| 1. |
- Thunberg, Sofia, 1994-
(författare)
-
Companion Robots for Older Adults : A Mixed-Methods Approach to Deployments in Care Homes
- 2024
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis explores, through a mixed-methods approach, what happens when companion robots are deployed in care homes for older adults by looking at different perspectives from key stakeholders. Nine studies are presented with decision makers in municipalities, care staff and older adults, as participants, and the studies have primarily been carried out in the field in care homes and activity centres, where both qualitative (e.g., observations and workshops) and quantitative data (surveys) have been collected. The thesis shows that companion robots seem to be here to stay and that they can contribute to a higher quality of life for some older adults. It further presents some challenges with a certain discrepancy between what decision makers want and what staff might be able to facilitate. For future research and use of companion robots, it is key to evaluate each robot model and potential use case separately and develop clear routines for how they should be used, and most importantly, let all stakeholders be part of the process. The knowledge contribution is the holistic view of how different actors affect each other when emerging robot technology is introduced in a care environment.
|
|
| 2. |
- Thellman, Sam
(författare)
-
Social Robots as Intentional Agents
- 2021
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Social robots are robots that are intended for social interaction with people. Because of the societal benefits that they are expected to bring, social robots are likely to become more common. Notably, social robots may be able to perform tasks that require social skills, such as communicating efficiently, coordinating actions, managing relationships, and building trust and rapport. However, robotic systems currently lack most of the technological preconditions for interacting socially. This means that until the necessary technology is developed, humans will have to do most of the work coordinating social interactions with robots. However, social robots are a phenomenon that might also challenge the human ability to interact socially. In particular, the actions of social robots may be less predictable to the ordinary people who will interact with them than the comparable actions of humans. In anticipating the actions of other people, we commonly employ folk-psychological assumptions about what others are likely to believe, want, and intend to do, given the situation that they are in. Folk psychology allows us to make instantaneous, unconscious judgments about the likely actions of others around us, and therefore, to interact socially. However, the application of folk psychology will be challenged in the context of social interaction with robots because of significant differences between humans and robots.This thesis addresses the scope and limits of people's ability to interact socially with robots by treating them as intentional agents, i.e., agents whose behavior is most appropriately predicted by attributing it to underlying intentional states, such as beliefs and desires. The thesis provides an analysis of the problem(s) of attributing behavior-congruent intentional states to robots, with a particular focus on the perceptual belief problem, i.e., the problem of understanding what robots know (and do not know) about objects and events in the environment based on their perception. The thesis presents evidence that people's understanding of robots as intentional agents is important to their ability to interact socially with them but that it may also be significantly limited by (1) the extendability of the rich folk-psychological understanding that people have gained from sociocultural experiences with humans and other social animals to interactions with robots, and (2) the integrability of new experiences with robots into a usable and reasonable accurate folk psychological understanding of them. Studying the formation and application of folk psychology in interactions with robots should therefore be a central undertaking in social robotics research.
|
|
| 3. |
- Lindblom, Jessica, 1969-
(författare)
-
Minding the Body : Interacting socially through embodied action
- 2007
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This dissertation clarifies the role and relevance of the body in social interaction and cognition from an embodied cognitive science perspective. Theories of embodied cognition have during the past two decades offered a radical shift in explanations of the human mind, from traditional computationalism which considers cognition in terms of internal symbolic representations and computational processes, to emphasizing the way cognition is shaped by the body and its sensorimotor interaction with the surrounding social and material world. This thesis develops a framework for the embodied nature of social interaction and cognition, which is based on an interdisciplinary approach that ranges historically in time and across different disciplines. The theoretical framework presents a thorough and integrated understanding that supports and explains the embodied nature of social interaction and cognition. It is argued that embodiment is the part and parcel of social interaction and cognition in the most general and specific ways, in which dynamically embodied actions themselves have meaning and agency. The framework is illustrated by empirical work that provides some detailed observational fieldwork on embodied actions captured in three different episodes of spontaneous social interaction in situ. Besides illustrating the theoretical issues discussed in the thesis, the empirical work also reveals some novel characteristics of embodied action in social interaction and cognition. Furthermore, the ontogeny of social interaction and cognition is considered, in which social scaffolding and embodied experience play crucial roles during child development. In addition, the issue what it would take for an artificial system to be (socially) embodied is discussed from the perspectives of cognitive modeling and technology. Finally, the theoretical contributions and implications of the study of embodied actions in social interaction and cognition for cognitive science and related disciplines are summed up. The practical relevance for applications to artificial intelligence and human-computer interaction is also outlined as well as some aspects for future work.
|
|
| 4. |
- Thellman, Sam, et al.
(författare)
-
In the eyes of the beheld: Do people think that self-driving cars see what human drivers see?
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Companion of the 2023 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction. - New York, NY, USA : Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). - 9781450399708 ; , s. 612-616
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Safe interaction with automated vehicles requires that human road users understand the differences between the capabilities and limitations of human drivers and their artificial counterparts. Here we explore how people judge what self-driving cars versus human drivers can perceive by engaging online study participants in visual perspective taking toward a car pictured in various traffic scenes. The results indicate that people do not expect self-driving cars to differ significantly from human drivers in their capability to perceive objects in the environment. This finding is important because unmet expectations can result in detrimental interaction outcomes, such as traffic accidents. The extent to which people are able to calibrate their expectations remains an open question for future research.
|
|
| 5. |
- Thellman, Sam, et al.
(författare)
-
Lay causal explanations of human vs. humanoid behavior
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents. - Cham : Springer. - 9783319674018 - 9783319674001 ; , s. 433-436
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study used a questionnaire-based method for investigating people's interpretations of behavior exhibited by a person and a humanoid robot, respectively. Participants were given images and verbal descriptions of different behaviors and were asked to judge the plausibility of seven causal explanation types. Results indicate that human and robot behavior are explained similarly, but with some significant differences, and with less agreement in the robot case.
|
|
| 6. |
- Thellman, Sam, et al.
(författare)
-
Out of Sight, Out of Mind? Investigating People's Assumptions About Object Permanence in Self-Driving Cars
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Companion of the 2023 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction. - New York, NY, USA : ACM Digital Library. - 9781450399708 ; , s. 602-606
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Safe and efficient interaction with autonomous road vehicles requires that human road users, including drivers, cyclists, and pedestrians, understand differences between the capabilities and limitations of self-driving vehicles and those of human drivers. In this study, we explore how people judge the ability of self-driving cars versus human drivers to keep track of out-of-sight objects by engaging online study participants in cognitive perspective taking toward a car in an animated traffic scene. The results indicate that people may expect self-driving cars to have similar object permanence capability as human drivers. This finding is important because unmet expectations on autonomous road vehicles can result in undesirable interaction outcomes, such as traffic accidents.
|
|
| 7. |
- Thellman, Sam, et al.
(författare)
-
Social attitudes toward robots are easily manipulated
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the Companion of the 2017 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction. - New York, NY, USA : ACM Digital Library. - 9781450348850 ; , s. 299-300
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Participants in a study concerning social attitudes toward robots were randomly assigned a questionnaire form displaying a non-, semi- or highly anthropomorphic robot as a hidden intervention. Results indicate that asking people about their attitudes toward "robots" in general -- as done in some studies -- is questionable, given that (a) outcomes can vary significantly depending on the type of robot they have in mind, and (b) it is therefore easy to intentionally or unintentionally manipulate results by priming respondents with positive or negative examples.
|
|
| 8. |
- Thellman, Sam, et al.
(författare)
-
Social Attitudes Toward Robots are Easily Manipulated
- 2017
-
Ingår i: HRI’17. - New York, NY, USA : ACM Digital Library. - 9781450348850 ; , s. 299-300
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Participants in a study concerning social attitudes toward robots were randomly assigned a questionnaire form displaying a non-, semi- or highly anthropomorphic robot as a hidden intervention. Results indicate that asking people about their attitudes toward "robots" in general -- as done in some studies -- is questionable, given that (a) outcomes can vary significantly depending on the type of robot they have in mind, and (b) it is therefore easy to intentionally or unintentionally manipulate results by priming respondents with positive or negative examples.
|
|
| 9. |
- Thill, Serge, et al.
(författare)
-
The Role of Intentions in Human-Robot Interaction
- 2017
-
Ingår i: HRI’17. - New York, NY, USA : Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). - 9781450348850 ; , s. 427-428
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- To be able to understand the intentions of other agents is a fundamental prerequisite for engaging in, for instance, instrumental helping or mutual collaboration. In HRI, the challenge is bi-directional: not only does a robot need the ability to infer intentions of humans, but humans also need to infer the intentions of the robot. It is therefore important to be clear about the theoretical frameworks and inherent assumptions underlying technological implementations related to mutual intention understanding. This remains very much an active research area in which further development is necessary. The core purpose of this workshop is to advance the state of the art in this area.
|
|
| 10. |
|
|
| 11. |
- Ziemke, Tom, professor, 1969-, et al.
(författare)
-
How puzzling is the social artifact puzzle?
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Behavioral and Brain Sciences. - 0140-525X .- 1469-1825. ; 46
-
Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this commentary we would like to question (a) Clark and Fischer's characterization of the “social artifact puzzle” – which we consider less puzzling than the authors, and (b) their account of social robots as depictions involving three physical scenes – which to us seems unnecessarily complex. We contrast the authors' model with a more parsimonious account based on attributions.
|
|
| 12. |
- Ziemke, Tom, professor, 1969-
(författare)
-
Understanding Social Robots: Attribution of Intentional Agency to Artificial and Biological Bodies
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Artificial Life. - : MIT Press. - 1064-5462 .- 1530-9185. ; 29:3, s. 351-366
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Much research in robotic artificial intelligence (AI) and Artificial Life has focused on autonomous agents as an embodied and situated approach to AI. Such systems are commonly viewed as overcoming many of the philosophical problems associated with traditional computationalist AI and cognitive science, such as the grounding problem (Harnad) or the lack of intentionality (Searle), because they have the physical and sensorimotor grounding that traditional AI was argued to lack. Robot lawn mowers and self-driving cars, for example, more or less reliably avoid obstacles, approach charging stations, and so on—and therefore might be considered to have some form of artificial intentionality or intentional directedness. It should be noted, though, that the fact that robots share physical environments with people does not necessarily mean that they are situated in the same perceptual and social world as humans. For people encountering socially interactive systems, such as social robots or automated vehicles, this poses the nontrivial challenge to interpret them as intentional agents to understand and anticipate their behavior but also to keep in mind that the intentionality of artificial bodies is fundamentally different from their natural counterparts. This requires, on one hand, a “suspension of disbelief ” but, on the other hand, also a capacity for the “suspension of belief.” This dual nature of (attributed) artificial intentionality has been addressed only rather superficially in embodied AI and social robotics research. It is therefore argued that Bourgine and Varela’s notion of Artificial Life as the practice of autonomous systems needs to be complemented with a practice of socially interactive autonomous systems, guided by a better understanding of the differences between artificial and biological bodies and their implications in the context of social interactions between people and technology.
|
|
