| 1. |
- Armbrecht, John, et al.
(author)
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Covid-19 och hållbara evenemang : Påverkan, anpassning och framtid för evenemang inom idrott och friluftsliv
- 2021
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Reports (pop. science, debate, etc.)abstract
- Evenemangsbranschen kopplad till Sveriges idrotts- och friluftsliv har påverkats kraftigt av pandemin. I det korta perspektivet har tusentals människors jobb och fritid påverkats då aktiviteter uteblivit och evenemang ställts in. De långsiktiga konsekvenserna kan leda till en förändrad syn på hur man i framtiden kommer att resa, delta i evenemang och använda arenor. Detta får i sin tur konsekvenser för miljön. Denna rapport beskriver och analyserar studier gjorda under 2020 för att bättre förstå vilka effekter inställda evenemang har gett upphov till, men också huruvida det finns något i pandemin som kan bidra till mer hållbara evenemang. Studierna utgår från frågorna hur arrangörer och konsumenter påverkas av pandemin, hur alternativa evenemangslösningar kan uppstå och hur erfarenheterna kan tillvaratas efter pandemin. Rapporten bygger dels på tidigare forskning, dels på en enkät som skickats ut av Riksidrottsförbundet till samtliga anslutna föreningar våren 2020 (n=3 513), och på en enkät som Visit Stockholm och Göteborg & Co skickade till svensk allmänhet hösten 2020 (n=3 159). En stor del av idrottsutövandet i Sverige sker i organiserad form i någon av landets idrottsföreningar. För föreningarna och utövandet är evenemang centrala, och upp emot 90 procent av alla intäkter som föreningarna förlorat under pandemins första våg kan kopplas till uteblivna evenemang. Det är givetvis en varierande grad av intäktsbortfall, men hårdast drabbade i ekonomiska termer är ishockeyn och fotbollen. De största intäktsbortfallen vid uteblivna evenemang kan kopplas till anmälningsavgifter, biljettintäkter, sponsormedel och försäljning. Men, det blir också tydligt att det finns påtagliga negativa effekter som inte i första hand rör ekonomi. Vanliga icke-ekonomiska effekter är medlemstapp, liksom att färre aktiviteter leder till ökad fysisk och psykisk ohälsa, försämrad integration samt att idrotten inte längre får samma möjlighet att sprida glädje och gemenskap. Föreningarna framhåller behoven av ekonomiskt stöd men efterfrågar också stödbehov kopplat till att tolka riktlinjer, driva enskilda frågor gentemot ii myndigheter och andra, förnya evenemangen och inte minst hjälp med marknadsföring i tider när evenemangen startar upp igen. Enkäten som under hösten riktades till den svenska allmänheten visar att många kände sig negativt påverkade av inställda evenemang och ansåg att deras livskvalitet påverkats negativt. Evenemang ligger nära livsstil för många besökare och i rapporten diskuteras begreppet serious leisure där evenemang konstateras påverka människors vardag före, under och efter själva evenemanget. De flesta respondenter anser att digitala evenemang inte helt kan ersätta de evenemang där man träffas fysiskt. Dock anger var femte respondent att digitala evenemang helt eller delvis kan vara ett fullgott alternativ för framtiden vilket är en stor framtida utmaning och möjlighet både kommersiellt och miljömässigt. Pandemin har ökat medvetenheten om trygghet och säkerhet. I rapporten konstateras att det finns en rad åtgärder som arrangörer kan vidta för att möta besökares oro och farhågor. Utöver handsprit, närvarande publikvärdar och annat efterfrågas också större avstånd till andra besökare. Detta kan innebära en utveckling med fler evenemang men med färre besökare. Studien synliggör miljömässiga effekter där det kortsiktigt blivit ett minskat eller uteblivet resande på grund av inställda evenemang. Relativt få arrangörer har jobbat med att anpassa sina evenemang till distansoberoende genom exempelvis streaming eller andra digitala tjänster. På längre sikt konstateras dock pandemin kunna leda till att hela eller delar av evenemang anpassas till ett digitalt format, vilket kan innebära minskat resande och minskad miljöbelastning. Det kan också leda till ett ändrat användande av den infrastruktur som kopplas till evenemang, exempelvis minskat eller ändrat beroende av arenor. Sammantaget kan det konstateras att miljöfrågorna får står tillbaka under en brinnande kris som en pandemi utgör. Fokus ligger på verksamheternas överlevnad, akuta åtgärder och uthållighet. Men såväl direkt som indirekt kan pandemin påverka svenskars evenemangsbeteende. Detta ändrade beteende kan i sin tur påverka miljön både direkt och indirekt. Mer kunskap på området är nödvändig på väg mot målet och mer hållbara evenemang.
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| 2. |
- Armbrecht, John, et al.
(author)
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Swedish Sports Clubs and Events during the Covid-19 Pandemic: Impacts and Responses
- 2021
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In: Crisis Management and Recovery for Events: Impacts and Strategies. - Oxford : Goodfellow Publishers. - 9781911635901 ; , s. 193-212
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Sweden has 10 million inhabitants of which more than 30% are members of at least one sports club. Typically, sports clubs are organized under the Swedish Sports Confederation (Riksidrottsförbundet). On a national level, approximately 19,000 sports clubs exist, distributed over 72 specialist sports federations. Each club usually stages one or several sport events every year. For example, specialist sports federations organize all championships at national and international levels. From a sports club perspective, these events constitute important sources of income. From a societal perspective, clubs and events create considerable economic impacts, foster public health, and facilitate integration contributing with substantial social values (Brown et al., 2015; Pettersson & Wallstam, 2017; Wallstam, Ioannides, & Pettersson, 2020). During the Covid-19 pandemic, most governments restricted individuals’ possibilities for gatherings and movements. On March 12th the Swedish government responded to the pandemic by limiting the number of participants to events to no more than 500 people. Starting March 29th gatherings were limited to 50 people. During the end of year 2020 and the second virus wave, further actions were taken. The government limited the number of visitors and participants to eight people. These restrictions had considerable negative effects on many sport-related activities, events, and thus clubs.
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| 3. |
- Armbrecht, John, et al.
(author)
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Swedish Sports Clubs and Events during the Covid-19 Pandemic: Impacts and Responses
- 2021
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In: Crisis Management and Recovery of events. - : Goodfellow Publishers. - 9781911635901 - 9781911635918 - 9781911635925 ; , s. 193-212
-
Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Reveals how to effectively manage events in times of crisis, and leveraging events for post-disaster recovery. The volume brings together theoretical and practical insights in order to set up a robust ground for effective crisis management and recovery strategies of events.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Eskilsson, Lena, et al.
(author)
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The practice of targeting visitors to urban destinations – a critical discussion of DMOs information strategies
- 2018
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- How do you attract visitors to your city? How do you manage to be visible in the information flow for potential visitors? Urban Destination Marketing Organisations (DMO) operate in a fast changing environment with ongoing challenges to face. Digitalisation is one of the issues that DMOs have to handle. As a result, we can see that many tourism offices are closed down in Sweden. However, has new technology entirely changed tourists’ information search, as is sometime suggested? In this paper, we discuss an ongoing project about how to target tourist information material to different tourists segments, and the value tourists inscribe to them. The project is carried out in collaboration with the DMO in the city of Helsingborg, which is an illustrative example of the issues above. The methods used are mapping of tourism information strategies and materials, interviews with different members of staff at the DMO and visitor groups in Helsingborg. The interviews with visitors consist both of short interviews in the city and of in-depth interviews where we together with the respondents discuss examples of analogue and digital tourism information material. The project will contribute with enhanced knowledge about how tourist value information sources and possible tourist information strategies for urban DMOs.
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| 7. |
- Eskilsson, Lena, et al.
(author)
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The whys or why nots of visiting a place: information search at home and en route
- 2018
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- We will present results from a recently completed research project financed by BFUF (the R&D Fund of the Swedish Tourism & Hospitality Industry). We have explored German tourists and how they search for tourist information at home and while travelling in Sweden. The overall aim was to understand how tourists’ information search behaviour affects the choice of attractions. The project has been carried out in collaboration with the municipalities of Ystad and Vimmerby, where we have interviewed German tourists. Another method we have used is questionnaires that were sent out to Germans via Visit Sweden’s Newsletter and Facebook page. The third method used is experiments where Germans have searched for on-line information at home for a fictive trip to either Ystad or Vimmerby. The results clearly show that tourist information search behaviour is quite similar at home and en route. We see a mix of old and new sources rather than the Internet replacing the old ones. Traditional information sources like guidebooks and maps are therefore still highly relevant. A further result is the value inscribed to personal meetings, whether it takes place with local people, staff at tourist information centres, or other tourists. However, while tourists are interested in information, there is a fine balance between information need and information overload. Tourists value spontaneity and adventure, which too much information may hinder. Finally, yes - tourists are digital, but there is also an active resistance to digital connection while travelling. In the creation of tourist information material, it is therefore essential to include the values and possibilities of being adventurous, spontaneous and digitally disconnected.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Hultman, Johan, et al.
(author)
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Resourcification and Tourism
- 2024
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In: The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Tourism.
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)
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| 11. |
- Malm, Joakim, et al.
(author)
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UTVÄRDERING AV SI-VERKSAMHETEN VID LUNDS UNIVERSITET 2016/17
- 2017
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Samverkansinlärning/Supplemental Instruction (SI) är en pedagogisk metod som syftar till att öka genomströmningen i svåra kurser. Metoden uppstod i USA vid University of Missouri Kansas City i mitten på 1970-talet och har därefter spridits till mer än 1500 högre lärosäten i ett trettiotal länder (Martin, 2008). Kort kan SI sägas vara ett studentdrivet komplement till ordinarie undervisning vid högre utbildning. Material i en kurs bearbetas tillsammans i en studiegrupp genom diskussion och grupparbeten under ledning av en äldre student – den s.k. SI-ledaren. Samverkansinlärning kom till Lunds universitet 1994 och har fått stor spridning på universitetet. Lund universitet utgör också ett nav för SI både i Sverige (SI finns på ca 15 svenska högre lärosäten) och i Europa och är också platsen för det nordeuropeiska SI-centret som ansvarar för utbildning och uppföljning i området på uppdrag av det internationella SI-centret i USA. Denna rapport sammanfattar resultaten från en utvärdering av SI-verksamheten vid Lunds universitet under läsåret 2016/17. SI-programmet vid Lunds universitet är omfattande med verksamhet på sex av universitetets fakulteter. Totalt har vi årligen ca 230 verksamma SIledare i ett sjuttiotal kurser. Organisationen av SI varierar mellan de olika fakulteterna. En ytterlighet finns vid LTH och naturvetenskaplig fakultet där verksamheten är starkt centraliserad. Den andra ytterligheten är vid samhällsvetenskaplig fakultet där SI-verksamheten är decentraliserad till de olika ämnena. Det som förenar de olika verksamhetsansvariga är den entusiasm som finns för SI-konceptet samt de dedikerade studenter som är SI-ledare. Närvaron på SI-möten är relativt god. Totalt har vi över 4000 studenter vid Lunds universitet som nyttjar SI varje år och en närvaro kring 30 % av kursregistrerade i snitt. Antalet deltagare på ett SI-möte ligger kring 10 i medeltal med en standardavvikelse kring 5 studenter, vilket ger goda förutsättningar för produktiva SI-möten generellt sett. De utvärderingar som gjorts av sambandet mellan SI-närvaro och kursresultat antyder att aktivt deltagande på SI ökar chanserna till ett bra resultat på kursen oavsett ämne. En specialundersökning i en kurs i matematik antyder också att alla studenter verkar gynnas av att gå på SI oavsett förkunskapsnivå. Enkätutvärderingar bland deltagarna antyder att den främsta drivkraften att delta på SI är att förstå kursmaterialet oavsett ämne och fakultet. Strategiska motiv som att klara kursen är normalt underordnade även om detta varierar beroende på fakultet/ämne. Det är roligt att konstatera att studiesocial interaktion mestadels värderas högt som motiv att delta på SI. Arbetsmiljön på SI upplevs som bra (lätt att fråga, lättsam, positiv och stödjande atmosfär samt lagom tempo) och generellt verkar mötena följa SI-metodiken väl. Oavsett fakultet verkar majoriteten av deltagarna känna att SI-mötena hjälper dem i deras kursarbete. De får en bättre förståelse av vad som förväntas av dem i kursen, ett ökat intresse för ämnet samt stöd i kursarbetet. De allra flesta verkar känna att de får en betydligt djupare förståelse för det kursmaterial man går igenom på SI-mötena. Dessutom upplever många att de sannolikt kommer att förbättra sitt kursresultat genom deltagande på SI. Detta antagande stödjs också som nämnts ovan av SI-närvaro och examinationsstatistik från kurser och ju högre SI närvaro desto bättre verkar det gå oavsett ämnesområde. Att döma av deltagarnas enkätsvar är det inte bara kursen med tillhörande SI som gynnas av SI-deltagande. Flera generella färdigheter tränas som bör gynna studenter i studier i andra kurser utan SI. Många deltagare upplever att färdigheter som problemlösningsförmåga, kritiskt tänkande, lagsamverkan och samarbete, presentation inför andra och sätt att studera utvecklats genom att delta på SI. Dessutom får flera ett förbättrat självförtroende i sina studier samt ett ökat nätverk av studiekamrater. Tidigare studier vid LTH antyder att de som deltagit på SI också presterar bättre i andra kurser utan SI och att de är mindre benägna att göra studieavbrott och tar ut examen i högre utsträckning (Malm, Bryngfors, & Mörner, 2012; Malm, Bryngfors, & Mörner, 2015; Malm, Bryngfors, & Fredriksson, 2017). Deltagarnas svar på frågan med ”Vad tycker du är det bästa med SI-mötena?” betonar möjligheten till diskussion och social interaktion, en god studiemiljö samt förståelseinriktad studietid. Detta gäller oavsett ämnesområde. Vad kan då förbättras med SI-mötena? Några antyder att strukturen/effektiviteten på mötena kan vara bristande. Detta kan i sin tur bero av att stödet för SI-ledare i form av observationer och handledning inte alltid fungerar som det skall. Detta är något att titta närmare på inom universitetet. Annat som kan förbättras med SI-verksamheten är att man vill ha fler möten, mer tid till mötena eller bättre schematider. Internationellt anses det ofta att SI-ledarna är de största ”vinnarna” i SI-konceptet pga de ledarskaps- och grupphanteringsfärdigheter de erhåller. Detta antyds även i enkätutvärderingarna för SI-ledare vid Lunds universitet. SI-ledarna verkar dessutom få ett bättre självförtroende, djupare förståelse av kursämnet samt bli bättre på att prata inför andra. Både deltagare och SI-ledare är generellt nöjda med sina möten.
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| 12. |
- Mieli, Micol, et al.
(author)
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Phygital time geography, or: what about technology in tourists' space-time behaviour?
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In: Tourism Geographies. - 1461-6688.
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The paper argues for the renewed relevance of time geography in tourism in light of the use of mobile technologies and ubiquitous connectivity. The paper proposes the concept of phygitality to understand how digital technologies are used in physical space, and how the interaction between the physical and the digital reconfigures tourists’ projects, paths, bundles, and constraints. The theoretical contribution builds on fifteen semi-structured interviews. The analysis shows that capability, coupling, and authority constraints are altered and mediated by digital devices. In the phygital time-space, tourists orient themselves in physical spaces, influenced by digital information; they create phygital paths and move between stations that result from the overlaying of digital information onto the physical space. Tourists’ goal-oriented mobility results in phygital projects, where logics of efficiency and optimization reduce the liminality of the tourist experience. Tourists’ bundles are created within and outside the physical vacation prism through digital communication.
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| 13. |
- Mieli, Micol, et al.
(author)
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Tourist information channels as consumer choice: the value of tourist guidebooks in the digital age
- 2020
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In: Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1502-2250 .- 1502-2269. ; 20:1, s. 28-48
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The present research aims at understanding the value of travel guidebooks as an object of consumption in the context of the digital age. It does so by applying a consumer value perspective to an object that has traditionally been studied as an information channel or as a cultural text and not as an object of consumption. Holbrook’s consumer value framework was adopted to identify the value dimensions associated with guidebooks, and the underlying reasons for their use. Given the explorative nature of the study, a qualitative study design was chosen, and fifteen in-depth interviews were conducted. The results suggest that the use and value of guidebooks are strongly connected to emerging Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). Information needs are evolving due to technological development: the constant availability of online information has caused the temporal dimension of tourists’ information needs to shift so that decisions can be postponed until right before consumption, making information search more serendipitous. Several types of value were identified which go beyond information needs, and they are: efficiency, excellence, play, aesthetics, status, esteem, spirituality and ethics.
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| 14. |
- Müller, Dieter K., 1968-, et al.
(author)
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Naherholung und tourismus an der Schwedischen ostseeküste : [Recreation and tourism along the Swedish Baltic Sea coast]
- 2022
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In: Geographische Rundschau. - Braunschweig : Westermann Schulbuchverlag GmbH. - 0016-7460. ; 74:11, s. 28-31
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Die schwedische Küste streckt sich über mehr als 2000 Kilometer von Haparanda an der finnischen Grenze bis nach Strömstad, an der Grenze zu Norwegen. Die Küstenzone beinhaltet mit 5 Millionen Menschen mehr als die Hälfte aller Einwohner des Landes und viele wichtige Wirtschaftsstandorte. Die Küste streckt sich von der kühlgemäßigten bis zur kaltgemäßigten Klimazone des Nordens, wo die Ostsee mehrere Wintermonate zugefroren ist. Auch die Tourismus- und Freizeitperspektive spiegelt diese geographischen Unterschiede wider, was im Folgenden durch drei Beispiele von Nord nach Süd illustriert wird.
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| 15. |
- Müller, Dieter K., et al.
(author)
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Naherholung und Tourismus an der schwedischen Ostseeküste
- 2022
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In: Geographische Rundschau. - 0016-7460. ; 74:11, s. 28-31
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The Baltic Sea coast is a primary recreation and tourism space for both the Swedish population and incoming tourists, not least from neighbouring countries. Depending on the geographical preconditions, activities in the littoral zone comprise both typical beach activities and boating, and bohemian lifestyle. Second homes are a common form of accommodation, attracting Swedes to the shore during summer and wintertime.
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| 16. |
- Müller, Dieter K., et al.
(author)
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Recreation and tourism along the Swedish Baltic Sea coast
- 2022
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In: Geographische Rundschau. - 0016-7460. ; 74:11, s. 28-31
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The Baltic Sea coast is a primary recreation and tourism space for both the Swedish population and incoming tourists, not least from neighbouring countries. Depending on the geographical preconditions, activities in the littoral zone comprise both typical beach activities and boating, and bohemian lifestyle. Second homes are a common form of accommodation, attracting Swedes to the shore during summer and wintertime.
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| 17. |
- Nilsson, Jan-Henrik, et al.
(author)
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Free Guided Tours : Storytelling as a means of glocalizing urban places
- 2020
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In: Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1502-2250 .- 1502-2269. ; 20:3, s. 286-301
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This article poses the question of how storytelling takes place in free guided tours. It aims to explore guides’ contributions to the glocalization of urban places. Theoretically, the study departs from the concepts of glocalization, place, and storytelling. Empirically, it builds on data from Copenhagen, Berlin, Warsaw and Tallinn, collected by means of participant observations and document studies. Results show that storytelling in free guided tours is based on recognizable narratives from the twentieth century. These in turn, relate both to local urban and to national histories. Likewise, storytelling is influenced by global influences formed by free guided tours as an international business model. Global influences are embodied in the guides, whose biographies accentuate their international experience as travellers. Their guiding practices have a strong influence on the practice of history. They have the power to choose attractions, movements, and stories. In the end, new forms of guiding practices and storytelling emerge. Important factors for this are: the collaborative business model, internationally experienced guides, guests’ previous knowledge, and the cities’ local context. The practices combine local context and cosmopolitan culture and thereby contribute to the glocalization of urban places.
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| 18. |
- Nilsson, Jan-Henrik, et al.
(author)
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There is no such thing as a free walk : Spatial implications of shared guiding developments
- 2018
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The sharing economy has many faces, and it has taken our societies by storm. For many people, it has quickly become a norm to book accommodation via AirBnB, or to think sharing instead of owning when it comes to products of their everyday lives. The tourism industry has seen many adaptions towards a sharing economy, one of them being a new way of conducting guided tours. Based on an innovation in Berlin 2003, there are now several organisations around the globe that offer guided tours without an official fee, but with tips instead. Such organisations use the Internet as a platform both externally, by addressing new customer groups, and internally, by working effectively across space to direct and develop the own administration. In a previous study, free walking tours in Copenhagen have been studied, showing that such organisations have the power to strongly influence the guiding industry, as we know it. The tours enjoy great popularity not only among young and cost-conscious travellers, but increasingly among mature visitors as well. On a typical day during high season, there are hundreds of visitors who take part in the tours that start at the town hall square in Copenhagen.Experiences from the Copenhagen free walking tours and related services in Northern Europe bring forward a number of issues related to the impact of shared tourism services on the local environment:• Spatial patterns of urban tourist mobility. Do alternative tourism innovations create alternative tourism landscapes?• Diffusion of innovations. How do successful models of shared tourism services influence the development of similar services elsewhere?• The importance of social media for marketing shared tourism experiences. Is visibility the new tourism currency? If yes, how does it affect the quality of experiences?• Values of professional local knowledge. Is the craft of professional guiding being re-negotiated or even devalued as a result of shared guiding?• Bubbles of cosmopolitan non-space. Is the creation of globalised elite networks in major cities a challenge to local and national integration? Could this be related to the current political situation in Europe?The common denominator among these issues lie in the interplay between global forces and different aspects of localness. Global technological, economic, and cultural forces will inevitably influence the development of new tourism spaces, at the same time as local phenomena may be shared on a global scale creating new glocal experiences. The question is whether we are facing increased plurality or a higher degree of homegenisation. Is diversity increasing in global tourism, or does sharing economies in tourism represent ”the end of tourism as we know it” and the rise of global middleclassness?
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| 19. |
- Pettersson, Robert, et al.
(author)
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Time and space in event behaviour : Tracking visitors by GPS
- 2011
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In: Tourism Geographies. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1461-6688 .- 1470-1340. ; 13:1, s. 1-20
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Research on tourist mobility in combination with the tourists' experiences has been rare to date. Previous studies focusing on the activities of tourists in time and space have most often used the method of time-space diaries. However, an important flaw in this method is that these recordings depend on the respondents' personal observations and notes. This disadvantage is avoided by using Global Positioning Systems (GPS) devices, which record their carriers' movements directly, thus replacing personal notes. This new method was used to study the time-space movements of visitors during the Biathlon World Championships 2008 in Östersund, Sweden. In addition to the GPS devices, questionnaires were used to study the tourists' movements and experiences. In trying to combine methods to support the event analysis, the aim of the study is to evaluate the practicability of GPS devices during an out-door sports event. Movements and experiences in time and space are studied. In order to answer questions regarding the visitors' movements on a macro-level, these methods were combined with bird's-eye view photographs taken of the race arena every minute. The overall results of this study thereby contribute to our understanding of time space movements. The questionnaires offer comprehensive background information about the participants and their experiences, although some modifications will have to be made in future studies. The information provided by the photographs substantially complements the itineraries collected by means of GPS. © 2011 Taylor & Francis.
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| 20. |
- Widtfeldt Meged, Jane, et al.
(author)
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Disruptive Network Innovation in Free Guided Tours
- 2018
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In: Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1502-2250 .- 1502-2269. ; 18:3, s. 303-318
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This article provides an analysis on how disruptive innovation is spurred by the dynamics of digital and analogue networks in the sharing economy. The analysis builds on a free guided tour company in Copenhagen. Data is collected in a bottom-up reiterative process, drawing on theories on disruptive innovation and network theory. Between 2013 and 2016, one of the free tour companies in Copenhagen was followed by means of participant observations, interviews with tour guides and interpretation of online documents. Results show that free guided tours based on tips alone and orchestrated within the frame of the sharing economy are not merely a product innovation. More importantly, they entail disruptive market innovations that circumvent traditional industry structures and ultimately produce disruptive organizational innovations where trust in network is the crux. Free guided-tour companies operate as communitarian organizations in extractive business models, and they are game changers in the field of guided tours, and ultimately in the field of tourism.
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Zakrisson, Ingrid, 1957-, et al.
(author)
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Emotions in motion: tourist experiences in time and space
- 2012
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In: Current Issues in Tourism. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1368-3500 .- 1747-7603. ; 15:6, s. 505-523
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The use of Global Positioning System (GPS) technology enables the study of tourists’ activities and movement patterns in real time. But what does this information tell us about tourists’ subjective experiences? The present paper accounts for the results from four case studies: two event studies and two destination studies. Two of these took place in the wintertime, and two in the summertime. Visitors carried a GPS device for one day, after which they answered a brief questionnaire. A total of 241 visitors participated in the study. Based on cluster analyses of distance measures calculated from the GPS data, several movement patterns were revealed. Three of these, labelled Main attraction visitors, Wanderers, and Specialists, emerged in all four cases. The reported experiences differed between the clusters, especially concerning negative experiences. In the destination studies, the clusters differed with regard to what was considered a negative experience, while in the event studies, the clusters differed with regard to how the tourists responded emotionally to their experiences. The authors conclude that GPS technology is a promising tool for tourism research but that, if one is to gain a full understanding of tourists’ experiences and mobility, it ought to be combined with other methods.
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Zillinger, Malin
(author)
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A spatial approach on tourists’ travel routes in Sweden
- 2005
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Bakgrund Destinationer och deras attraktioner har varit föremål för omfattande forskning. Detta gäller emellertid inte de olika förfl yttningar som görs under en resa. Förfl yttningarna görs inte bara till och från en destination, utan också på själva destinationen. Under de sista åren har så kalllade multidestinationsresor blivit allt populärare, där turister reser från en plats till en annan längs en resrutt. I denna studie har turisters olika förfl yttningar i Sverige undersökts. Som målgrupp har tyska bilturister valts, som utgör en av de viktigaste inkommande besöksgrupperna när det gäller fl erdagsresor. I studien ingår både turister som gör en rundresa genom Sverige, och de som bor på en och samma plats och gör dagsutfl ykter därifrån. Syfte och metod Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur typiska resrutter ser ut och vilka faktorer som påverkar dessa. Vidare analyseras turisternas resvana i Sverige samt resans längd. Även frågan om det fi nns återkommande resmönster, som sker oberoende av attraktionerna, belyses. Data har samlats in med hjälp av resdagböcker som 70-talet tyska bilturister skrev under sin resa genom Sverige. Varje dag skrev de ned hur långt de körde, var och varför de stannade och vilka aktiviteter de deltog i. Dessutom ritade de upp sin dagliga resrutt på en karta. Datainsamlingen gjordes under sommaren 2004. Resultat Resultaten visar att de fl esta turisterna reser enligt en viss rytm, oberoende av attraktioner som besöks. Antalet tidigare besök i Sverige påverkar inte den individuella rytmen. Däremot visar det sig att ett större antal tidigare besök i Sverige ökar benägenheten att resa längre norrut. Tiden som turisten spenderar i Sverige är en viktig faktor för dagliga förfl yttning. Turister som är i Sverige kortare tid reser inte kortare total körsträcka, utan kompenserar en kortare vistelsetid med längre dagliga körsträckor.
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| 32. |
- Zillinger, Malin, et al.
(author)
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Does method matter? : Understanding experience data collected through different mobile techniques
- 2017
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In: E-Review of Tourism Research. - 1941-5842. ; 14:3/4, s. 149-166
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Knowledge on the influence of methods on research outcomes is scarce within experience studies. In this study, GPS devices were compared to smartphones to collect experience data in theme parks. Departing from the relevance of epistemology, it was assumed that the choice of method influences the results. We show that data collection modalities themselves influence empirical results when it comes to the number of reported experiences and their level of conveyed detail. The reported categories however are similar among the methods. We can also show that, and in which way, method choice influences the outcome of studies related to experiences.
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| 33. |
- Zillinger, Malin, et al.
(author)
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Experimenting with experiments 2.0: using mixed methods to learn about information search behavior
- 2017
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This presentation discusses an ongoing research project that aims to collect data about the practice of information search. It seeks to learn more about different ways in which tourist information is collected at different stages of a journey. Speaking to tourism planners and reading tourism research, it seems as if the digitalization of information has completely changed tourists’ information search behavior. But is this really the case – have analog sources become irrelevant to tourists? In order to capture these processes we set out on a mixed methods approach, investigating Germans’ information search behavior on their way to and through Sweden. Interviews are combined with questionnaires and experiments.We initially interviewed tourists visiting the municipalities of Ystad and Vimmerby, and asked about the information sources that were relevant for the choice of place. In a second stage, we sent out questionnaires about information search behavior before and during travel, respectively. In a third stage, we include an experiment in which potential tourists plan a trip to Sweden via their computers at home. The task is to prepare a two-day-visit to Ystad or Vimmerby. The experiment enables us to both see the subjects’ movements, and to hear their comments. By this, we can learn how information search in the Internet is actually done. We argue that in a rapidly changing world, we also need a change and broadening use of methods in tourism research, and this experiment is one way of doing this.
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| 34. |
- Zillinger, Malin, et al.
(author)
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Free guided tours
- 2022
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In: Encyclopedia of Tourism Management and Marketing.
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)
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| 35. |
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| 36. |
- Zillinger, Malin
(author)
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Germans’ tourist behaviour in Sweden
- 2008
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In: Tourism. - Zagreb : Institut za turizam. - 1332-7461 .- 1849-1545. ; 56:2, s. 143-158
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Tourism research has identified a number of factors that influence tourist behaviour, among them socio-demographic characteristics and the number of previous visits. This article argues that also tourists' spatial mobility, the time period within the holiday, the characteristics of the places visited, and the access to information act as important determinants for the level and choice of tourist activities. Focus in this analysis is lying on German car tourists in Sweden. For this study, a combination of methodologies is employed. This includes travel diaries on access to information as well as on type, place and length of activities, which were written by the respondents during their holiday in Sweden, and personal interviews, which were carried out after the respondents had returned home. Tourist behaviour was found to be similar to the respondents' behaviour at home, and place in combination with a limited time period and the absence of externally imposed routines was a major factor for this. In general, tourists took part in an activity for a relatively short period time before moving on. The level of spatial mobility was found to positively influence the level of tourist activity, and was to a great part responsible for the succession of activities. The time period within the holiday did not specifically influence activities, but so did access to tourist information, which affected the choice and duration of activities. Guidebooks were found to constitute the most important tourist information for the analysed tourist group.
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| 38. |
- Zillinger, Malin
(author)
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Guidebooks and the city
- 2007
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In: Guided tours and the city - proceedings. ; , s. 8-9
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)
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| 39. |
- Zillinger, Malin, 1975-
(author)
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Guided tourism : the role of guidebooks in German tourist behaviour in Sweden
- 2007
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Tourism is a spatial phenomenon. Tourist behaviour on-site is not only dependent on the destination itself, but also on the situation in other places, tourists’ spatial mobility and access to information. On the basis of this argument, the whole tourism system is taken into account in this thesis. The aim is to analyse the interplay between mobility, tourist behaviour and guidebooks. The focus lies on German tourists in Sweden. Due to the importance of guidebooks to this visitor group, the thesis concentrates particularly on guidebooks as source of information.In the first article, power relations that steer the selection of Swedish tourist sites in German guidebooks are analysed. The results show that the selection of tourist sites is dependent on personal, editorial, geographical, economic and tourism-sociological factors. The production of information is dependent on a complex web of power relations, the core of which is constituted by authors, publishers and readers.In the second article, the content in German guidebooks on Sweden is analysed. Besides Stockholm and Northern Lapland, the regions presented most frequently are usually located in the south of the country. It is found that guidebooks influence German tourists’ choices of tourist sites in Sweden, and that this influence increases with the distance from Germany. The study also shows that guidebooks contribute to constructing tourism space and providing places with meaning.In the third article, it is shown that information and time availability influence tourist mobility. The existence of an individual travel rhythm is confirmed, which is defined as a travel pattern that is independent of the tourist sites that are visited. It includes, among other things, long travel distances the first and last days of the holiday, a short first stay-over, the longest stay in the region with the greatest distance from home, and a relation between the length of stay at one place and the distance covered when departing.In the last article, tourist behaviour is analysed. The results dispel the predominant impression in current tourism discourse that states that tourists are continually active during their holidays. It is found that the major difference between home and tourist behaviour is not constituted by the activities themselves, but by a difference in place, followed by a slower pace in which activities are performed and a limited time period. Spatial mobility, the characteristics of place and access to information all influence tourist behaviour on-site.In conclusion, it is found that tourist information, mobility and behaviour on the spot are closely connected. Tourists consume the tourism space created in guidebooks, and recreate this space when travelling, as they choose individually how to respond to the information provided. Actors, places and tourist structures all exist in relation to each other. For the resulting behaviour in place, this means that it is not only the supply at the destination that is important, but also the situation in tourists’ home regions and along their travel routes.
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| 40. |
- Zillinger, Malin, et al.
(author)
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Guided tours and tourism
- 2012
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In: Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism. - Abingdon : Routledge. - 1502-2250 .- 1502-2269. ; 12:1, s. 1-7
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)
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| 41. |
- Zillinger, Malin
(author)
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Hybrid tourist information search German tourists' combination of digital and analogue information channels
- 2020
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In: Tourism and Hospitality Research. - : SAGE Publications. - 1467-3584 .- 1742-9692. ; 20:4, s. 510-510
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In a rapidly digitalizing world, both tourism actors and researchers are striving to keep pace with developments in tourist information search. This is not an easy task, as research results are pointing at different directions. Moreover, while tourism research is indicating the importance of analogue and digital information sources in parallel, tourism actors focus mainly on digital development. This does not make sense. This study aims to contribute to the academic debate on the importance and combination of information channels. The paper is based on a multi-method approach including surveys and interviews. Results show that tourists are hybrid information searchers who are loyal to their information channels and who dismiss too much of information. Empirically, the study is based on German tourists in Sweden.
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| 42. |
- Zillinger, Malin, et al.
(author)
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Information search in tourism
- 2022
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In: Encyclopedia of Tourism Management and Marketing.
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)
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| 43. |
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| 44. |
- Zillinger, Malin, et al.
(author)
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Learning on guided tours: historical perspectives
- 2022
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In: Tourism, knowledge and learning : Conceptual development and case studies - Conceptual development and case studies. - London : Routledge. ; , s. 40-57
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)
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| 45. |
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| 46. |
- Zillinger, Malin, et al.
(author)
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Målinriktad informationssökning till olika besökargrupper i Helsingborg : Slutrapport
- 2019
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Reports (pop. science, debate, etc.)abstract
- Rapporten belyser resultaten från ett Plattformsfinansierat projekt som löpt från 2018 till 2019 med syfte att undersöka dels olika besökares informationsbeteende i Helsingborg, dels vilket värde besökarna tillskriver de olika informationskanalerna. Frågan är hur vi kan förstå besökarna i ett allt mer digitalt sammanhang. Vilka informationskanaler är intressanta för besökarna och vilket värde tillskrivs de olika kanalerna? Studiens resultat utgår från de personer vi har träffat under vår empiriinsamling. Vi har utfört intervjuer med såväl inhemska som internationella besökare i Helsingborg, med personal på Visit Helsingborg och med aktörer på stadens InfoPoints. Majoriteten av besökarna till Helsingborg var på genomresa eller ett kortare dagsbesök i staden. Detta påverkar deras behov av turistinformation. Det framgick tydligt att det är ett lågt intresse för information hos inhemska besökare. Ett undantag är praktisk information gällande parkering, shopping och liknande. Det är tydligt att besökare fortfarande använder en blandning av analoga och digitala informationskanaler där till exempel papperskartan fortfarande är högt eftertraktad. Även det personliga mötet via de mobila turismenheterna är något som uppskattas mycket av besökarna. För personalen blir det en möjlighet att erbjuda ett gott värdskap och att ge ett mervärde för besökarna. Trots digitalisering kvarstår således behovet av den personliga kontakten. För att skapa värde är det också viktigt att informationskanalen är trovärdig. Ett sätt att bli trovärdig är att skapa sitt informationsmaterial själv. Det är aktörerna på platsen som upplevs som mest kunniga gällande platsen. En utmaning är också hur Visit Helsingborg kan bli mer synliga för att nå de icke digitala besökarna.
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