| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Berg, Lotta, et al.
(author)
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Jakt med pil och båge
- 2021
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Ett antal länder tillåter jakt med pil och båge, medan flera andra länder har förbjudit den. I de fall där jakt med pil och båge är tillåten kan detta gälla endast vissa arter av däggdjur och fåglar. I vissa fall omfattas även vattenlevande djur. Av våra nordiska grannländer har Norge och Island totalförbud mot jakt med pil och båge, medan Danmark och Finland i olika utsträckning tillåter sådan jakt. Inget nordiskt land tillåter jakt med pil och båge på älg. Danmark och Finland har krav på utbildning och godkänt bågskytteprov för bågjägare. Olika argument för och emot har använts, inte alltid med vetenskapligt stöd, och det går inte att avgöra vilka argument som haft avgörande betydelse för att tillåta eller förbjuda jakt med pil och båge på nationell nivå. Jakt med pil och båge är sedan 1938 förbjuden i Sverige. Kul- och hagelvapen legaliserades ursprungligen inte utifrån etiska principer för minimerat onödigt lidande, utan är i bruk i Sverige och flera andra länder som en följd av tradition och hävd. Frågan om ett eventuellt tillåtande av jakt med pil och båge i Sverige har aktualiserats och Naturvårdsverket föreslog 2018 nya föreskrifter om detta. Den båge som föreslagits för jakt i Sverige är compoundbågen, som ger de kraftfullaste och säkraste skotten, jämfört med långbågen och recurvebågen. Utvecklingen av bågar, pilar och sikten fortgår dock. Vid all form av jakt med kula, hagel eller pil ska projektilens rörelseenergi omvandlas till en kroppsskada som så snabbt som möjligt leder till medvetslöshet och död för det träffade djuret. En pil från en compoundbåge har en anslagshastighet av c:a 70-80 m/s, vilket kan jämföras med c:a 400 m/s för en hagelsvärm och 700-1200 m/s för en gevärskula. Pilens anslagsenergi är c:a 75 J, medan energin hos en samlad hagelsvärm (på nära håll) är c:a 3200 J och hos en gevärskula 1600-16 500 J. En pil som färdas fritt har en uppskattad maximal räckvidd av en halv kilometer medan en kula kan färdas i flera kilometer. Jakt med pil och båge är mer tidskrävande än jakt med kulvapen, d.v.s. färre djur kan fällas under en given tidrymd. Penetrationsdjupet hos en pil varierar beroende på dess hastighet, pilspetsens utformning och typen av vävnad som träffas, och har i en experimentell studie angetts vara 17-60 cm i mjukvävnad. Ju större anslagshastighet, smalare pilspets och mjukare vävnad, desto längre penetrerar pilen och en pil från en modern compoundbåge kan även perforera kroppen på ett stort hjortdjur. Om skottet perforerar, d.v.s. passerar rakt igenom djuret, har projektilen kvar en del energi när den lämnar kroppen och förmågan att orsaka kroppsskada är därför lägre. Till skillnad från en kula orsakar en pil inte någon temporär kavitet med påföljande sekundära vävnadsskador i den träffade djurkroppen, utan endast en smal permanent kavitet eller skottkanal. Det innebär sannolikt att det blir än viktigare med en korrekt träff. Jakt med pil och båge utförs oftast som vak-, vakt-, lock- eller smygjakt, och jägaren är vanligen kamouflerad. Pil och båge ska endast användas på kort avstånd, sannolikt under ca 30-35 m, och helst på stillastående djur. Rekommendationerna om skjutavstånd skiljer dock mellan länder. Jägarens omdöme är en viktig förutsättning för en djurvälfärdsmässigt acceptabel jakt. Det är oklart om jakt med pil och båge kräver större kompetens, skicklighet och noggrannhet än jakt med andra vapen. Utländsk forskning indikerar dock att bågjägare hittills har varit mer benägna än jägare med kuleller hagelvapen att bry sig om själva jakten, snarare än jaktutbytet (köttet), samt att bågjägare i större utsträckning än andra jägare har tagit sin jaktmetod på allvar och aktivt har övat upp sina färdigheter. 6 Det är svårt att dra generella slutsatser om djurs subjektiva upplevelser och stresspåverkan av jakt och skott, eftersom de i hög grad beror på individuella faktorer. Jaktformer som innebär att djuret inte upptäcker en ensam jägare förrän i eller strax före skottögonblicket är sannolikt mindre stressande än jaktformer som innebär att djuret under längre tid drivs eller ställs, eller där djuret upplever närvaro av hundar eller ett stort antal personer. Från djurvälfärdssynpunkt är sannolikt tiden från skottögonblicket till medvetslöshet viktigare än tiden till död. Såväl tiden till medvetandeförlust som till död beror på vilka organ och vävnader som skadas och i synnerhet hur snabbt blod förloras så att syrebrist uppstår i hjärnan. Stor skada på stora artärer leder till en snabb förblödning och ett djur i rörelse förblöder sannolikt snabbare än ett stillastående. Det saknas kunskap för att avgöra om det finns en avgörande skillnad i tid och grad av stress från träff till medvetslöshet mellan pil och kula eller hagel. Forskningsunderlaget är begränsat eller obefintligt vad gäller de flesta arter av vilt under rådjurs storlek, inklusive vattenlevande däggdjur och fåglar, under naturliga förhållanden. Orörlighet efter ett välplacerat skott används ofta som tecken på död, men säger inte mycket om vare sig medvetandegraden eller hjärtaktiviteten. Vid jakt med pil och båge är bröstkorgen, i hjärtlungregionen, det eftersträvade träffområdet. Skadeförloppet efter pilskott i huvudet eller halsen på större vilt är inte närmare känt, men beror sannolikt på var och från vilken vinkel pilen träffar, samt om den vid träff i huvudet har förmåga att penetrera kraniet. Skott i andra kroppsdelar, såsom buken eller extremiteterna, orsakar normalt inte förblödning, men däremot skador som kan medföra lidande för djuret och vara livshotande på längre sikt. Smärta kan orsakas av olika stimuli och de flesta vävnader har smärtreceptorer. Inte allt trauma ger omedelbart upphov till smärta men vid djupa skador, såsom djupa skärsår eller hugg upplever en majoritet av människor en omedelbar smärta. Vid t.ex. skadeskjutning kan smärta orsakas av ökat tryck i området på grund av blödningar, ödem och inflammation. I situationer där djuret är skadeskjutet och ett andraskott behövs för att fälla djuret kan användning av pil och båge försvåras om djuret rör sig snabbt eller avlägsnar sig från skottplatsen, vilket riskerar att leda till ökat lidande hos djuret. Underlaget för att bedöma risken för skadeskjutning med olika vapen och hos olika djurslag är dock otillräckligt. Olika viltarter har olika anatomiska, fysiologiska och mentala förutsättningar, vilket tar sig uttryck i skiftande sinnesförmågor och beteenderepertoarer, och de lever i olika ekologiska sammanhang. Därför varierar förutsättningarna vid jakt kraftigt mellan djurslagen. Forskning talar för att stora djur rör sig längre än små djur efter att ha blivit skjutna. Emellertid är forskningen om jakt på djur som är mindre än rådjur mycket begränsad. Det är svårt att generalisera en subjektiv upplevelse som lidande. Flera tolkningar av begreppet onödigt lidande är dessutom möjliga, baserade på t.ex. lidandets intensitet och varaktighet, avsikterna bakom det handlande som orsakar lidandet samt uppfyllandet av människors och djurs intressen. Det är inte möjligt att med enbart naturvetenskapliga metoder avgöra vad som i jaktsammanhang kan betraktas som onödigt lidande. Fullständiga riskbedömningar av djurvälfärd vid jakt saknas. I jämförelse med jakt med kul- eller hagelvapen medför bågjakt djurvälfärdsrisker med avseende på framför allt tiden från skott till medvetslöshet och skadeskjutning. Bristen på vetenskapligt 7 underlag, inte minst vad gäller småvilt, innebär indirekt också en djurvälfärdsrisk. Bågjakt kan samtidigt eventuellt medföra bättre förutsättningar för avläkning efter skadeskjutning om djuret inte återfinns. En samlad riskbedömning av djurvälfärden vid jakt med pil och båge behöver ta hänsyn till alla tänkbara risker respektive tänkbara fördelar och väga dem mot motsvarande risker respektive fördelar med kul- eller hagelvapen. Fara för människor och egendom i samband med jakt kan förutom olycksfall även antas omfatta störningsmoment i landskapet där jakt bedrivs, t.ex. oljud, människors oro och konkurrerande markanvändning. I Sverige skadas årligen c:a 500 människor i samband med jakt och av dem får i genomsnitt två personer så allvarliga skador att de dör. Cirka 12 % av de dödliga jaktolyckorna drabbar människor som inte deltagit i jakten. De vanligaste skadorna vid jakt med kul- eller hagelvapen är skär- och klämskador, frakturer från fall, hundbett och hörselskador. Av dessa bör risken för hörselskada och hundbett minska vid bågjakt. Det korta skjutavståndet och en minimal risk för rikoschetter bör också minska risken för olyckor med dödlig utgång vid jakt med pil och båge. Jakt med pil och båge är tyst och anses därför inte vara störande för omgivningen, men allmänheten kan uppleva jaktens smygande karaktär som skrämmande. Den låga ljudnivån kan möjligen även öka risken för tjuvjakt. Jakt med pil och båge kan under vissa förhållanden vara ett fungerande verktyg för att förvalta viltstammar, men det behövs mer tid för att minska en viltpopulation med pil och båge än med kulvapen. Det är oklart om jakt med pil och båge skulle öka möjligheterna till god viltförvaltning under svenska förhållanden. Jakt med pil och båge kan anses vara mer miljövänlig än jakt med kul- eller hagelvapen, eftersom pilen inte innehåller bly eller andra giftiga ämnen. I vilken grad införande av jakt med pil och båge skulle kunna påverka den totala mängden bly som hamnar i naturen är dock oklart, eftersom det beror på i vilken grad pil och båge vid ett eventuellt införande av sådan jakt skulle ersätta k
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Epstein, Kathleen, et al.
(author)
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The Emotional Dimensions of Animal Disease Management : A Political Ecology Perspective for a Time of Heightened Biosecurity
- 2021
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In: Frontiers in Human Dynamics. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2673-2726. ; 3
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The ongoing devastation of the Covid-19 pandemic has brought new urgency to questions surrounding the origins, management, and complex dynamics of infectious diseases. In this mini review, we use growing international concern over the pandemic potential of emerging infectious diseases as motivation for outlining a research approach to study the emotional dimensions of animal disease management. We sketch out this important analytical terrain by first locating opportunities for literature on the biosecurization of nature to intersect with the emerging field of emotional political ecology. Second, we describe three biosecurity contexts and environmental conflicts at the wildlife-livestock interface: African swine fever in wild boar, brucellosis in elk, and pneumonia in bighorn and domestic sheep. We argue that in these “contact zones,” a focus on emotions can add a new layer of explanation for analyzing the manifestations, implications, and varied experiences of biosecurity.
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| 6. |
- Fennell, David A., et al.
(author)
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Tourism, animals & the vacant niche : a scoping review and pedagogical agenda
- 2024
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In: Current Issues in Tourism. - : Routledge. - 1368-3500 .- 1747-7603. ; , s. 1-29
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The topic of animal ethics has advanced in tourism studies since its inception in 2000, based on a diverse range of studies on species involvement, types of uses and contexts, level of engagement, states of animals, and theoretical perspectives. While there is still considerable scope to amplify research on animal-based tourism, a gap exists in tourism pedagogy amidst the field’s emphasis on a new expanding consciousness platform. We review the depth of existing scholarship on animal ethics in tourism and develop an agenda for advancing animal ethics pedagogy for the future. Our intent is to issue a call to action for curriculum committees, programme administrators, and educators to recognise and act on this critical moral domain in tourism education.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Joosse, Sofie, et al.
(author)
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Critical, Engaged and Change-oriented Scholarship in Environmental Communication. Six Methodological Dilemmas to Think with
- 2020
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In: Environmental Communication. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1752-4032 .- 1752-4040. ; 14, s. 758-771
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- While calls for critical, engaged and change-oriented scholarship in environmental communication (EC) abound, few articles discuss what this may practically entail. With this article, we aim to contribute to a discussion in EC about the methodological implications of such scholarship. Based on our combined experience in EC research and drawing from a variety of academic fields, we describe six methodological dilemmas that we encounter in our research practice and that we believe are inherent to such scholarship. These dilemmas are (1) grasping communication; (2) representing others; (3) involving people in research; (4) co-producing knowledge; (5) engaging critically; and (6) relating to conflict. This article does not offer solutions to these complex dilemmas. Rather, our dilemma descriptions are meant to help researchers think through methodological issues in critical, engaged and change-oriented EC research. The article also helps to translate the dilemmas to the reality of research projects through a set of questions, aimed to support a sensitivity to, and understanding of, the dilemmas in context.
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| 10. |
- Krange, Olve, et al.
(author)
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Law Abiding Citizens : On Popular Support for the Illegal Killing of Wolves
- 2022
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In: Nature and Culture. - : Berghahn Books. - 1558-6073 .- 1558-5468. ; 17:2, s. 191-214
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Conflicts over wolf management are a stable feature of Norwegian public debate. In some segments of the population, nature management, and especially predator management, have a very low legitimacy. A strong expression of these controversies is the illegal killing of wolves, a practice sufficiently extensive to impact wolf population size. In several studies, the killing of wolves is interpreted as politically motivated resistance/crime of dissent. This study contributes to the research field by examining the support for such illegal actions. We ask if the Norwegian public find such illegal ac-tions to be acceptable or not. Analysis shows that acceptance joins a broader pattern of controversies, expressed by phenomena such as xenophobia, cli-mate change denial, anti-elitism, and low confidence in institutions working to nature.
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| 11. |
- Nordström Källström, Helena, et al.
(author)
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Om illegal jakt i Fennoskandia : rapport från symposium
- 2017
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Ett ökat missnöje bland delar av landsbygdsbefolkningen och jägarsamhället gentemot bevarandepolitiken för stora rovdjur har påverkat den sociopolitiskt motiverade illegala jakten på dessa arter. Denna typ av jaktbrott har legat som grund för undersökningen i ett tvärvetenskapligt internationellt samarbetsprojekt lett av forskare vid Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, vid Ultuna. Efter tre år av djupintervjuer med jägare, en enkätundersökning, jämförelser med andra delar av världen och nära samarbete med forskare i Fennoskandia avslutades projektet 2016. Föreliggande rapport fullbordar resultatförmedlingen och den avslutande diskussionen omkring forskningsresultaten från projektet och ger samtidigt uppslag för framtida forskning. För första gången presenterades hela projektet och dess medlemmar för en publik bestående av praktiker och intressegrupper runt jakt. Rapporten sammanfattar på detta sätt två dagars temadiskussioner i en workshop med 45 representanter från olika samhällssektorer, bland annat jägare- jordbruks- och naturskyddsorganisationer, länsstyrelser, Naturvårdsverket, polis och åklagare som de ser ut i länderna som utgör Fennoskandia: Sverige, Norge, Danmark och Finland. Diskussionerna handlade om social kontroll och illegal jakt, att flytta viltförvaltningen till domstolarna, EUs inflytande och olika plattformar för att förebygga illegal jakt, speciellt på stora rovdjur, som vargar. Rapporten riktar sig till både forskare och praktiker som möter problem med social accepterade, men hemliga och gömda, former av illegal jakt som i sin tur beror av statsapparatens legitimitetskris, misstro mot politik och politiker och som också är en manifestation för landsbygdens motstånd i ett modernt samhälle.The following report marks the dissemination and discussion of the research results and insights for future research produced by this project. Hence, it represents the first time the full research project and its members stand before the public and interest groups. The report synthesizes two days of workshop thematic discussions between 45 participants from societal sectors including hunting and nature conservation NGOs, county administrative boards, Environmental Protection Agencies, law enforcement, environmental attorneys and farming associations as they feature across the Fennoscandian countries: Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Finland. Its discussions center on social control in wildlife crime, the juridification of hunting issues, the influence of the EU and platforms for going forward to mitigate poaching, in particular of large carnivores like the wolf. The report is an essential read for both researchers and practitioners faced with the problem of socially accepted, but secretive and hidden, forms of illegal hunting in response to governmental legitimacy crises, distrust of policy and policy-makers, and as a manifestation of rural resistance in modernity.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Redmalm, David, Docent, 1981-, et al.
(author)
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Bureaucrats vs. Bunnies : The dilemmas of urban wildlife management
- 2023
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Municipal hunters and wildlife managers are entrusted with the task of keeping the urban fauna in balance through preemptive measures, and by culling animals. Based on interviews with hunters, municipal officials, and wildlife rescuers in ten municipalities in Sweden, as well as participant observations during hunts, this study identifies the dilemmas that people face as they engage in wildlife management. In conversations about birds, cats, deer, moose, and lots and lots of rabbits, the interviewees paint a picture of a tension-filled task of managing animals that are not quite wild, but definitely not tame. First, there needs to be a balance between invisibility, to carry through smooth culls, and transparency, to maintain the trust of the community. Second, there is sometimes a clash between efficiency and social acceptability, which means that best practices must sometimes be set aside in favor of more aesthetically appealing methods. Last, knowing when to hold your fire is just as central to urban wildlife management as knowing when to shoot—if not even more so. Therefore, to cull or not to cull is the third dilemma of urban wildlife management.
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| 14. |
- Redmalm, David, Docent, 1981-, et al.
(author)
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Lockdown Fauna : The Beastly Topology of the COVID-19 Pandemic
- 2022
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A few months into the COVID-19 pandemic, photos and news articles began circulating in social media about animals making unexpected appearances in urban areas. Photos were published in news media of dolphins in the canals of Venice, a record number of flamingos in Mumbai, wild boards in Barcelona, and undaunted urban foxes in central London. While some of these stories were proven to be false, such as the Venice dolphins, other stories turned out to be misleading. The animals who allegedly showed up in, returned to or overcrowded certain areas were in fact there all along, but had not gained wider attention until now. Although several of these stories are lacking in credibility, they can be seen as indications of humans’ understanding of themselves and their relations to nature and other animals. As such, they differ from typical romanticizations of a pristine nature untouched by human hand, as the depicted sceneries are human-built environments. Rather than a dream of a pure nature in a distant past, but a future in which humans picture their own downfall. We suggest that lockdown fauna imageries express a happy misanthropy and an optimistic apocalypticism that capture human self-understanding in a society characterized by pandemic and environmental crises.
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| 15. |
- Redmalm, David, Docent, 1981-, et al.
(author)
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Our Lives Without Us : Urban Animals in News Reports and Social Media During the COVID-19 Pandemic
- 2022
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A few months into the COVID-19 pandemic, photos and reports of animals making unexpected appearances in urban areas began to appear in social media and news outlets. These images and stories—from which humans were largely absent—included dolphins in the canals of Venice, a record number of flamingos in Mumbai, drunken elephants in the Yunnan province in China, wild boards in Barcelona, and undaunted urban foxes in central London. In the Nordic countries, the boundary between the urban and the rural was blurred by sightings of wild animals in city centers, challenging the myth of a wild Nordic nature, untouched by human hand. Many of the stories were proven to be either false or misleading, such as the Venice dolphins and the drunken elephants. The animals who allegedly showed up in, returned to, or overcrowded certain areas were in fact there all along, but had not gained attention until now. Although several of the stories are lacking in credibility, they can be seen as indications of humans’ understanding of themselves and their relations to nature and other animals. As such, they differ from typical romanticizations of a pristine nature untouched by human hand, as the depicted sceneries are human-built environments. Rather than a dream of a pure nature in a distant past, the images and reports imagine a future without humans. We suggest that lockdown fauna imageries express a happy misanthropy and an optimistic apocalypticism that capture human self-understanding in a society characterized by pandemic and environmental crises. However, these seemingly misanthropic imaginaries also contain fantasies of a future where humans coexist peacefully with other animals, and where the discomforts and inequalities of urban life have been eradicated.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Skogen, Ketil, et al.
(author)
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Hunters who will not report illegal wolf killing : Self-policing or resistance with political overtones?
- 2022
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In: Ambio. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0044-7447 .- 1654-7209. ; 51, s. 743-753
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Illegal killing of wildlife is challenging conservation efforts worldwide. Ecological research has shown that illegal killing is severely affecting the transboundary Swedish-Norwegian wolf population. A previous study indicated that unwillingness to report illegal killing of wolves among Swedish hunters contains an element of protest against perceived unjust treatment of hunting and hunters but that it could also simply be a reflection of ineffective law enforcement in the backcountry, driving hunters to effect forms of self-policing. Based on a survey of Norwegian hunters, the present research goes one step further. One in five hunters decline to report illegal wolf killings, and unwillingness to report is predicted by lack of trust in environmental institutions and a general anti-elite sentiment. Hunting-related issues and other factors also affect outcomes, but to a lesser degree. We conclude that unwillingness to report is often part of an oppositional stance related not only to wildlife management and conservation, but to contemporary social change in rural areas and perceived societal power relations. It is unlikely that reluctance to report is driven by frustration over inefficient official enforcement. While a political dimension is not always articulated, overlooking it may stoke conflicts and fortify a perception of unjust power relations.
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| 18. |
- Theodorakea, Ilektra Theodora, et al.
(author)
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Who Let the Wolves Out? Narratives, rumors and social representations of the wolf in Greece
- 2016
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In: Environmental Sociology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2325-1042. ; 2, s. 29-40
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- As a way of coping with uncertainty and threats to their livelihoods following wolf reintroduction, livestock breeders in Greece deploy incriminating rumors about the wolf and the premises and actors around its reintroduction. In this paper, we identify the social representations with which livestock breeders make sense of and constitute the wolf as a social object. Through Moscovici’s social representations framework, we show how enduring and contemporary (corresponding to core and peripheral) attributions formalize into coherent narratives and become designated as rumors by their unverified, third-party nature. To this end, the two rumors that dominate in Greece as well as the rest of Europe are that of wolves being secretly released by NGOs and wolves as genetically impure hybrids. These become counter-narratives to the dominant truth and function as the currency of the voiceless in wolf conservation. The paper situates these rumors in a global context of contemporary conspiracy theories on the wolf currently reproduced by disenfranchised hunters, breeders and rural residents. It suggests the affinities across these rumors point to generalizable drivers to rumor creation, including the perception of inaccessible official channels for communication.
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| 19. |
- Tickle, Lara, et al.
(author)
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Expanding arenas for learning hunting ethics, their grammars and dilemmas : An examination of young hunters' enculturation into modern hunting
- 2022
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In: Sociologia Ruralis. - : Wiley. - 0038-0199 .- 1467-9523. ; 62:3, s. 632-650
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Although hunting is declining in western countries, the number of people taking the hunting exam in Sweden are stable, and new demographic groups are becoming hunters. Through interviews done in Sweden with both new and experienced hunters, as well as focus groups with young hunters at agricultural colleges, we investigate how they navigate praxis and ethical frameworks taught in hunting. Using theories on moral learning, as well as Walzer's thick and thin moral argument, we contrast the views of these young hunters with the ethical principles outlined in the educational literature for the hunting exam. We then present how young hunters reasoned around issues regarding hunting ethics, animal welfare and the place of hunting in modern society, both inside and outside the classroom. The young hunters we spoke to acted as moderators of modern trends in hunting, often bringing 'destabilising' influences like social media and female hunters. Young hunters are enculturated into traditional hunting structures and, in the process, caught in a dialectic between modern influences and traditional hunting culture. Our findings highlight challenges such as 'false consensus' and 'ethical trade-offs' in the learning of hunting ethics, which emerge potentially due to a lack of space for deliberation on hunting ethics.
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| 20. |
- Tickle, Lara, et al.
(author)
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Fresh meat : Women's motivations to hunt and how they challenge hunting structures
- 2024
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In: Environment and Planning E. - 2514-8486 .- 2514-8494.
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Hunting has a unique status as a sport and leisure activity alongside its practices having high stakes for society related to ecology, biosecurity, animal welfare and public safety. As such, hunting must increasingly legitimate itself before the public both in terms of ethically justifiable motivations for why to hunt and ethical standards for how to hunt. One way in which public acceptance has been sought in recent years has been to frontline 'women hunters' as the hunting community's indirect ambassadors. An effort to recruit more women is also seen as imperative to the survival of hunting in a practical, demographic sense. When women enter hunting, they enter an arena that is opaque and difficult to navigate along with heavy baggage from gender roles, expectations about proximity to wildlife and nature, and masculine norms on behaviour. In this study, we demonstrate through semi-structured interviews, participant observation and auto-ethnography of a hunting license education in Sweden, how women navigate spaces carved out for men. The findings show traps of emphasised femininity, expectations of women as 'softening influences' on male hunters to rein in their potentially unethical behaviour, and as differentially positioned in the learning process of hunting. However, using Bourdieu's social capital, findings also reveal that women negotiate and trade attributes in creative ways - such as landownership, meat handling skills and knowledge - to gain an advantage, status or level the playing field. We argue that regardless of gender, being in a position of sufficient capital to be able to call out unethical behaviour in the hunting team is crucial insofar as it serves the hunting community's ultimate interest.
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| 21. |
- Vajas, Pablo, et al.
(author)
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Meeting the challenges of wild boar hunting in a modern society : The case of France
- 2023
-
In: Ambio. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0044-7447 .- 1654-7209. ; 52:8, s. 1359-1372
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Modern hunting is an ambivalent practice, torn between leisure and labor. Nowhere are these conflicting dimensions better manifested than for wild boar—a simultaneous game and pest species in many countries. Here, we consider the sociological, political and cultural phenomenon of wild boar hunting from a change perspective, starting at its historical roots to future implications concerning the changing demographics, drivers, needs and practices of a modernizing hunting community. Using the case context of France, we present an approach to deconstructing each component of wild boar hunting firstly, and subsequently the external forces that change the nature of hunting. The objective of this manuscript is to discuss of the wild boar optimal harvesting to be applied in changing social and ecological environment. Findings show that the challenges facing wild boar management will likely intensify in the future, especially under the spotlight of a controversial public debate.
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
- Von Essen, Erica
(author)
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A reluctant right-wing social movement: On the 'good sense' of Swedish hunters
- 2017
-
In: Journal of Rural Studies. - : Elsevier BV. - 0743-0167 .- 1873-1392. ; 50, s. 139-147
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In recent years, hunting and agrarian communities have increasingly risen in opposition to nature conservation policy that is perceived to infringe on their traditional ways of life. They charge ‘conservationists' with having a disproportionate influence on policy and maintain that the state system now disenfranchises their needs and interests. In this paper, we suggest this particular brand of resistance can be illuminated by neo-Marxist social movement framework (Cox and Nilsen, 2014) on the dialectic of movements-from-below and movements-from-above, competing for hegemony in the context of an organic crisis of the system.Our paper examines the role of Swedish hunters' activation of a counter-hegemonic ‘good sense' to oppose the hegemonic common sense established by wolf conservationists in the state system. The case of Swedish hunters rising in resistance toward the newfound hegemony of wolf conservation is hence resolved as the rise of a right-wing movement from below, mobilized on the basis of defensive, conservative and agrarian values. The novel contribution of this paper lies in its examination of the (often) self-professed limits of hunters' distinctively agrarian good sense, in light of their own reluctance as an oppositional social movement from below.Not only do hunters exhibit considerable reluctance in regard to their own ‘movement' identity and ambivalence in regard to hegemony. But we argue that from a conceptual perspective the empowerment of a counter-hegemonic good sense as in traditional resistance studies can, at best, result in a dialectical reversal of movement positions with conservationists, without appropriate mediation or compromise. This leads us to some brief recommendations from democratic theory to mediate between the below and above movements of hunters and conservationists.
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| 24. |
- von Essen, Erica
(author)
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Animal Resistance! Animal Agency and the Paradox of Capture and Control
- 2021
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- In a recent iteration of research into animal agency, multiple fields of study now consider empirically and conceptually the ways in which animals subvert orders, actions and representations imposed on them (Colling 2020). Notions of ‘nature strikes back’, trickster wild life, and rebel animals escaping from the slaughterhouse all powerfully engage anthropologists, wildlife managers, sociologists, cognitive ethologists and above all the public. In the following paper, we examine how animal resistance is manifested in the modern sport hunting context—a perhaps unlikely case given ostensive power imbalances. Indeed, first, the seeming absence of mutual consent in interspecies sports like hunting make it difficult to suggest wild animals may be ‘playing the game’ to the extent they resort to counter-deceptions to fool and misdirect hunters (von Essen, et al. 2020). Nevertheless, we show how there are several resistant modalities on the part of wildlife in modern hunting: one of these is a species-level adaptation to capture including camouflage; another is the use of individual wiles to deflect or deceive hunters or their dogs in response to chase; and a third modality, we suggest, is how the technology of wildlife surveillance employed by hunters (trail cams, gps-trackers, and more) can be rendered by animals to tell their own stories, thus resisting subjectification (Verma, et al. 2016). To this end, we show how resistance and emancipation of wild animals becomes an affordance of technology that was originally paradoxically aimed to capture and control wild animals. We conclude by discussing key questions around intentionality around animal agency and ideas of consent in game-playing.
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
- von Essen, Erica, 1987-
(author)
-
Combatting The Greatest Threat To Wolves In Europe : Illegal Killing
- 2021
-
Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Dr. Erica von Essen, Associate Professor, Department of Social Anthropology, Stockholm University (Sweden) also joined the panel debate, providing an overview of the social science research on illegal killing of wolves. Describing the various forms in which wolves can (theoretically) be harvested today, she questioned which format is preferable from a biological, ethical, social point of view, and what sort of relationship do these hunting forms establish with the wolf as a species?
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| 28. |
- von Essen, Erica
(author)
-
Culling me softly : relocating, rehabing and communicating with problem wildlife
- 2022
-
In: Sharing Landscapes. - Wageningen.
-
Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- What happens to wild animals that are at the wrong place at the wrong time? Whom do you call when a moose wanders into someone’s garden, a city swan shows increasing aggression to passers-by, and a family of feral rabbits have taken up residence in a children’s daycare center? The project “License to Cull: Rural and urban geographies of wild animal culling” investigates the vernacular experiences of municipal hunters, pest controllers and professional cullers at estates whose job it is to dispatch of unwanted wildlife species, populations and individuals. The talk, synthesizing the project findings, presents the following themes: 1) Cull: wildlife whose categorical or situational predicaments render them ‘killable’; 2) Communicate: wildlife with whom one attempts non-lethal management, including using cues, repellents, and deterrents in the landscape to communicate to them to ‘stay in their lane’; 3) Animal labour, to which we include the increasingly inventive ways in which animals as used against other animals in ‘Judas’ capacities, as biosensors of invasive species, as predators of unwanted wildlife and as protectors warding off dangerous wildlife, and finally 4) Wildlife rescue, a tendency for out-of-place, injured, abandoned or problematic wildlife to be rescued and rehabilitated. The talk concludes by engaging in discussions about the ethics of removing these animals seen from the perspective of cullers and wildlife rescuers. Within this, I draw attention to the current societal values around for example biosecurity and aesthetics that motivate the removal of certain wildlife in the first place. My talk is intended to stimulate further discussion on urban wildlife management, pest control, the trend to broadcast in social media happy wildlife sanctuary stories, and animal labor.
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| 29. |
- Von Essen, Erica, et al.
(author)
-
DECONSTRUCTING THE POACHING PHENOMENON A Review of Typologies for Understanding Illegal Hunting
- 2014
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In: British Journal of Criminology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0007-0955 .- 1464-3529. ; 54, s. 632-651
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This review explores the way that the illegal hunting phenomenon has been framed by research. We demarcate three main approaches that have been used to deconstruct the crime. These include 'drivers of the deviance', 'profiling perpetrators' and 'categorizing the crime'. Disciplinary silo thinking on the part of prominent theories, an overreliance on either a micro or a macro perspective, and adherence to either an instrumental or normative perspective are identified as weaknesses in existing approaches. Based on these limitations in addressing sociopolitical dimensions of the phenomenon, we call for a more integrative understanding that moves illegal hunting from being approached as a 'crime' or 'deviance' to being seen as a political phenomenon driven by the concepts of defiance and radicalization.
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| 30. |
- von Essen, Erica, 1987-, et al.
(author)
-
Digital Ecologies: : Materialities, Encounters, Governance
- 2024
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In: Progress in Environmental Geography. - : SAGE Publications. - 2753-9687.
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Digital technologies increasingly mediate relations between humans andnonhumans in a range of contexts including environmental governance,surveillance, and entertainment. Combining approaches from more-thanhumanand digital geographies, we proffer ‘digital ecologies’ as ananalytical framework for examining digitally-mediated human-nonhumanentanglement. We identify entanglement as a compelling basis fromwhich to articulate and critique digitally-mediated relations in diversesituated contexts. Three questions guide this approach: What digitaltechnologies and infrastructures give rise to digital entanglement, andwith what material consequences? What is at stake socially, politically,and economically when encounters with nonhumans are digitised? Andhow are digital technologies enrolled in programmes of environmentalgovernance? We develop our digital ecologies framework across threecore conceptual themes of wider interest to environmental geographers:(i) materialities, considering the infrastructures which enable digitallymediatedmore-than-human connections and their socioenvironmentalimpacts; (ii) encounters, examining the political economic consequencesand convivial potentials of digitising contact zones; and (iii) governance,questioning how digital technologies produce novel forms of more-thanhumangovernance. We affirm that digital mediations of more-thanhumanworlds can potentially cultivate environmentally progressivecommunities, convivial human-nonhuman encounters, and just forms ofenvironmental governance, and as such note the urgency of theseconversations.
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| 31. |
- Von Essen, Erica, et al.
(author)
-
Discourses on illegal hunting in Sweden: the meaning of silence and resistance
- 2018
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In: Environmental Sociology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2325-1042. ; 4, s. 370-380
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The first rule to poaching is that you do not talk about poaching. If you do, you do so behind a veil of anonymity, using hypotheticals or indirect reported speech that protect you from moral, cultural or legal self-incrimination. In this study of Swedish hunters talking about a phenomenon of illegal killing of protected wolves, we situate such talk in the debate between crime talk as reflecting resistance, reality or everyday venting. We identify four discourses: the discourse of silence; the complicit discourse of protecting poachers; the 'proxy' discourse of talking about peers; and the 'empty' discourse of exaggerating wolf kills as means of political resistance. Our hunters materialize these discourses both by sharing stories that we sort into respective discourses and by providing their meta-level perceptions on what they mean. Specifically we examine whether Swedish hunters' discourses on illegal killing are (1) a means of letting off steam; (2) a reflection of reality; (3) part of a political counter-narrative against wolf conservation; or (4) a way of radicalizing peers exposed to the discourse. We conclude that illegal killing discourses simultaneously reflect reality and constitute it and that hunters' meta-talk reveals most endorse a path-goal folk model of talk and action.
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| 32. |
- Von Essen, Erica
(author)
-
Environmental disobedience and the dialogic dimensions of dissent
- 2017
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In: Democratization. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1351-0347 .- 1743-890X. ; 24, s. 305-24
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this paper, the potential for applying deliberative disobedience as a legitimation framework for environmental disobedience is unpacked. At present, disobedience on behalf of non-humans is not justified within the liberal theory of disobedience put forward by Rawls. Instead of framing harms to environment as indirect harms to humans, Smith's framework of deliberative disobedience may be invoked on the premises that disobedients publicize not fundamental rights violations, but systematically distorted communication in the process that enacted the environmental policy or decision. To this end, the paper engages in a critical discussion about the dangers of legitimating environmental disobedience through deliberative disobedience. Indeed, its justification hinges on possessing deliberative or "dialogic" credentials as an alternative mode of address to distorted official channels. But its consequence, that of characterizing environmental disobedience as dialogic, means embracing the increasingly violent, clandestine and coercive acts as dialogue. I argue, this from deliberative premises with precarious implications for the legitimacy and uptake of environmental disobedients.
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| 33. |
- Von Essen, Erica
(author)
-
Evaluating how Swedish hunters value content in hunter education classes
- 2021
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In: Human Dimensions of Wildlife. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1087-1209 .- 1533-158X. ; 26, s. 492-500
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Hunter education classes are a compulsory education tool for all hunters in North America, Europe and some other regions. However, little research focuses on hunter education. We surveyed Swedish hunters, examining how they valued key aspects of hunter education, and identifying socio-demographic predictors for those preferences. Learning about dog handling and making friends in the hunting community were the least important aspects of hunter education. Information about firearms was most important followed by information about hunting ethics, hunting laws, and wildlife ecology. Agerelated positively to valuing most aspects of hunter education. Duration huntingrelated negatively to valuing those aspects. Hunters motivated by social interactions valued hunting ethics content more, and hunters motivated by obtaining trophies valued hunting ethics less than their counterparts. Hunter education in Sweden would benefit from changes aimed at highlighting aspects of hunting that students' value most.
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| 34. |
- Von Essen, Erica
(author)
-
From Obstructionism to Communication: Local, National and Transnational Dimensions of Contestations on the Swedish Wolf Cull Controversy
- 2017
-
In: Environmental Communication. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1752-4032 .- 1752-4040. ; 11, s. 654-666
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Two obstructionist ways of doing politics on contentious wildlife management issues currently reflect a legitimacy deficit in official channels for public engagement. The first is that of a pernicious "direct-action" politics, in the form of resort by hunters in rural Sweden to illegal killings of protected wolves over whose policy they contest. The second obstruction is when environmental non-governmental organizations routinely file appeals in higher-level courtrooms contesting democratically mandated wolf cull decisions. Although markedly different when it comes to their categorically deliberative values as well as fidelity to the law, we argue both extra-legal and the litigative phenomena reflect disenfranchisement with the participation channels in which such controversies may be resolved through a public dialogue. We also argue that both possess negative systemic deliberative value inasmuch as they frustrate goals of reaching deliberative consensus, by contributing to a stalled public communication on wolf management. We address this deficit by appeal to recent developments in the theory and practice of mini-publics that promote both the categorical and systemic deliberative value of channeling contestation. In particular, we appeal to a novel conception of hunter-initiated, but citizen controlled, mini-publics as a vehicle for re-starting stalled public communication on wolf conservation
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| 35. |
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| 36. |
- von Essen, Erica, 1987-, et al.
(author)
-
How fences communicate interspecies codes of conduct in the landscape : toward bidirectional communication?
- 2023
-
In: Wildlife Biology. - 0909-6396 .- 1903-220X.
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The fence provides two functions in wildlife management. First, it physically blocks, deters or impedes wild animals from access to protected areas or resources. Second, the fence signals impassability, danger, pain or irritation to animals through both of these pathways: the actual blockade and the signal of no access both communicates to wild animals that they should stay away, producing area effects which constrain animal mobility. The mere presence of a fence, while imperfect and potentially passable, can come to establish an area effect of avoidance. In this regard, fences are part of an interspecies communication on the basis of mutually understood signals in the landscape. In this paper, we consider how fences, both physical, such as walls, and virtual, such as 'biofences' that use sensory deterrents, signal danger or no access to wildlife, and with what practical and conceptual limitations. Through a framework of ecosemiotics, the communication of signals between wildlife and humans, we discuss the communicative role fences play in human-wildlife interactions. First, we outline the way in which ecosemiotics may be leveraged to manage human-wildlife conflicts by utilizing fences as signals. Then we explain miscommunication, and how this impacts the success of fences. Finally, we discuss the normative problems of attempting to signal to wildlife how to behave and where to be, and raise the need for bidirectional communication across species, such that wild animals are also seen as participants in negotiating space and access around humans.
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| 37. |
- Von Essen, Erica, et al.
(author)
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How Stakeholder Co-management Reproduces Conservation Conflicts: Revealing Rationality Problems in Swedish Wolf Conservation
- 2015
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In: Conservation and Society. - : Medknow. - 0972-4923 .- 0975-3133. ; 13, s. 332-344
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- 'Stakeholder' has become the primary category of political actor in decision-making, not least within nature conservation. Drawing from Habermas' theory on communicative action, this article argues that there are democratic deficits to the stakeholder model that promote citizens to remain locked in predetermined, polarized positions. It contends that the stakeholder model must, hence, be scrutinized with respect to its potential role in perpetuating conservation conflicts in modernity. Using the case study of stakeholder-based game management delegations (GMDs) in Sweden, our research identifies four barriers, which tie to the instrumental basis and liberal democratic legacy of the stakeholder approach: 1) strong sense of accountability; 2) overly purposive atmosphere; 3) overemphasis on decision as final outcome; and 4) perceived inability on the part of the delegates to influence science-led decision-making. The article suggests that these democratic deficits preclude the deliberation and contestation necessary to legitimate conservation policy. Indeed, stakeholder rationality causes citizens to become inert, instrumental agents who approach discussion with strategic rather than communicative rationality. We conclude that the deficits of the stakeholder model currently: 1) restrict democratic freedom for citizens; 2) engender a crisis of legitimacy of management; and 3) reproduce the conflict, which in Sweden relates to the conservation of wolves.
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| 38. |
- Von Essen, Erica
(author)
-
How wild boar hunting is becoming a battleground
- 2020
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In: Leisure Sciences. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0149-0400 .- 1521-0588. ; 42, s. 552–569-
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Sport hunting has been shaped by modernization processes such as commoditization and rationalization. But these processes have also precipitated counterreactions seeking to return hunting to a state of authenticity. This is manifested in the rise of atavism such as bowhunting and exemplified in an embodied turn that involves a more intimate and care-based relationship with wildlife. Many hunters today are demarcated into “communities of practice” on the basis of how they are positioned in relation to these contradicting trends. In this article, I investigate what happens when such trends and leisure communities of practice collide, using a case study of wild boar hunting. I show how the wild boar becomes a nexus for the contradictions of modernization. This is discussed, first, as to what this means for wild boar welfare and, second, as to what sorts of identities, values, and ethics the wild boar brings about among hunters.
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| 39. |
- Von Essen, Erica, et al.
(author)
-
Hunters, Crown, Nobles, and Conservation Elites: Class Antagonism over the Ownership of Common Fauna
- 2017
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In: International Journal of Cultural Property. - 0940-7391. ; 24, s. 161-186
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Abstract: Because of their status of res nullius—owned by no one—property theory is underdeveloped in regard to wildlife. In this article, wildlife is seen to be sometimes subject to a shadow ownership by class interests in society. Hunters accuse protected wolves of being the “pets” or “property” of an urban-based conservationist middle class. This phenomenon fragments the common fauna and undermines responsibility taking and policy compliance for wildlife that is seen as being owned by an oppositional social class. Using an empirical case study of Swedish hunters, we show how responsibility for wildlife has become entangled with property rights. A historical materialist analysis reveals that hunters once experienced ownership of wildlife by the nobility as co-opting state coercive power. Today, however, aristocracy is replaced by a new elite class of conservationists. Noting the hunters’ tendency to evoke quasi-aristocratic virtues of ownership, we advance recommendations for an alternative approach. We appeal to deliberative democracy to promote the “communing” of wildlife across classes in fora that withstand co-optation by class interests.
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| 40. |
- Von Essen, Erica
(author)
-
Hunting communities of practice: Factors behind the social differentiation of hunters in modernity
- 2019
-
In: Journal of Rural Studies. - : Elsevier BV. - 0743-0167 .- 1873-1392. ; 68, s. 13-21
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Hunting is a social world in which members socially differentiate themselves into smaller social worlds on the basis of adhering to a particular method, aesthetic, or game. Such identity constitution has been understood as forming communities of practice of hunters. Importantly, these communities frequently take pride in their distinct identities and assert theirs is the 'real' way of hunting. In this paper, we canvass the diverse factors that make up hunter identities and examine them for patterns and meaning. Our analysis places the phenomenon of social differentiation as it currently takes place in hunting in the context of responses to modernization. On this analysis, hunter identities are found to be rooted in defensive localism, class competition over resources, gender and moral affiliation, and the protection of the social legitimacy of hunting before an increasingly critical society. Our work is at once a synthesis of recurring hunting profiles across literature and field sites in Europe and a critical analysis of the significance of hunting communities of practice in future research, including serious leisure studies, nature-based recreation, criminology and rural sociology.
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| 41. |
- Von Essen, Erica, et al.
(author)
-
Illegal fishing and hunting as resistance to neoliberal colonialism
- 2017
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In: Crime, Law and Social Change. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0925-4994 .- 1573-0751. ; 67, s. 401-413
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This essay offers a critical overview of how neoliberal colonialism has nurtured wildlife crime in many contexts, and discusses future research avenues opened by incorporating a critique of neoliberalism into wildlife criminology studies. Specifically we suggest neoliberalism's tendency to convert nature into alienable property and exclude people who do not accept subjugation as eco-rational subjects has created its own brand of wildlife crime by construing those participating in previously acceptable subsistence and recreational activities as criminal deviants. We suggest this phenomenon is widespread, occurring in North America, Europe, and the global south, and promotes ever more draconian deterrence models for addressing wildlife crime. We conclude by suggesting that future research should include analyses of (1) how people violating harvest regulations frame the political context and its impact on their livelihoods, (2) how the subjectification process linked to neoliberal colonialism influences wildlife crime, (3) how alienation of labor contributes to illegal wildlife harvest, and (4) the spatial geography of how neoliberal colonialism influences illegal wildlife harvest.
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| 42. |
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| 43. |
- Von Essen, Erica
(author)
-
Illegal hunting special issue
- 2017
-
In: Crime, Law and Social Change. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0925-4994 .- 1573-0751. ; 67, s. 377-382
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)
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| 44. |
- Von Essen, Erica
(author)
-
In the gap between legality and legitimacy : illegal hunting in Sweden as a crime of dissent
- 2016
-
Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- It may be challenging to see how illegal hunting, a crime that ostensibly proceeds as shoot, shovel and shut up in remote rural communities, at all communicates with the regime. Examining the socio-legal interplay between hunters and state regulation, however, clarifies illegal hunting to be part of a politically motivated pattern of dissent that signals hunters’ disenfranchisement from the polity. While few contemporary illegal hunters cut conscientious figures like Robin Hood, their violation of illegitimate law may likewise testify to a profound disjuncture between legality and legitimacy. This is the premise taken in the following research. Here it is observed contemporary Swedish hunters experience the deliberative system pertaining to wildlife and wolf conservation to be systematically stacked against them and unable to serve as a site for critical law-making that provides equal uptake of all voices. One manifestation of their growing disenfranchisement is the establishment of a counterpublic mobilised on the basis of shared semantics for the sorts of deliberative deficits they argue befall them in the present. Within the remit of their counterpublic, hunters undertake and justify illegal hunting along with other forms of disengaging dissent like abstentions, non-compliance, boycotts and conscientious refusals with state agencies. The research captures hunters’ dissent in Smith’s deliberative disobedience, a deliberative and Habermasian grounded reinterpretation of the more familiar classical theory of civil disobedience. On this perspective, illegal hunting signals a deficit in the deliberative system, which hunters both bypass by taking an alternative conduit for contestation, and draw attention to when they undertake dissent. The dissent in this case study is deconstructed in terms of its grammar—as simultaneously engaging and disengaging with the premises of power—and in terms of its communicative content. Set within the field of Environmental Communication, the dissertation is intended as an empirical and theoretical contribution to a discussion on the boundaries of political dialogue in the context of civic disenfranchisement: it asks whether some of hunters’ dissent may be parsed as a call for a more inclusive debate, or as dialogic acts in themselves. Finally, it presents ways toward short-term and longer-term reconciliation of hunters with the deliberative system, drawing on the work of contestatory citizen mini-publics from the third wave of deliberative democracy.
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| 45. |
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| 46. |
- Von Essen, Erica
(author)
-
Interspecies Violence and Crimes of Dissent: Communication Ethics and Legitimacy in Message Crimes Involving Wildlife
- 2017
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In: Critical Criminology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1205-8629 .- 1572-9877. ; 25, s. 261-274
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this article, we consider the phenomenon of message crimes involving harm to wildlife from a sociological and criminological perspective. Using a case study of dissident Nordic hunters killing protected wolves to send a message to the state agencies responsible for their conservation, we engage philosophically with the question of wildlife victimhood and why interspecies violence is unjustifiable as a mode of political dissent. As an alternative to the species justice perspective in green criminology, we examine how the acts disrespect animals as moral subjects of public communication and frustrate dialogue regarding what is owed to them in terms of political justice.
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| 47. |
- Von Essen, Erica, et al.
(author)
-
Leisure or Labour: An Identity Crisis for Modern Hunting?
- 2020
-
In: Sociologia Ruralis. - : Wiley. - 0038-0199 .- 1467-9523. ; 60, s. 174-197
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Modern hunting appears to be undergoing an identity crisis as a result of transitioning from labour to leisure. This transition is by no means linear or absolute. Today, hunting is framed both as a hobby for the leisure participant, and as a societal duty that delivers wildlife management, pest control for agriculture, sustainably sourced meat and euthanasia of injured wildlife. Hunting is hence doubly serious as 'serious leisure': it involves skill and perseverance, but it is also seen as serious in constituting societal labour. In this article, we employ netnographic research to examine how and in what contexts labour-leisure tensions are manifested among Swedish hunters. We observe hunters struggle with the balance between leisure and labour on four levels: (1) internally, when it comes to reconciling their personal motivations for hunting; (2) between hunters, resulting in the normative differentiation between 'urban leisure hunters' and everyday hunters in the countryside doing 'real' work; (3) between different hunting practices; and (4) between wanting to enjoy the freedom afforded by the leisure label, while also inviting formalisation of hunting's role as a public service, including compensation. Our findings show the contradiction between labour and leisure is also differently managed across these levels.
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| 48. |
- von Essen, Erica, et al.
(author)
-
License to Cull : Investigating the Necropolitics of Countryside Culling and Urban Pest Control
- 2020
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Maintaining the public good of biosecurity means disposing of alien, invasive, feral, pest and public hazard animals. This may range from everything from urban wildlife blocking constructions projects, escapee animals, to game animals like wild boars or moose becoming public security hazards. These out-of-place animals, spatially or behaviorally problematic animals, are now culled as part of UN and EU goals to protect biodiversity, agricultural assemblages and to maintain public health in sustainable cities, but the practices and principles that comprise such animal culling in everyday work are often shrouded in obscurity. In our beginning study, we unpack the values and calculations (‘necropolitics’) on which pest controllers and hunters rely when they cull undesirable animals in urban and rural geographies respectively. We ask: what values, norms and knowledges guide pest controllers and hunters engaged in culling? We examine how pest controllers’ and hunters’ shared norms and categorizations, urban and rural geographies and animal agency impact the animal’s relative ‘killability’. Beirne (2018) suggests there are particular circumstances in which animal killing is immoral. Our aim is to apprehend these circumstances to respond to the earlier call by Beirne (2014) on “how and why some theoricides are constructed as socially acceptable and others as unacceptable must surely be problematized as a key object of inquiry” (p. 61). Our inquiry includes attending to the ‘where’ of animal killing, corresponding to geographies of death.Our presentation considers analytical approaches to determining how and to what extent the practice of culling corresponds with policies regarding city planning, biodiversity and animal welfare. Cullers of undesirable animals can be thought as the administrators of the boundary between nature and society (Latour 2004), but may increasingly have negative public and self images as ‘the garbage collectors of society’ (Dahles, 1993): containing zoonoses, animal attacks, damage to agricultural assemblages and protecting native biota. Mapping culling norms among pest controllers and hunters is an important contribution to both the ethics and politics of killing: for whom, when, and for what good this is justifiable in society. Works cited: Beirne, P. (2014) Theriocide: Naming animal killing. International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 3(2) p. 18Beirne, P. (2018) Murdering animals: Writings on theriocide, homicide and nonspeciesist criminology (London: Palgrave Macmillan UK)Dahles, H. (1993) Game killing and killing games: An anthropologist looking at hunting in a modern society. Society & Animals, 1(2) pp. 169-184Latour, B., 2004. Politics of Nature How to Bring the Sciences into Democracy. Harvard University Press
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| 49. |
- von Essen, Erica, et al.
(author)
-
License to Cull : A Research Agenda for Investigating the Necropolitics of Countryside Culling and Urban Pest Control
- 2023
-
In: Society and Animals. - : Brill Academic Publishers. - 1063-1119 .- 1568-5306. ; 26:3, s. 1-16
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper proposes an empirical research agenda for investigating the practices of biosecuritization of wild animal threats in modern society. Previously mostly studied on the lofty biopolitical level of directives on combatting invasive species or culling pests, we outline the conceptual and methodological points of entry for bringing the on-the-ground work of culling out-of-place, unwanted, individual animals and populations. This means a focus on necropolitics as constituted by the norms, everyday professional practices, vernaculars of killing, and identity work by pest controllers in the city and hunters on the countryside. Borrowing from research in the domestic animal killing context, we nevertheless show how wild animal killing is imbued with more spontaneity, remorse, aesthetics, public stigma, and multispecies entanglements, requiring adapted research protocols.
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| 50. |
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