| 1. |
- Barausse, Enrico, et al.
(författare)
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Prospects for fundamental physics with LISA
- 2020
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Ingår i: General Relativity and Gravitation. - : SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS. - 0001-7701 .- 1572-9532. ; 52:8
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this paper, which is of programmatic rather than quantitative nature, we aim to further delineate and sharpen the future potential of the LISA mission in the area of fundamental physics. Given the very broad range of topics that might be relevant to LISA,we present here a sample of what we view as particularly promising fundamental physics directions. We organize these directions through a "science-first" approach that allows us to classify how LISA data can inform theoretical physics in a variety of areas. For each of these theoretical physics classes, we identify the sources that are currently expected to provide the principal contribution to our knowledge, and the areas that need further development. The classification presented here should not be thought of as cast in stone, but rather as a fluid framework that is amenable to change with the flow of new insights in theoretical physics.
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| 2. |
- Armesto, N., et al.
(författare)
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Heavy-ion collisions at the LHC-Last call for predictions
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of Physics G. - : IOP Publishing. - 0954-3899 .- 1361-6471. ; 35:5, s. 054001-
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- This writeup is a compilation of the predictions for the forthcoming Heavy Ion Program at the Large Hadron Collider, as presented at the CERN Theory Institute 'Heavy Ion Collisions at the LHC - Last Call for Predictions', held from 14th May to 10th June 2007.
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| 3. |
- Adolfsson, J., et al.
(författare)
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QCD challenges from pp to A–A collisions
- 2020
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Ingår i: European Physical Journal A. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1434-6001 .- 1434-601X. ; 56:11
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper is a write-up of the ideas that were presented, developed and discussed at the third International Workshop on QCD Challenges from pp to A–A, which took place in August 2019 in Lund, Sweden (Workshop link: https://indico.lucas.lu.se/event/1214/). The goal of the workshop was to focus on some of the open questions in the field and try to come up with concrete suggestions for how to make progress on both the experimental and theoretical sides. The paper gives a brief introduction to each topic and then summarizes the primary results.
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| 4. |
- Lundström, Ulla, et al.
(författare)
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Advances in understanding the podzolization process resulting from a multidisciplinary study of three coniferous forest soils in the Nordic Countries
- 2000
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Ingår i: Geoderma. - 0016-7061 .- 1872-6259. ; 94:04-feb, s. 335-353
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Geochemical, mineralogical, micromorphological, microbiological, hydrochemical and hpdrological joint investigations were performed at two coniferous podzolic sites in the north of Sweden and at one in the south of Finland. Mycorrhizal fungi were found to create numerous pens (3-10-mu m diameter) in many weatherable mineral grains in the eluvial (E) horizon. During the growing season, identified low molecular weight (LMW) organic acids such as citric, shikimic, oxalic and fumaric acids comprised 0.5-5% of the DOC and 0.5-15% of the total acidity in soil solutions. Between 20% and 40% of the dissolved Al was bound to the identified LMW organic acids. Mineral dissolution via complexing LMW acids, probably exuded in part by the mycorrhiza hyphae, is likely to be a major weathering process in podzols. We found no evidence for a decreasing C/metal ratio of the migrating organo-metal complexes that could explain the precipitation of secondary Fe and AL in the illuvial (B) horizon. Instead, microbial degradation of organic ligands resulting in the release of ionic,Al and Fe to the soil solution may he an important process facilitating the formation of solid Al-SI-OH and Fe-OH phases in the podzol B horizon. However, within the B horizon transport as proto-imogilite (PI) sols might be possible. In the B horizon, the extractable,Al and Fe was predominantly inorganic. The large specific surface area (SSA) removable by oxalate extraction, the high point of zero charge salt effect (PZSE), the low cation exchange capacity (CEC) and the high sulphate exchange capacity (SEC), painted to the presence of short-range ordered variable charge phases. Imogolite type material (ITM) was indeed identified in all B horizons by IR spectroscopy and crystalline imogolite was found in the deep B horizon of one profile. Mossbauer spectroscopy indicated that Fe in the form of ferrihydrite was formed by intergrowth with an Al-Si-OH phase. The high amounts of Fe and Al transported from the O to the E horizon indicate that there could be an upward transport of these elements before they are leached to the B horizon. We hypothesize that the LMW Al complexes an transported by hyphae to the mor (O) layer, partly released and subsequently complexed by high molecular weight (HMW) acids.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- van Hees, P.A.W., et al.
(författare)
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Determination of aluminium complexes of low molecular weight organic acids in soil from forest soils using ultrafiltration
- 2001
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Ingår i: Soil biology and biochemistry. - 0038-0717. ; 33:7-8, s. 867-874
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ultrafiltration (<1000 D) was evaluated as an analytical method for determination of Al bound to low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOA) in soil solutions from podzolised forest soils. The results were compared to those obtained by two chemical equilibrium models and a size exclusion chromatography method. The percentage of Al bound to LMWOAs was highest in the O horizon solutions (15-44%) and decreased in the deeper horizons. Citric acid was found to be the most important complex former. Generally the ultrafiltration method and modelling showed acceptable agreement. The method showed acceptable precision and good recovery of Al in the samples.
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| 7. |
- Jones, D L, et al.
(författare)
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Organic acid behavior in soils - misconceptions and knowledge gaps
- 2003
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Ingår i: Plant and Soil. - 0032-079X .- 1573-5036. ; 248:1-2, s. 31-41
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Organic acids have been hypothesized to perform many functions in soil including root nutrient acquisition, mineral weathering, microbial chemotaxis and metal detoxification. However, their role in most of these processes remains unproven due to a lack of fundamental understanding about the reactions of organic acids in soil. This review highlights some of the knowledge gaps and misconceptions associated with the behavior of organic acids in soil with particular reference to low-molecular-weight organic acids (e.g., citrate, oxalate, malate) and plant nutrient acquisition. One major concern is that current methods for quantifying organic acids in soil may vastly underestimate soil solution concentrations and do not reveal the large spatial heterogeneity that may exist in their concentration (e.g., around roots or microbes). Another concern relates to the interaction of organic acids with the soil's solid phase and the lack of understanding about the relative importance of processes such as adsorption versus precipitation, and sorption versus desorption. Another major knowledge gap concerns the utilization of organic acids by the soil microbial community and the forms of organic acids that they are capable of degrading (e.g., metal-complexed organic acids, adsorbed organic acids etc). Without this knowledge it will be impossible to obtain accurate mathematical models of organic acid dynamics in soil and to understand their role and importance in ecosystem processes. Fundamental research on organic acids and their interaction with soil still needs to be done to fully elucidate their role in soil processes.
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| 8. |
- Bergelin, A., et al.
(författare)
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The acid-base properties of high and low molecular weight organic acids in soil solutions of podzolic soils
- 2000
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Ingår i: Geoderma. - 0016-7061 .- 1872-6259. ; 94:2-4, s. 223-235
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The acid properties of the organic acids and identified low molecular weight (LMW) organic acids in soil solutions of podzolic soils were determined using proton affinity spectra, based on EMF titration data, and Gran titrations. The proton affinity spectra showed apparent pKa values of 2.6, 4.1, 5.4 and 6.7 for the dissolved organic material. The LMW organic acids had similar pKa values. The average specific buffer capacity as determined by Gran titrations was 8.8±0.5 μmol H+/mg DOC. The specific buffer capacity for the identified low molecular acids was 40±2 μmol H+/mg DOC.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- van Hees, P A W, et al.
(författare)
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Low molecular weight organic acid adsorption in forest soils: effects on soil solution concentrations and biodegradation rates
- 2003
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Ingår i: Soil Biology and Biochemistry. - 0038-0717 .- 1879-3428. ; 35:8, s. 1015-1026
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Low molecular weight (LMW) organic acids are believed to play a key role in many rhizosphere and pedogenic processes; However, their efficiency is likely to depend on their susceptibility to sorption and biodegradation. The sorption characteristics of three organic acids (citrate, oxalate and acetate) and phosphate were examined over the concentration range 0-1000 muM in three coniferous forest soil profiles. Sorption to the soil's solid phase could be adequately described by the Langmuir equation with sorption capacity following the horizon series: B > C > E > O. The strength of anion sorption followed the series: phosphate > oxalate : citrate > acetate. Calculations indicated that between 50 and 95% (0 and E horizons) and > 93% (13 horizons) of these LMW organic acids entering the soil will become sorbed to the solid phase. The amount of organic acids predicted to be present on the solid phase at typical soil solution concentrations ranged from < 1 to 1100 nmol g(-1) yielding adsorbed-to-solution ratios (adsorption coefficients) of between < 0.1 and 3100. In the case of citrate, sorption to the solid phase significantly reduced its biodegradation potential by 35-99% depending upon the degree and type of sorption surface. The findings of this work are discussed in the context of the quantitative effects of adsorption on organic acids, their ecological functions and role in soil forming processes.
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| 13. |
- Ahonen-Jonnarth, Ulla, et al.
(författare)
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Organic acids produced by mycorrhizal Pinus sylvestris exposed to elevated aluminium and heavy metals concentrations
- 2000
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Ingår i: New Phytologist. - : Wiley. - 0028-646X .- 1469-8137. ; 146:3, s. 557-567
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A cultivation method was developed to enable exposure of ectomycorrhizal plants with intact extramatrical mycelium to solutions containing different concentrations of aluminium or heavy metals. Pinus sylvestris seedlings colonized by Suillus variegatus (two isolates), Rhizopogon roseolus or Paxillus involutus (two isolates) were used. Seedlings were transferred to Petri dishes containing glass beads and exposed to elevated concentrations of Al, Cd, Cu, or Ni in two ways: immediately following transfer; and after allowing mycorrhizal seedlings to develop an extraradical mycelium that colonized the interface between the upper surface of the beads and the metal-containing solution. Production of organic acids in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal systems was measured by withdrawing samples from the solution and analyzing by HPLC. In most experiments, levels of oxalic acid were significantly higher in mycorrhizal treatments than in non-mycorrhizal controls. The measured levels of organic acids were variable, but the results obtained suggest that production of oxalic acid is stimulated by exposure to elevated Al in mycorrhizal seedlings colonized by S. variegatus and R. roseolus. Elevated Al concentrations also increased oxalic acid production by non-mycorrhizal seedlings significantly in two of four Al experiments performed, but the measured concentrations were significantly lower than in corresponding mycorrhizal treatments in both cases. Malonic acid was found in the culture solution of non-mycorrhizal had P. involutus-colonized seedlings, but only trace amounts were found in S. variegatus or R. roseolus-infected seedlings. Citric, shikimic, lactic, acetic, propionic, fumaric, formic, iso-butyric and butyric acid were found in variable concentrations. Production of oxalic acid by seedlings ColoniZed by S. variegatus BL or P. involutus was not stimulated by exposure to 0.44 μM Cd or 17 μM Ni. Exposure to 0.157 mM CU in two separate experiments using P. involutus 87.017 and two strains of S. variegatus (BL and 159) appeared to stimulate production of oxalic acid irrespective of mycorrhizal status or species.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Fransson, Ann-Mari, et al.
(författare)
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Aluminum complexation suppresses citrate uptake by acid forest soil microorganisms
- 2004
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Ingår i: Soil Biology and Biochemistry. - : Elsevier. - 0038-0717 .- 1879-3428. ; 36:2, s. 353-357
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Organo-mineral interactions have been hypothesized to play a major role in biogeochemical cycling and pedogenesis in some forest soils. These processes are likely to be controlled to some extent by their persistence in soil, however, the factors regulating their bioavailability remain poorly understood. Therefore, we investigated the microbial utilization of 14C-labeled citrate in glass bead filled bioreactors containing a biofilm developed from an inoculum from an acid forest soil. The removal of Al-citrate in the bioreactors was negligible compared to the rate of citrate removal in the absence of Al. There was no evidence that in the short-term the microbial community adapted to increase the utilization of Al-citrate. In bioreactors filled with a Picea abies forest soil (Haplic Arenosol) the rates of citrate utilization were always slightly higher than that of Al-citrate. We conclude that complexation of citrate by metals such as Al may have a significant effect on their role in soil biogeochemical cycles.
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| 16. |
- Giesler, R., et al.
(författare)
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Distribution and mobilization of Al, Fe and Si in three podzolic soil profiles in relation to the humus layer.
- 2000
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Ingår i: Geoderma. - 0016-7061 .- 1872-6259. ; 94:2-4, s. 249-263
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The mobilization of Al, Fe and Si in podzols is often associated with the weathering of silicate minerals in the E horizon, downward migration, and their accumulation lower in the soil profile. This study investigated Al, Fe, and Si concentrations in soil water (centrifugation samples) and estimated leaching losses from the humus layer in comparison with those in the mineral E and B horizon. Concentrations of total soluble Al and Fe in soil water were higher in the O and E horizons than in B horizon samples, but not significantly different between the two uppermost horizons. Si concentrations were higher in the E than in the O horizon. The amount of Al and Fe leaching from the E horizon (i.e. input to the B horizon) compared to amount leaching from the O horizon (i.e. the input to the E horizon) ranged from 92% to 163%. Calculated leaching losses from the lower B horizon were less than 3% of the input to the B horizon. The results suggest that a large part of the illuviated Al and Fe in the Bs horizon is derived from the O horizon. Similar values for the Si ranged from 56% to 61% (comparing E horizon output with E horizon input). Budget estimates available for one of the investigated podzols indicated that biocycling via above-ground litter explained < 12% of the estimated annual input of Al and Fe to the forest floor. Inputs of Al and Fe due to upward flow of capillary water accounted for about 26% of the Al and Fe in the O layer. The results show that there is a considerable pool of Si Al, Fe in the humus layer. This pool plays an important part in the present day biogeochemical cycling of these elements in podzolic soils. Several mechanisms possibly involved in the transfer of Al, Fe and Si from the mineral soil to the humus layer are discussed.
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| 17. |
- Hongve, D., et al.
(författare)
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Dissolved components in precipitation water percolated through forest litter
- 2000
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Ingår i: European Journal of Soil Science. - 1351-0754 .- 1365-2389. ; 51:4, s. 667-677
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Leaves lying on the forest floor are a major source of dissolved organic substances in soil and surface waters, and these substances have important effects in those environments. We used zero-tension lysimeters to study the chemical characteristics of water percolating through litter from various species of forest trees. The leaching rates were greatest in the autumn and declined rapidly thereafter, especially for deciduous litter. During an annual cycle, 2.5-17% of the initial contents of the carbon in the litter was recovered as dissolved organic carbon in percolates. Humus-like substances, hydrophilic acids and hydrophilic neutral compounds constituted the major fractions of dissolved C. Leachates from deciduous leaf litter were only partly biodegradable, and those from spruce needles were scarcely biodegradable. Low molecular weight organic acids constituted 0-12% of the dissolved organic carbon in the percolates of the first autumn sampling and decreased over time. Acetic and formic acids were present at the largest concentrations, up to 30 μmol 1-1 per g litter, and gluconic, pyruvic, fumaric, oxalic and citric acids were also frequent in significant concentrations. Among the aromatic acids, ρ-hydroxybenzoic acid was identified in four out of five autumn samples. The organic components in litter leachates are important for the microbial activity in soil and surface waters. The organic acids enhance weathering and translocation of metals by their ability to form complexes. Litter is also a source of inorganic ions in soil solutions. The dominant cations in the percolates were K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+, and spruce litter also yielded large quantities of Al and Fe.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Nambu, Kei, et al.
(författare)
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Assessing centrifugation technique for obtaining soil solution with respect to leaching of low molecular mass organic acids from pine roots.
- 2005
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Ingår i: Geoderma. - : Elsevier BV. - 0016-7061 .- 1872-6259. ; 127:3-4, s. 263-269
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Centrifugation is a common technique to obtain soil solution. However, this method may disrupt living cells in the soil and release their contents into the soil solution. To examine this possibility, we compared leaching of low molecular mass organic acids (LMMOAs) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from the root of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) packed in quartz sand via extraction by centrifugation and milder procedures of water immersion and suction. Centrifugation enhanced leaching of shikimate appreciably; leaching of DOC, lactate, malate, and phosphate was also significantly enhanced. The concentration leached from the root was greater than 10 mu M for shikimate, and generally ranged between 0.5 and 5 mu M for the other acids. As for actual soil samples, this level of leaching could be appreciably large in upper mineral horizon(s) if the root density is as large as in our experiments and if the concentrations of LMMOAs in the soil matrix are relatively small.
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| 20. |
- Riise, G., et al.
(författare)
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Mobility of different size fractions of organic carbon, Al, Fe, Mn and Si in podzols
- 2000
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Ingår i: Geoderma. - 0016-7061. ; 94:2-4, s. 237-247
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The influence of size distribution on the translocation of organic carbon, Fe, Al, Mn and Si in soil waters, has been studied in Scandinavian podzol profiles from three different locations. Soil solutions from different horizons have been filtered through a 0.45 μm membrane filter prior to further size fractionation by ultramembrane techniques. Organic carbon, Fe, Al, Mn and Si were determined in: (I) a colloidal fraction-nominal molecular weight cutoff > 3 kDa, (II) a medium size fraction-nominal molecular weight cutoff 1-3 kDa, and (III) a low molecular size fraction-nominal molecular weight cutoff < 1 kDa. The colloidal fraction comprise large proportions of organic carbon in the O and the E horizons, while low molecular size organic carbon fractions increase with depth in the B horizon on a percentage basis. A major part of Fe and Al seems to be associated with the colloidal fraction of organic carbon in the O horizon, and results suggest that colloidal organic matter contribute to the vertical translocation of metals through the E horizon. Maximum concentrations of Si, Al and Fe are found in the E horizon. Concentration of colloidal Si is significantly higher in the E than the other horizons. Although the total concentration of Si is four times the concentration of Al, colloidal Si and Al are present in more or less similar concentrations. This suggest that Si and Al are associated with each other in colloids in the E horizon. Equilibrium calculations, however, indicate that proto-imogolite sols are not very likely, and correlation coefficients rather suggest interaction of Al with colloidal organic carbon. The major part of Fe is in the colloidal fraction in all horizons. In contrast, Mn decreases sharply with depth, and is generally in a low molecular weight form. This indicates that Mn is related to the litter turnover process and that Mn takes little part in the podzolization process.
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| 21. |
- Thurdin, Rickard T., et al.
(författare)
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Bio fuel ash in a road construction: Impact on soil solution chemistry
- 2006
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Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 26:6, s. 599-613
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Limited natural resources and landfill space and increasing amounts of ash produced from incineration of bio fuel and solid wastes have created a demand for useful applications of ash of which road construction is one. Here the environmental impact of a fly ash layer in a reconstructed road was evaluated by studying the soil solution chemistry in the ash layer, at two depths in the soil below and at two depths in the ditch using a centrifugation drainage technique. The road was situated about 20 km west of Sollefteå, (63˚ 16� 33�N, 17˚12�52�E) in the middle of Sweden. Two years after the application of the ash the concentrations of zinc were increasing in the ash layer solutions while concentrations of cadmium were stabilising. Below the ash layer in the road an initial increase of the pH was observed and the concentrations of potassium, sulphate and cadmium showed an increase while copper and mercury showed decreasing concentrations in the road and the ditch soil solutions. The concentrations in the ditch soil solutions were generally much lower compared to the road. Concentrations of calcium in the ash layer solutions indicated that hardening had taken place.
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
- van Hees, P. A. W., et al.
(författare)
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Controlling mechanisms of aluminium in soil solution : An evaluation of 180 of podzolic forest soils
- 2001
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Ingår i: Chemosphere. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 45:6-7, s. 1091-1101
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To monitor the level of soil acidification in the county of Värmland in the middle west of Sweden 180 podzolic forest soils were investigated. Soil solutions from four horizons were obtained by centrifugation and the soil was sampled for a determination of the exchangeable pool by extraction. The concentrations of inorganic Al and its fraction of the total Al in solution were greater in the south of the county (up to 50%). The factors influencing the total Al and free inorganic Al3+ in the soil solutions were evaluated. Saturation indices (SI) for five different mineral phases were calculated but none implied equilibrium conditions. The relationships between pAl3+ and pH (in the pH range 4-6.2) gave slopes of about 1, which indicated that ion exchange/complexation reactions may be important for determining the Al3+ concentration in the B and C horizons. In the E horizon solutions complexation with soluble organic acids seemed to be the major factor which influenced the Al3+ activity. The influence of organic matter on Al solubility was supported by partial least square (PLS) regressions.
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
- van Hees, P. A. W., et al.
(författare)
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Equilibrium models of aluminium and iron complexation with different organic acids in soil solution
- 2000
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Ingår i: Geoderma. - 0016-7061 .- 1872-6259. ; 94:2-4, s. 201-221
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The percentage of Al and Fe bound to identified low molecular weight (LMW) organic acids and phosphate in soil solution was calculated using a chemical equilibrium model. The highest fractions were obtained for the O1 horizon solutions with median values between 38-49% for Al and 18-29% for Fe. Generally the percentage declined in the deeper horizons. Acceptable agreement with experimental values using ultrafiltration (< 1000 D) was found especially for the spring and summer samplings. In the autumn samples, larger deviations between the modelled and ultrafiltered fractions were found. The major part of the remaining Al and Fe in solution was calculated to be bound to undefined organic acids most likely of higher molecular weight. Speciation studies of some individual organic acids are presented. Citric acid proved to be the most important complex former of the LMW acids in the O and E horizons while oxalic acid was dominant in the B horizon solutions. The total level of organic complexation of Al, Fe, Ca and Mg was also studied. It was found that > 85% of the Al and > 95% of the Fe were organically bound. The opposite was seen for Ca and Mg for which > 85% was modelled to occur as inorganic ions. The modelling results support the theory that LMW organic acids contribute to the translocation of Al and Fe in the podzolization process.
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| 26. |
- van Hees, P. A. W., et al.
(författare)
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Factors influencing aluminium concentrations in soil solution of podzols
- 2000
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Ingår i: Geoderma. - 0016-7061 .- 1872-6259. ; 94:2-4, s. 289-310
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mechanisms controlling the concentrations of free Al3+ and total Al in the soil solution from three podzolic soils were evaluated. Saturation indices (SI) were calculated for five mineral phases, but no single phase determined the Al3+ activity. E horizon samples were found to be undersaturated with respect to all phases. A more detailed equilibrium study indicated that formation of proto-imogolite sols was commonly possible in B horizon solutions with pH > 5. The poor relationship between pH and pAl3+ in the E and B1 horizons did not support control by exchange reactions with solid organic matter, although partial least square (PLS) regressions indicated importance of soil-exchangeable Al in the B and C horizons. It was concluded that in the E and most of the B1 horizon solutions, Al3+ activity is controlled by equilibrium with soluble organic acids which was supported by the PLS regressions. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V.
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| 27. |
- van Hees, P A W, et al.
(författare)
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Impact of ectomycorrhizas on the concentration and biodegradation of simple organic acids in a forest soil
- 2003
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Ingår i: European Journal of Soil Science. - 1351-0754 .- 1365-2389. ; 54:4, s. 697-706
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Simple organic acids seem to be important in many soil processes including nutrient uptake in the rhizosphere and long-term pedogenic processes such as podzolization. The factors regulating the concentrations of these acids in soil, however, remain poorly understood. We have investigated one set of factors, namely the impact of ectomycorrhizal (Paxillus involutus) and non-mycorrhizal Picea abies seedlings and humic acid on the concentration and dynamics of organic acids in soil solution. We did so over 10 months in laboratory columns containing soil from the E horizon of a sandy forest soil. Several organic acids were identified in the solution extracted from the root zone including oxalic, citric, malonic, succinic, acetic, formic and lactic acids at concentrations ranging from <0.1 to 2.3 muM. Both plants and ectomycorrhizas had significant effects on the concentration of organic acids in soil solution. In contrast, omitting P from the irrigation water appeared to have little effect on the concentrations. The microbial mineralization kinetics of oxalate conformed well to a single Michaelis-Menten equation. Further, the soil with the mycorrhizas had a significantly faster mineralization of oxalic acid over a wide concentration range than did the soil without ectomycorrhizas and without plants. We conclude that the oxalate flux through the soil with both trees and mycorrhizas is much faster than is evident from measurements of solution concentration at steady state. Humic acid had little effect on the concentrations of organic acids or dynamics in the soil solution. Oxalic acid concentrations in the soil solution were correlated with hyphal length, rate of microbial mineralization, soil respiration, and shoot to root weight ratio. We conclude that both mycorrhizas and plants have a large impact on organic acid cycling in forest soils.
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| 28. |
- van Hees, P. A. W., et al.
(författare)
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Low molecular weight acids and their Al-complexes in soil solution- Composition, distribution and seasonal variation in three podzolized soils.
- 2000
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Ingår i: Geoderma. - 0016-7061 .- 1872-6259. ; 94:2-4, s. 173-200
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Low molecular weight organic acids have been determined qualitatively and quantitatively over a growing season in the soil solution of three podzolized soil profiles. Several low molecular weight (LMW) acids such as citric, shikimic, oxalic, fumaric, formic, acetic, malonic, malic, lactic and t-aconitic acids were identified in the range < 1-1100 μM. Citric acid was the acid generally present at the highest concentrations (15-250 μM) in the upper layers while shikimic and oxalic acids could be observed in all horizons at lower concentrations. The levels of LMW organic acids were always greatest in the organic (O) horizon, and declined in the deeper layers. The fraction of the dissolved organic carbon and total acidity made up by LMW acids was generally in the range 0.5-5% and 0.5-15%, respectively. No apparent seasonal variations were observed, and the differences between the sites were little. The fraction of Al in soil solution bound to LMW organic acids was evaluated using ultrafiltration (< 1000D) and size exclusion chromatography. Fe < 1000D was also determined. For the O1 horizon about 40% and 20% of the Al and Fe, respectively, were detected in the LMW fraction (< 1000D). The LMW fraction of the two elements decreased deeper down in the profile, but relative increases were sometimes observed in the B1 horizon. Labile and LMW (< 1000D) Si were determined by FIA and ultrafiltration, respectively. The results show that a major fraction (80-100%) of the Si is labile and of low molecular weight, most likely silicic acid. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V.
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| 29. |
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| 30. |
- van Hees, P. A. W., et al.
(författare)
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Modelling low molecular weight organic acid dynamics in forest soils
- 2004
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Ingår i: Soil Biology and Biochemistry. - : Elsevier BV. - 0038-0717 .- 1879-3428. ; 37:3, s. 517-531
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Low molecular weight organic acids such as citrate and oxalate have been hypothesized to play a key role in rhizosphere ecology and pedogenesis. A mathematical site-specific model, DYNLOW, was constructed to describe the temporal and spatial dynamics of these organic acids in coniferous forest soils using the modelling software STELLA®. Experimentally derived values for biodegradation, adsorption, and daily values of soil temperature, moisture and hydrological flow were used to parameterize the model. The model describes the dynamics and downward movement of oxalate and citrate through the horizons (O, AE, E, Bhs, Bs) of three podzolic soil profiles in Sweden. After calibration, the model predicted average soil solution organic acid concentrations ranging from <1 to 90 μM, which was in agreement with experimental measurements (<1 to 116 μM). The model results indicated that microbial degradation of organic acids was in quantitative terms the biggest process regulating soil solution concentrations. Primary production rates of organic acid in the soil were predicted to be high (<1 to 1250 nmol g−1 soil d−1) in comparison to the amount present at steady state in the soil solution pool (<0.1 to 240 nmol g−1 soil). The downward transfer of organic acids between soil horizons due to mass flow was predicted to be a small flux (<0.1 to 3% of the total loss) compared to that lost by microbial biodegradation. The model predicted that the amount of basal soil respiration that could be attributable to the microbial turnover of organic acids was on average 19±22% of the basal CO2 production across all sites and horizons for citrate and 7±7% for oxalate. The model results are discussed in the context of pedogenesis, forest soil respiration and organic matter production.
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- Vestin, Jenny, et al.
(författare)
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The influence of alkaline and non-alkaline parent material on soil chemistry
- 2006
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Ingår i: Geoderma. - : Elsevier BV. - 0016-7061 .- 1872-6259. ; 135, s. 97-106
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The gneiss bedrock at Alnö Island, (62o24N, 17o30E) in the middle of Sweden, has alkaline intrusions interspersed in narrow dikes. This gives an opportunity to study the impact of different parent material on soil solution in a homogeneous spruce stand. In this study, the alkaline parent materials gave rise to a soil solution with significantly (p 0.05) higher concentrations of DOC, SO4, NO3, Ca and Mg compared to the non-alkaline sites. For the deepest mineral horizons, 25-30cm, F and pH were also higher in the alkaline soil solutions. There were almost no differences between the organic horizons at alkaline and non-alkaline sites, probably explained by the influence of litter and recirculation of nutrients. The multivariate analyses emphasized the correlation between the parent material and the soil solution concentrations of Ca, Mg, PO4 and Al. The data were statistically evaluated by t-tests, ANOVA (Analysis of variances), PCA (Principal Component Analysis) and PLS (Partial Least Squares regression).
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