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- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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- Li, Fei, et al.
(författare)
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A quantum search based signal detection for MIMO-OFDM systems
- 2011
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Ingår i: 18th International Conference on Telecommunications, ICT 2011. - : IEEE. - 9781457700248 - 9781457700255 ; , s. 276-281
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Multiple input multiple output-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) is considered as candidates for future broadband wireless services. In this paper a novel signal detection scheme based on Grover's quantum search algorithm is proposed for MIMO-OFDM systems. Grover's quantum search algorithm is based on the concept and principles of quantum computing, such as quantum bit, quantum register and quantum parallelism. An analysis is given to the theoretical basis of Grover's algorithm and the performance of Grover's algorithm is evaluated. A novel signal detector based on Grover's algorithm (GD) for MIMO-OFDM system is proposed. The simulation results show that the proposed detector has more powerful properties in bit error rate than MMSE detector and VBLAST-MMSE detector. The performance of the proposed GD detector is close to optimal when the failure probability is 0.001. When the failure probability is 0.00001, the performance of GD detector declines. In this case, our proposed improved Grover's algorithm based detector is still close to the optimal ML detector. The complexity of GD and IGD is O(√N). It's much better than classical ML detector which complexity is O(N).
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| 4. |
- Wei, Zhu, et al.
(författare)
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Injectable and assembled 3D solid structure for free-to-fixed shape in bone reconstruction
- 2020
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Ingår i: Applied Materials Today. - : Elsevier BV. - 2352-9407. ; 21
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is a gap between injectable and scaffold-like bioceramics. Injectable bioactive materials, such as bone cement and hydrogel, are good for minimized surgery, but the extremely low porosity and small pore size limited enhanced bone repair and regeneration. Macroporous bioceramic scaffolds are used because of the controlled pore size and porosity, but not injectable. It's a challenge of preparation of an injectable macroporous ceramic scaffold for minimized bone reconstruction. By using the reversible setting reaction of calcium sulfate and combining a dual setting system with magnesium silicate hydrate, the injectable and assembled 3D porous bioceramic scaffold has been successfully developed. The content of amorphous magnesium silicate hydrate in the dual setting system affected the mechanical strength and degradation. The porous structure could be controlled by the size of granules. The granules can also be used for the fabrication of porous materials with varied shapes and customized structures by using a simple injection process. The biological testing showed good biocompatibility and in vitro osteogenesis. By using the femoral lateral condyle defect model, we can see the granules could be injected into the defect and formed a rigid porous structure in situ, and further presented better new bone formation compared with autologous bone chips. Briefly, we demonstrated the first injectable 3D solid porous ceramic structure for minimized bone repair and free-form shaping.
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