| 42. |
- Zdolsek, Joachim, et al.
(författare)
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Hydroxyethyl starches and dextran during hip replacement surgery: effects on blood volume and coagulation
- 2011
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Ingår i: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. - : Blackwell Publishing Ltd. - 0001-5172 .- 1399-6576. ; 55:6, s. 677-685
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Colloid fluids influence the coagulation system by diluting the plasma and, potentially, by exerting other effects that are unique for each fluid product. We hypothesised that changes in the coagulation measured at the end of surgery would be mainly governed by differences in half-life between the colloid fluids. Methods: Eighty-four patients were randomised to receive one of four colloids: HES 130/0.42/6 : 1 (Venofundin (R)), 130/0.4/9 : 1 (Voluven (R)), 200/0.5/5 : 1 (Haes-steril (R)) and 6% dextran 70 (Macrodex (R)). Blood samples were taken just before and after a preoperative 500ml bolus, and also after subsequent elective hip replacement surgery. Volume expansion was estimated from the blood dilution and coagulation assessed by ROTEM, activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin international normalised ratio (PT-INR), D-dimer and thrombin-antithrombin complex (TAT). Results: The blood volume expansion amounted to approximately 600 ml for all four colloids directly after infusion. Voluven (R) and Haes-steril (R) prolonged the aPT time and Venofundin (R) increased TAT. Although all colloids increased PT-INR and D-dimer, the ROTEM analyses showed that they consistently shortened the clotting time and weakened the clot strength. These effects were mainly unchanged after surgery, during which the haemorrhage averaged 500-600 ml. Macrodex (R) produced a stronger volume support at the end of the surgery (91% of infused volume; Pless than0.001) than the three starch solutions (42-60%). Conclusions: All tested colloid fluids induced a mild hypercoagulable state with faster clotting, but with weaker clot strength. The additive influence of surgery was relatively small, and postoperative changes in coagulation were mainly due to differences in the half-life of each colloid.
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| 43. |
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| 44. |
- Zdolsek, Joachim, et al.
(författare)
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Measuring the size of the extracellular fluid space using bromide, iohexol, and sodium dilution
- 2005
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Ingår i: Anesthesia and Analgesia. - : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. - 0003-2999 .- 1526-7598. ; 101:6, s. 1770-1777
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is a need to find methods to assess the size of the extracellular fluid (ECF) volume without involving radioactive tracers. For this purpose, we applied 3 methods for measuring the ECF volume in 10 male volunteers (mean age, 34 yr). Steady-state plasma bromide concentration (control) was compared to the results of kinetic analysis of plasma iohexol and to kinetic analysis of the dilution of serum sodium after IV infusion of 1 L of isotonic mannitol. The volume of distribution of these tracers was used to indicate the ECF volume. The results disclosed statistically significant correlations between the results of all 3 methods, although the average sodium dilution showed 0.7 L lower values than iohexol and 1.4 L lower than bromide. All three methods correlated significantly with body weight. The percentage of the body weight indicated by the methods was 18.3% (3.1%) for sodium, 19.6% (1.0%) for iohexol, and 20.5% (1.1%) for bromide. We conclude that sodium dilution may be performed at bedside but iohexol and bromide showed less intersubject variability. Iohexol simultaneously measures the glomerular filtration rate and should be a viable clinical option if the hospital performs routine assessments of kidney function using this tracer. ©2005 by the International Anesthesia Research Society.
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| 45. |
- Zdolsek, Joachim, 1960-, et al.
(författare)
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Resuscitation of the severely burned patient
- 2002
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Ingår i: International Journal of Intensive Care. - London, UK : Greycoat Publishing Ltd.. - 1350-2794. ; 8, s. 225-231
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 46. |
- Zdolsek, Joachim, 1960-, et al.
(författare)
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Volume replacement/Joachim Boldt.
- 2004
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Ingår i: Volume replacement. - Germany : UNI-MED Verlag AG. - 9783895997211 ; , s. -116
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- "This book is not another attempt to create a ""cook book"" on volume replacement of fluid substitution. This book, in contrast, summarizes the up-to-date-knowledge of this topic presented by experts from a wide range of disciplines. Everybody caring for the critically ill will profit from the different chapters at different levels - nurses, students, residents, consultants, and even experts on volume therapy
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| 47. |
- Zdolsek, Joachim, 1960-
(författare)
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Water physiology in burn victims
- 2000
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Patients who sustain a burn injury of more than 20 - 30 % TBSA will, if untreated, develop burn shock within a couple of hours. Flcid is lost fi·om the vascular compartment due to suction from the interstitium of the wound and due to a generalised increase in vascular permeability. To prevent bum shock intravenous fluids are given during the first two days after a bum in order to ensure adequate organ perfusion. Although organ perfusion will be improved when blood volume is restored, the fluid provided will add to the continuing leak into the tissues. With fluid treatment the patient survives the acute stage, but the resulting oedema interferes with the healing of the burn wound and partially damaged skin may be further compromised.To describe, follow and understand the development of the general oedema in burn injured patients we used four different techniques. Ethanol dilution was used for measurement of total body water (TBW), iohexol dilution in order to estimate extracellular volume (ECV), bioimpedance analysis (BIA) to register TBW as well as electrical membrane properties and the impression method (IM) for the measurement of visco-elastic properties in non-burned tissues. In order to further examine the non-invasive techniques (BIA and IM) these were used in patients subjected to haemodialysis.The excess fluid was found to be accumulated in the extracellular space. Interesting alterations in the visco-clastic properties of the skin and cellular electrical membrane properties could also be detected. These alterations were not related to the actual tluid volume in the tissues. Instead, they were related to changes in the fluid equilibrium of the tissues. Still, one week postbum an excess of tissue fluid, altered cellular electrical membrane properties and changed visco-elastic properties of the skin remained.Albumin supplementation did not influence the amount or distribution of the excess tissue fluid, measured with dilution techniques.
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