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- Mathanlal, Thasshwin
(författare)
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Development of robotic instruments and techniques for space and astrobiological exploration and research
- 2020
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Astrobiology is the study of life in the universe. The search for life beyond the Earth requires an understanding of the signatures of life, and of the nature of the environments that support it. Space exploration is a crucial factor to achieve these goals. The PhD thesis focusses on developing novel techniques for astrobiological and Earth exploration. It includes instrument prototyping, validation and calibration of a flight-ready space in-strument.This thesis explains the development of four instruments namely 1) KORE – a robotic exploration rover designed for subsurface analogue planetary explorations; 2) InXSpace3D – a 3D mapping payload for biogeomorphological analysis based on a com-mercial RGB-D camera and an open-source algorithm; 3) S3ME2 – a self-sustainable environmental monitoring station capable of withstanding harsh environments on Earth; and 4) PACKMAN – a space weather monitoring instrument. The instruments are devoted to: 1) the spatial exploration and characterization (KORE and InXSpace3D) of a potentially habitable environment and 2) the monitorization of the rapidly vary-ing environmental variables that may affect life (S3ME2 and PACKMAN), its evolution and preservation. The instruments are developed according to the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) Ladder and a cost and time effective methodology which maximizes the use of Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) components and Open source software.The thesis also discusses the bioburden sterilization and control procedure of some of the sensors on the flight-ready space Instrument HABIT (HabitAbility: Brines, Irradi-ation and Temperature), that will be part of the ExoMars 2022 mission. Again, a COTS and an open source software-based approach has been used in these higher TRL level procedures. This demonstrates the fact that such an engineering approach can benefit the scientific community by developing instruments with a minimal investment of time and resources without compromising the scientific quality of the instrument. The thesis concludes with the adaptation of the research methodology to adapt space technologies that are applicable in space for human support systems to address an emerging problem on Earth: ATMO-Vent, a low-cost COTS-based ventilator that produces an adapted breathable atmosphere for COVID-19 patients.During the PhD thesis, the author has published five peer-reviewed journal papers, two peer-reviewed conference abstracts and two co-authored peer-reviewed journal pa-pers. The first authored papers and conference abstracts have been appended to the Part-II of the thesis.
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| 2. |
- Konatham, Samuel, 1992-
(författare)
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Atmospheric Species and Spectral Radiation in Terrestrial Exoplanets : Implications for Astrobiology
- 2022
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The physical properties of the planets and their parent stars are fundamental in the composition of atmospheres and radiative environments, which fundamentally determine their surface temperature and habitability. The atmospheric composition and radiation play a vital role in the emergence of life. This doctoral thesis presents two main results: 1. A method that uses the physical properties of the planets and their parent stars to infer the potential atmospheric compositions of the known exoplanets. For that, fundamental physics concepts and the basics of the kinetic theory of gases are used. Additionally, a new list of potentially habitable exoplanets is presented based on the resulting atmospheric compositions and the criteria that Earth-like atmospheres that can host liquid water should be considered habitable. The presented method also provides a preliminary classification of exoplanets similar to Earth (in terms of atmosphere) and their potential habitability. 2. A study of the impact of the radiation environment on the development and evolution of the human visual system towards optimal use of the available radiation. Human vision's possible evolutionary directions are presented while overcoming the shortcomings in the existing studies. The human visual system is hypothesised to have evolved in conjugation with the prevailing spectral radiation environment for photopic (daytime) and scotopic (night-time). One of the main novelties of this study is the comparison of the human vision bandwidth with the Full Width at half-maximum (FWHM) of the radiation reaching the shallow depths of the ocean, which may suggest that this is optimized for the development of animal sight during the formation of the early proto-visual system. Moreover, the observed maximum absorption wavelength during photopic vision (555nm) correlates with the maximum total energy for a 300 nm vision bandwidth. Furthermore, the analysis of the radiation environment at different solar zenith angles (SZA) during dusk suggests that the scotopic vision evolved to optimize information retrieval during these hours. The work presented in this thesis contributes to perform screening of Earth-like exoplanets and the study of astrobiological or space exploration aspects such as potential habitability, human-like vision, photosynthesis efficiency and evolution of life systems on exoplanets.
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| 3. |
- Nazarious, Miracle Israel, 1992-
(författare)
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Scientific Instruments to Facilitate the Human Exploration of Mars
- 2020
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This PhD thesis describes, from an engineering perspective, some of the preliminary steps that need to be implemented to facilitate the human exploration of Mars. It focuses on the development of a set of novel scientific or technology demonstrator instruments. The engineering problem starts with a conceptual idea and the definition of individual functional requirements, that may be related to scientific or technological objectives. To solve this problem, an unique approach adapted during this thesis, allowed for designing and building efficiently, testing and refining the instruments in multiple iterations using simple techniques like 3-D printing, breadboard prototyping and low-cost commercial off the shelf (COTS) components. This approach reduces the cost and facilitates the accessibility of space instrument design and testing to a broader community. The steps include demonstrating the operability of the concept with prototypes, calibrating the responses and validating their operation in representative environments, thereby raising the technology readiness level (TRL) of the instrument with a lower investment in time and resources than traditional approaches that use specialized components and fabrica-tion techniques.The thesis provides a detailed description of the design and development process, and discusses the calibration and validation results of four different instruments, namely: 1) Brine Observation Transition To Liquid Experiment (BOTTLE) as a part of HabitAbil-ity: Brines, Irradiation and Temperature (HABIT) instrument onboard the ESA/IKI’s ExoMars 2022 Surface Platform Kazachok, for investigating the surface environmen-tal conditions and demonstrating the capability of salts to absorb water on Mars, 2) Metabolt, a small-sized portable incubator to monitor the behaviour of the microbiome in soils, which will be a critical element of future greenhouses on Mars or the Moon, 3) Methanox, an in-situ resource utilization demonstrator for converting local resources on Mars and producing methane and ammonia as space fuel, and 4) PRessure Optimized PowEred Respirator (PROPER), a wearable cleanroom developed for protecting the hu-mans against biological pathogens, showing the direct applicability of this research to solve Earth-based problems. During the final phase of the PhD thesis, the world suffered the COVID-19 pandemic. This challenge provided an opportunity to test the approach presented in this thesis and inspired the development of this equipment, and may also be of relevance to protect from biological cross-contamination in planetary habitats and laboratories while handling local regolith materials and samples on Mars.This work also highlights the calibration of the HABIT Flight Model (FM) in the cleanroom of Omnisys Instruments AB, Sweden, defines the retrieval models that will be used during ExoMars 2022 mission operations and data archiving in the Planetary Science Archive (PSA). Parts of this thesis were already published in the form of peer-reviewed journal articles and conference abstracts.
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