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1.	Earon, Robert, et al. (author) Groundwater Resources Potential in Hard Rock Terrain : A Multivariate Approach 2014 In: Ground Water. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0017-467X .- 1745-6584. Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Groundwater resources are limited and difficult to predict in crystalline bedrock due to heterogeneity and anisotropy in rock fracture systems. Municipal-level governments often lack the resources for traditional hydrogeological tests when planning for sustainable use of water resources. A new methodology for assessing groundwater resources potential (GRP) based on geological and topographical factors using principal component analysis (PCA) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was developed and tested. ANOVA results demonstrated statistically significant differences in classed variable groups as well as in classed GRP scores with regard to hydrogeological indicators, such as specific capacity (SC) and transmissivity. Results of PCA were used to govern the weight of the variables used in the prediction maps. GRP scores were able to identify 79% of wells in a verification dataset, which had SC values less than the total dataset median. GRP values showed statistically significant correlations using both parametric (using transformed datasets) and non-parametric methods. The method shows promise for municipal or regional level planning in crystalline terrains with high levels of heterogeneity and anisotropy as a hydrogeologically and statistically based tool to assist in assessing groundwater resources. The methodology is executed in a geographic information systems environment, and uses often readily available data, such as geological maps, feature maps and topography, and thus does not require expensive and time-consuming aquifer tests.
2.	Shami, Siavash, et al. (author) Assessments of ground subsidence along the railway in the Kashan plain, Iran, using Sentinel-1 data and NSBAS algorithm 2022 In: International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation. - : Elsevier. - 1569-8432 .- 1872-826X. ; 112 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The 110-kilometer-long Qom-Kashan railway is one of the busiest lines in Iran, passing through the Kashan plain. The majority of Iran's plains have subsided in recent years as a result of uncontrolled groundwater extraction, and the Kashan plain is no exception. In this study, ground surface displacement in the Kashan plain region and its impact on the railway were investigated using New Small Baseline Subset (NSBAS) in up-down and east–west directions using descending and ascending Sentinel-1 data collected between 2015 and 2021. Our results indicate that the Kashan plain is subsiding more than 90 mm/year. The study of the local areas around the railway which passes through the study area revealed that the rate of vertical velocity in some locations reaches –23 mm/year, while the rate of east–west velocity is insignificant and is approximately ±2 mm/year. Additionally, a method for analyzing the railway's stability based on longitudinal profiles along the railway is presented. Our findings suggest that more than 60% of the railway line is subject to variable amounts of subsidence. Additionally, a region of approximately one kilometer of the railway has been classified as a risk zone due to relatively fast local deformation. After examining the effect of various factors, it was determined that uncontrolled groundwater extraction in agricultural areas contributed to the subsidence in this area. Our results show that the presented stability control approach in this study is highly reliable for creating hazard profiles for linear structures, such as railways.
3.	Nickman, Alireza (author) Road disasters? Modeling and assessment of Swedish roads within crucial climate conditions 2016 Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract An efficient maintenance of roads to ensure high accessibility and durability of the transport capacity requires an understanding of how the hydrological response depends on both the road and the landscape characteristics. New methods and data were used to identify and explain interaction between roads and surrounding environment and their influence on hydrologic responses both in watershed scale and road-section scale. In the watershed scale, flood hazard probability was made with reference to the most influential physical catchment descriptors and road characteristics. Additionally, a physical based model was used to estimate the effect of road topography on the hydrological responses of 20 watersheds to storms with different intensities. A simple method was developed and discussed to address flood risk probability in the road-stream crossings concerning the correlation between the quantities of the physical catchment descriptors and occurrence/absence of flooding. The most influential factors in describing the probability of flooding along the roads were topographic wetness index, soil properties, road density and channel slopes. A detailed study of simulated flow duration curves showed differences between the 20 watersheds for three different storms based on topography with and without roads. An increase in peak flow and reduced time to pick occurred with existence of roads and increased storm intensity.In the road-section scale, an uncertainty-based simulation approach was used to identify the most influencing processes in controlling the dynamics of the groundwater level. A model (CoupModel) set up with four different geological stratifications was made to model two positions in a slope upstream of a road with drainage pipes and ditches. Results from the simulations indicate the significance of precipitation rate, road drainage and position in hillslope, and soil properties and stratifications in controlling groundwater levels. The same model was also applied to simulate soil moisture and temperature dynamics in two road sections by using groundwater and climate data. Porous media properties were obtained as statistical distribution function that provided the best performance of moisture and temperature dynamic in the road layers and underlying soil.
4.	Alkaradaghi, Karwan, et al. (author) Landfill Site Selection Using GIS and Multi-criteria Decision-making AHP and SAW Methods: A Case Study in Sulaimaniyah Governorate, Iraq 2022 In: Research Developments in Geotechnics, Geo-Informatics and Remote Sensing. - Cham : Springer Nature. ; , s. 289-292 Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract Lack of land for waste disposal is one of the main problems facing urban areas in developing countries. The Sulaimaniyah Governorate, located in Northern Iraq, is one of the main cities of the country in the Kurdistan Region, covering an area of 2400 km2. Currently, there is no landfill site in the study region that meets the scientific and environmental requirements, and the inappropriate dumping of solid waste causes adverse effects to the environment, economic and urban aesthetic. To overcome this phenomenon, it is crucial to suggest a landfill site, even in countries that recycle or burn their waste to protect the environment. Landfill sites should be carefully selected taking into account all regulations and other restrictions. The integration of geographic information systems and the multi-criteria decision analysis were used in this study to select suitable landfill locations in the region. To this end, thirteen layers prepared according to their importance including slope, geology, land use, urban area, villages, rivers, groundwater, slope, elevation, soil, geology, road, oil and gas, land use, archaeology and power lines. Two different methods (simple additive weighting and analytic hierarchy process) were implemented in a geographical information system to obtain the suitability index map for candidate landfill sites, where all these conditions satisfied the scientific and environmental criteria adopted in this study. The comparison of the maps resulting from these two different methods demonstrates that both methods produced consistent results.
5.	Haas, Jan, et al. (author) Remote sensing of bidecadal urbanization and its impact on ecosystem service in the yangtze river delta 2013 In: Proceedings of Dragon 2 Final Results & Dragon 3 Kick-Off Symposium. - : ESA Communications. - 9789290922681 ; , s. 1-8 Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract The degree of urbanization and resulting effects on Ecosystem Services is investigated in the Yangtze River Delta in China within a 20 year time frame from 1990 to 2010. A Random forest classifier is used to classify the Landsat mosaic from 1990 and the HJ-1A/B mosaic dating from 2010. Urban Land Index (UI) and Urban Expansion Index (UX) are used to represent the intensity and rapidity of urbanization. Post-Classification Change Detection is then performed and Ecosystem Service value losses for the land-cover classes water, wetland, forest and cropland that transitioned to urban areas are calculated according to a valuation scheme adapted to the Chinese market. The results showed that Yangtze River Delta experienced significant urbanization during 1990 to 2010. Urban areas increased alongside a major decrease in cropland resulting in a substantial loss of 4.2 billion CNY in Ecosystem Services.
6.	Hammar, Arvid, 1986, et al. (author) Optical Tolerance Analysis of the Multi-Beam Limb Viewing Instrument STEAMR 2014 In: IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology. - 2156-342X .- 2156-3446. ; 4:6, s. 714-721 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract We report on an optical tolerance analysis of the submillimeter atmospheric multi-beam limb sounder STEAMR. Physical optics and ray-tracing methods were used to quantify and separate errors in beam pointing and distortion due to reflector misalignment and primary reflector surface deforma-tions. Simulations were performed concurrently with the man-ufacturing of a multi-beam demonstrator of the relay optical system which shapes and images the beams to their corresponding receiver feed horns. Results from Monte-Carlo simulations show that the inserts used for reflector mounting should be positioned with an overall accuracy better than 100 µm (~1/10 wavelength). Analyses of primary reflector surface deformations show that a deviation of magnitude 100 µm can be tolerable before deployment, whereas the corresponding variations should be less than 30 µm during operation. The most sensitive optical elements in terms of misalignments are found near the focal plane. This localized sensitivity is attributed to the off-axis nature of the beams at this location. Post-assembly mechanical measurements of the reflectors in the demonstrator show that alignment better than 50 µm could be obtained.
7.	Johansson, John, 1982 (author) Optical remote sensing of industrial gas emission fluxes 2013 Licentiate thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract Mobile optical remote sensing techniques offer promising possibilities to quantify and geographically attribute local industrial gaseous emissions to the atmosphere. Studies have repeatedly shown that such emissions are often poorly understood, underestimated, and thereby not properly accounted for in emission inventories and regional atmospheric chemistry models, especially for emissions of VOCs. A better understanding and quantification of industrial VOC emissions is crucial for combating ground-level ozone, a serious problem facing most of the world's larger urban areas.This thesis presents results from a number of measurement campaigns primarily conducted in the area around Houston, Texas, USA, which has one of the world's largest concentrations of oil, gas and petrochemical industries. In the campaigns, the two flux measurement methods Solar Occultation Flux (SOF) and Mobile DOAS were used to quantify emissions of VOCs (alkanes and alkenes), SO2, NO2, and formaldehyde (HCHO) from the largest industrial conglomerates in the area.Measured emissions are compared to industry estimates reported to emission inventories, showing discrepancies of up to an order of magnitude for VOCs but not for SO2 and NO2. Emission factor models are used to estimate effects on VOC emissions of unrepresentative meteorological conditions during the measurement campaigns. These effects are determined to be too small to explain the discrepancies between measurements and reported emissions seen for VOCs.A plume chemistry model is applied to a number of cases where formaldehyde were detected together with significant amounts of alkenes in order to assess whether the formaldehyde could be explained as a secondary pollutant from the oxidation of alkenes. The results of the modeling shows that secondary emissions can only explain a small fraction of the measured formaldehyde flux in most cases, suggesting that most of the formaldehyde emissions measured from local sources were primary emissions. Secondary emissions are, however, still believed to be the largest source of formaldehyde further downwind from sources.
8.	Paul, Seema, et al. (author) Understanding hydrodynamic and climate effects on the transboundary Lake Victoria basin at a catchment scale Other publication (pop. science, debate, etc.)abstract This study examines how hydrodynamic processes in the catchment area of Lake Victoria are affected by climate change. A methodology was developed using numerical modelling and long-term geospatial mapping methods to understand the influence of climate change on hydro-meteorological processes in Lake Victoria, utilising satellite and climatic data from 1900 to 2020. The methodology enables the examination of how hydrodynamic processes, like the inflow of water to the lake and responses to water level variations, are impacted by climate variables. The resulting model demonstrates the crucial interdependence between hydrodynamic processes and climatological factors. Long-term rainfall variation shows a linear positive correlation, which explains the increase in the lake’s overall water level. With respect to the bathymetry as well as the areal coverage, the presence of nutrients in the lake water helps to identify pollution patterns and water quality. Given the regional importance of shallow freshwater lakes across the world, Lake Victoria provides an exceptional case study and the study shows how numerical modelling can improve understanding of the relationship between the physical features of shallow lakes and their hydrodynamics. This includes analysing flow patterns, hydro-meteorological processes, transport of pollutants, and the impact of eutrophication. These factors are crucial in determining water levels and water quality, especially in face of climate change.
9.	Darvishi, Mehdi, et al. (author) InSAR-based Ground Motion Service of Sweden: evaluation and benefit analysis of a nationwide InSAR service 2022 Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract Space-geodetic techniques such as Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and Syntenic Aperture Radar interferometry (InSAR) are powerful tools to measure and monitor ground surface motion. InSAR has widely been used for the detection and quantification of slow mass movements over the past three decades mainly at the local and regional scales. The high performance and millimeter-level measurement accuracy of radar satellite to provide a dense deformation map at different spatial and temporal resolutions are the key factors to think of using SAR data and InSAR technique as an efficient tool for geohazards motoring system at the nationwide scale.Sweden has recently joined to the countries having InSAR Ground Motion Service (GMS) at a nationwide scale. The InSAR service of Sweden, which will soon be freely available for users, provides the displacement time-series of measurement points for the entire country. The Swedish GMS project was started last year and is an ongoing collaboration between the Geological Survey of Norway (NGU) and several Swedish organizations (led by the Swedish National Space Agency (SNSA)). The InSAR-based GMS of Sweden has been generated by NGU using Sentinel-1 data (2015–2020) and the Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) technique. The web-based GMS of Sweden consists of ~1,5 billion time-series measurement points obtained from both descending and ascending satellite orbital modes.Currently, the Swedish GMS is under evaluation and validation phase and the given plan has been designed to assess the quality or validate the GMS products. We plan to conduct the data validation through two main phases: 1) a cross-comparison between InSAR measurement points and ancillary data such as GNSS, Corner Reflectors (CR), Electronic Corner Reflectors (ECR) and leveling data, and 2) assessment of tropospheric and ionospheric effects on InSAR measurement points. Specifically, we will evaluate different approaches and data for the InSAR tropospheric corrections, such as Very-Long-Baseline Interferometry (VLBI), Water Vapour Radiometry (WVR), and GNSS data at the Onsala Space Observatory (OSO).In the first phase of validation, leveling data collected in Gothenburg and Stockholm cities, mainly over the residential areas and public transport infrastructures compared to the corresponding InSAR measurements points (vertically converted) for a five-year period. The initial results present a high correlation between two sets of the vertical displacements. The same procedure will be performed for the Kiruna city where the mining activities resulted in adrastic urban land subsidence. Since the CRs and ECRs have recently been installed in different parts of Sweden, we do not have them as PS points in the current version of the GMS. Therefore, those CR-based measurement points will be used in future accuracy assessments. In the second phase, we investigated the effects of phase delay induced by troposphere on displacement time-series using two approaches, i.e., time-space filtering and using external data (e.g., atmospheric reanalysis data, GNSS, VLBI and Water Vapor Radiometer (WVR)). Recently, European GMS (EGMS) has been released and the Ortho displacement map is now available for users freely. We also evaluated and compared the EGMS-Ortho displacement map with our independent InSAR processing and GNSS data over the Kiruna.As the InSAR-based GMS can be used to monitor and identify the potential risk of geo-related hazards in Sweden, the society will directly benefit from the outcomes of this project. This open access product will help the stakeholders with decision support for prioritization of risk-reducing measures, and identification of the need for further investigations for areas in danger. The service could also assist municipalities and county administrative boards to have an update information regarding urban areas which are more prone to land subsidence and disruption urban infrastructure.
10.	Fransson, Johan E.S., et al. (author) Estimation of Forest Stem Volume using ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 Satellite Images 2016 In: Proceedings of 36th IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IGARSS 2016; Beijing; China; 10-15 July 2016. - 9781509033324 ; 2016-November, s. Art no 7730388, Pages 5327-5330 Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract © 2016 IEEE. A first evaluation of ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 data for forest stem volume estimation has been performed at a coniferous dominated test site in southern Sweden. Both the Fine Beam Dual (FBD) polarization and the Quad-polarimetric mode were investigated. Forest plots with stem volume reaching up to a maximum of about 620 m 3 ha -1 (corresponding to 370 tons ha -1 ) were analyzed by relating backscatter intensity to field data using an exponential model derived from the Water Cloud Model. The estimation accuracy of stem volume at plot level (0.5 ha) was calculated in terms of Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). For the best case investigated an RMSE of 39.8% was obtained using one of the FBD HV-polarized images. The corresponding RMSE for the FBD HH-polarized images was 43.9%. In the Quad-polarimetric mode the lowest RMSE at HV- and HH-polarization was found to be 43.1% and 66.1%, respectively.
11.	Jin, Hongxiao, et al. (author) Drone-Based Hyperspectral and Thermal Imagery for Quantifying Upland Rice Productivity and Water Use Efficiency after Biochar Application 2021 In: Remote Sensing. - : MDPI AG. - 2072-4292. ; 13:10 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Miniature hyperspectral and thermal cameras onboard lightweight unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) bring new opportunities for monitoring land surface variables at unprecedented fine spatial resolution with acceptable accuracy. This research applies hyperspectral and thermal imagery from a drone to quantify upland rice productivity and water use efficiency (WUE) after biochar application in Costa Rica. The field flights were conducted over two experimental groups with bamboo biochar (BC1) and sugarcane biochar (BC2) amendments and one control (C) group without biochar application. Rice canopy biophysical variables were estimated by inverting a canopy radiative transfer model on hyperspectral reflectance. Variations in gross primary productivity (GPP) and WUE across treatments were estimated using light-use efficiency and WUE models respectively from the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), canopy chlorophyll content (CCC), and evapotranspiration rate. We found that GPP was increased by 41.9 +/- 3.4% in BC1 and 17.5 +/- 3.4% in BC2 versus C, which may be explained by higher soil moisture after biochar application, and consequently significantly higher WUEs by 40.8 +/- 3.5% in BC1 and 13.4 +/- 3.5% in BC2 compared to C. This study demonstrated the use of hyperspectral and thermal imagery from a drone to quantify biochar effects on dry cropland by integrating ground measurements and physical models.
12.	Atif, Yacine, 1967-, et al. (author) Cyber-Threat Intelligence Architecture for Smart-Grid Critical Infrastructures Protection 2017 Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract Critical infrastructures (CIs) are becoming increasingly sophisticated with embedded cyber-physical systems (CPSs) that provide managerial automation and autonomic controls. Yet these advances expose CI components to new cyber-threats, leading to a chain of dysfunctionalities with catastrophic socio-economical implications. We propose a comprehensive architectural model to support the development of incident management tools that provide situation-awareness and cyber-threats intelligence for CI protection, with a special focus on smart-grid CI. The goal is to unleash forensic data from CPS-based CIs to perform some predictive analytics. In doing so, we use some AI (Artificial Intelligence) paradigms for both data collection, threat detection, and cascade-effects prediction.
13.	Averfalk, Helge, 1988-, et al. (author) Low‐temperature excess heat recovery in district heating systems : The potential of European Union metro stations 2020 In: Book of Abstracts. ; , s. 34-34 Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract This paper presents an assessment of the excess heat recovery potential from EU metro stations. The assessment is a sub-study on low temperature recovery opportunities, explored in the H2020 ReUseHeat project, and consists of spatial mapping of 1994 underground stations with quantitative estimates of sensible and latent heat, monthly and annually, attainable in rejected platform ventilation exhaust air. Being a low-temperature source, the assessment conceptually anticipates recovery of attainable heat with compressor heat pumps to facilitate the temperature increase necessary for utilisation in district heating systems. Further, the paper explores the influence on useful excess heat volumes from low-temperature heat recoveries when distributed at different temperature levels. The findings, which distinguishes available (resource) and accessible (useful) excess heat potentials, indicate an annual total EU28 available potential of ~21 PJ, characterised by a certain degree of seasonal temporality, and corresponding accessible potentials of ~40 PJ per year at 3rd generation distribution, and of ~31 PJ at anticipated 4th generation conditions. Despite lower accessible volumes, utilisation in 4th generation systems are naturally more energy efficient, since relatively less electricity is used in the recovery process, but also more cost-effective, since heat pumps, at lower temperatures, can be operated at capacities closer to design conditions and with less annual deviations.
14.	Dénarié, Alice, et al. (author) A validated method to assess the network length and the heat distribution costs of potential district heating systems in Italy 2021 In: International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management. - Aalborg, Denmark : Aalborg Universitetsforlag. - 2246-2929. ; 31, s. 59-78 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The evaluation of the district heating network investment costs requires the knowledge of its topology. However, when assessing district heating potential, the topology is not known a priori and a simulation is required. One method for modelling future heat networks involves the use of Minimum Spanning Tree, from the graph theory. In this work, the MST is used together with real networks lengths to elaborate an updated equation describing the effective width in correlation with the number of building ratio instead of plot ratio. The reason motivating the use of simulated networks lies in the goal of analysing sparse areas where there’s a general lack of data. In this study, the census cells vertexes and local roads layout are used as inputs for the application of the MST in order to simulate DH network layouts in areas where DH is not present. The method has been validated by running simulations in areas where DH is already present, allowing the comparison of the respective lengths. The validation shows a variable but systematic overestimation of the simulated lengths. The study of the error has brought to the definition of a correlation between accuracy of results and the share of buildings with centralized heating systems suitable for DH connection. The updated version of the effective width confirms the exponential tendency and gives higher results for Italian cities then for Scandinavian ones, showing an important impact of the city structure in the curve. The city of Milano is finally used as a case study to show the effects of using the updated effective width curve.
15.	Dénarié, Alice, et al. (author) Assessment of renewable and waste heat recovery for DH through GIS mapping : the national potential in Italy 2020 In: Book of Abstracts. ; , s. 129-129 Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract This work aims at showing the potential of waste and renewable heat recovery in Italy through detailed mapping of these sources. The ambition of this analysis is to highlight the areas with important heat recovery potential and to show how the matching with suitable heat demand would allow its exploitation through district heating expansion. The importance of waste heat and renewable heat potentially recoverable to reduce primary energy consumption in the civil sector is widely recognized. Nevertheless, these potential is widely unexploited in Italy. The processes and energy sources have been analysed in terms of geographical location, quantification of available heat and recovery costs with a special focus on temperature levels. The main distinction between low temperature and high temperature heat sources has been applied in order to identify the heat recovery characteristics and the consequent additional costs for temperature upgrades. The inputs of the analysis performed in this work come from national database, which has allowed obtaining more detailed and wider results with respect to international existing studies on the same subject. Two different approaches have been used to map potential heat: one to identify and quantify existing waste heat recovery and one to assess and estimate energy coming from potential new plants. The analysed sources belonging to the first category are industrial processes, waste to energy plants, waste water treatment plants and datacentres, while biomass, geothermal energy and electrolysis plants estimation belong to the second one. Results shows that the national available waste and renewable heat amount to 270 TWh which is an important outcome in comparison with a national heat demand for the residential and tertiary sector of 400 TWh. Out of this results, according to a nuts 3 regional aggregation of heat demand, 95 TWh could be recovered in DH. The reduction from theoretical potential of 270 TWh to 95 TWh is due to geographical matching of heat demand and available waste heat and on some hypothesis related to the diffusion of DH. This work shows the huge unexpressed potential of waste heat reutilisation in Italy and how the mapping of recoverable heat and not only its quantification is essential to properly estimate the utilization potential.
16.	Dénarié, Alice, et al. (author) Assessment of waste and renewable heat recovery in DH through GIS mapping : The national potential in Italy 2021 In: Smart Energy. - Amsterdam : Elsevier. - 2666-9552. ; 1 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract This work aims at showing the unexploited potential of waste and renewable heat in Italy through detailed mapping of these sources. The ambition is to highlight the areas with an important heat recovery potential that could be exploited through DH expansion. The recoverable heat sources have been analysed in terms of geographical location, and recovery aspects with a special focus on temperature levels and technological implications for temperature upgrades. The methodology presented in this work addresses not only the theoretical potential of waste heat and renewable heat use in DH, but also several technical aspects to get a result as closer as possible to the realistic potential at national level. Two different approaches have been used to map potential heat: one to quantify existing waste heat recovery from industrial processes, waste to energy plants, wastewater treatment plants and one to estimate the energy coming from potential new plants based on biomass, geothermal energy and solar thermal. Results shows that for a total heat demand for the civil sector of 329 TWh, out of which 114 TWh come out being suitable for a DH connection, the national available waste and renewable heat that could be integrated in DH amounts to 156 TWh. These results show the significant unexpressed potential of waste heat use in Italy and how its mapping is essential to properly estimate the utilization potential. This work has been commissioned by AIRU, Italian DH association. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd.
17.	Elyouncha, Anis, 1978, et al. (author) Wind-wave effect on ATI-SAR measurements of ocean surface currents in the Baltic Sea 2016 In: 36th IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IGARSS 2016; Beijing; China; 10-15 July 2016. ; 2016-November, s. 3982-3985 Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract Along-Track Interferometric (ATI) SAR has demonstrated through several studies a capability to detect ocean surface currents. One of the most challenging problems in ocean surface current retrieval using SAR is the removal of the wind-wave contribution. The phase difference provided by ATI-SAR technique is directly related to the radial velocity of the moving ocean surface. In order to infer the current-only velocity from the total phase the wind-wave contribution need to be removed. This is achieved by simulation of SAR Doppler spectra from given wind fields. This paper investigates the effect of the local wind on ATI-SAR phase. A study case, where the backscatter modulation is dominated by the wind variation, is illustrated using TanDEM-X data over the Baltic Sea. It is shown that retrieving high resolution winds from SAR data using an empirical wind model and using the retrieved winds as input to the SAR imaging model improves the simulated SAR signatures.
18.	Englund, Oskar, 1982, et al. (author) Meeting Sustainability Requirements for SRC Bioenergy: Usefulness of Existing Tools, Responsibilities of Involved Stakeholders, and Recommendations for Further Developments 2012 In: Bioenergy Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1939-1234 .- 1939-1242. ; 5:3, s. 606-620 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Short rotation coppice (SRC) is considered an important biomass supply option for meeting the European renewable energy targets. This paper presents an overview of existing and prospective sustainability requirements, Member State reporting obligations and parts of the methodology for calculating GHG emissions savings within the EU Renewable Energy Directive (RED), and shows how these RED-associated sustainability criteria may affect different stakeholders along SRC bioenergy supply chains. Existing and prospective tools are assessed on their usefulness in ensuring that SRC bioenergy is produced with sufficient consideration given to the RED-associated criteria. A sustainability framework is outlined that aims at (1) facilitating the development of SRC production systems that are attractive from the perspectives of all stakeholders, and (2) ensuring that the SRC production is RED eligible. Producer manuals, EIAs, and voluntary certification schemes can all be useful for ensuring RED eligibility. However, they are currently not sufficiently comprehensive, neither individually nor combined, and suggestions for how they can be more complementary are given. Geographical information systems offer opportunities for administrative authorities to provide stakeholders with maps or databases over areas/fields suitable for RED-eligible SRC cultivation. However, proper consideration of all relevant aspects requires that all stakeholders in the SRC supply chain become engaged in the development of SRC production systems and that a landscape perspective is used.
19.	Furberg, Dorothy, et al. (author) Monitoring Urban Green Infrastructure Changes using High-resolution Satellite Data Other publication (other academic/artistic)
20.	Furberg, Dorothy, et al. (author) Satellite Monitoring and Impact Assessment of Urban Growth in Stockholm, Sweden between 1986 and 2006 2010 In: Imagin[e,g] Europe. - : IOS Press. - 9781607504931 ; , s. 131-142 Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract The objective of this research is to investigate the extent of land-cover change in and around Stockholm from 1986 to 2006 and the nature of the resulting landscape fragmentation with a particular focus on the possible environmental impact. Four scenes of SPOT imagery over the Stockholm area were acquired for this study: two on 13 June 1986, one on 5 August 2006 and one on 4 June 2008. Various image processing and classification algorithms were tested and compared. The best classification results were obtained using an object-based and rule-based approach with texture measures as well as spectral data as inputs. The image pairs from the two decades were classified into seven land cover categories for Stockholm Municipality, i.e., low-density built-up, high-density built-up, industrial areas, open land, forest, mixed forest and open land, and water. The overall accuracies were 93% (kappa: 0.91) for 1986 and 97% (kappa: 0.96) for 2006. Landscape fragmentation and change was evaluated using spatial metrics. The spatial metric results reveal that urban areas increased at the expense of non-built up areas by around 2% both on the municipal and regional levels. The 2006/2008 classification gives evidence of being a more fragmented landscape than that of 1986. While urban areas have become denser within Stockholm municipality, which is in line with the region's development policy, more natural land cover types have at the same time been eroded; a development not in line with the regional goal of maintaining the area's green spaces. The classification technique used on the municipality will be expanded to the region as a whole, and regional trends and consequent recommendations will be the focus of future research
21.	Furberg, Dorothy, et al. (author) Satellite Monitoring of Urban Land Cover Change in Stockholm Between 1986 and 2006 and Indicator-Based Environmental Assessment 2013 In: Earth Observation of Global Changes (EOGC). - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin/Heidelberg. - 9783642327131 ; , s. 205-222 Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract Over the past few decades, there has been substantial urban growth in Stockholm, Sweden, now the largest city in Scandinavia. This research investigates and evaluates the evolution of land cover/use change in Stockholm between 1986 and 2006 with a particular focus on what impact urban growth has had on the environment using indicators derived from remote sensing and environmental data. Four scenes of SPOT imagery over the Stockholm County area were acquired for this study including two on 13 June 1986, one on 5 August 2006 and one on 4 June 2008. These images are classified into seven land cover categories using an object-based and rule-based approach with spectral data and texture measures as inputs. The classification is then used to generate spatial metrics and environmental indicators for evaluation of fragmentation and land cover/land use change. Based on the environmental indicators, an environmental impact index is constructed for both 1986 and 2006 and then compared. The environmental impact index is based on the proportion and condition of green areas important for ecosystem services, proximity of these areas to intense urban land use, proportion of urban areas in their immediate vicinity, and how impacted they are by noise. The analysis units are then ranked according to their indicator values and an average of the indicator rankings gives an overall index score. Results include a ranking of the landscape in terms of environmental impact in 1986 and 2006, as well as an analysis of which units have improved the least or the most and why. The highest ranked units are located most often to the north and east of the central Stockholm area, while the lowest tend to be located closer to the center itself. Yet units near the center also tended to improve the most in ranking over the two decades, which would suggest a convergence towards modest urban expansion and limited environmental impact.
22.	Furberg, Dorothy, et al. (author) Satellite Monitoring of Urban Sprawl and Assessment of its Potential Environmental Impact in the Greater Toronto Area Between 1985 and 2005 2012 In: Environmental Management. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0364-152X .- 1432-1009. ; 50:6, s. 1068-1088 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract This research investigates urban sprawl in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) between 1985 and 2005 and the nature of the resulting landscape fragmentation, particularly with regard to the Oak Ridges Moraine (ORM), an ecologically important area for the region. Six scenes of Landsat TM imagery were acquired in summer of 1985, 1995, and 2005. These images and their texture measures were classified into eight land cover classes with very satisfactory final overall accuracies (93-95 %). Analysis of the classifications indicated that urban areas grew by 20 % between 1985 and 1995 and by 15 % between 1995 and 2005. Landscape fragmentation due to spatio-temporal land cover changes was evaluated using urban compactness indicators and landscape metrics, and results from the latter were used to draw conclusions about probable environmental impact. The indicator results showed that urban proportions increased in nearly all areas outside of the metropolitan center, including on portions of the ORM. The landscape metrics reveal that low density urban areas increased significantly in the GTA between 1985 and 2005, mainly at the expense of agricultural land. The metric results indicate increased vulnerability and exposure to adverse effects for natural and semi-natural land cover through greater contrast and lowered connectivity. The degree of urban perimeter increased around most environmentally significant areas in the region. Changes like these negatively impact species and the regional water supply in the GTA. Further investigation into specific environmental impacts of urban expansion in the region and which areas on the ORM are most at risk is recommended.
23.	Furberg, Dorothy, et al. (author) Satellite Monitoring of Urbanization and Environmental Impacts in Stockholm, Sweden, Through a Multiscale Approach 2021 In: Urban Remote Sensing. - : Wiley. ; , s. 217-244 Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract Multiscale landscape analysis offers both advantages and challenges in monitoring urbanization and assessing its environmental impacts. In this chapter, we discuss a multifaceted approach to address some challenges associated with scale, which includes examination of the same geographic area at multiple spatial resolutions and extents based on diverse satellite imagery, the use of object-based image analysis and ecologically relevant analysis units to minimize the modifiable area unit problem, and finally separate examinations of landscape change on administrative (social) as well as green infrastructure (ecological) scales. The study site, Stockholm, Sweden, has been experiencing an unprecedented urbanizing trend, and its growing population is placing pressure on green areas that are important for maintaining ecosystem services and biodiversity in the region. We intended to investigate the extent of urbanization in Stockholm and analyze its environmental impacts by evaluating changes in relevant environmental indicators from regional to local scales. We conducted three studies based on optical satellite imagery with different spatial resolutions and varying study area extents. Multiscale analysis, performed both within and between the individual studies, reveals the broader trends of urbanization and the accompanying environmental impacts while also identifying localized environmental hotspots where mitigation measures or transboundary collaboration may be needed. This kind of information can assist urban planning by raising awareness of change trends while also indicating possible starting points for planning conservation measures.
24.	Lichtenwöhrer, Peter, et al. (author) Report on decarbonisation design-approaches based on urban typologies : Deliverable D2.5 2022 Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract This report identifies different typology-based approaches and methods for decarbonising the energy sector of cities. Respectively, typologies were evaluated, and design approaches were developed. In a first step, already existing typologies were evaluated, including a study by the Technical University of Darmstadt and examples from the City of Vienna. In a next step, conceivable structuring criteria and decarbonisation approaches from existing work within the DCP project were identified and summarised. These include structuring criteria such as heat demand density, renewable energy sources or types of refurbishment activities. On this basis, a new typology was developed. Five highly weighted criteria could be derived from the results of the expert survey, including structural energy efficiency, coverage of district heating, potential for renewable sources, potential for waste heat and heat demand density. These criteria formed the basis for the development of the novel typology. The first typology represents areas with high compatibility with highly weighted criteria, the third typology represents areas with comparably low compatibility, while the second typology is associated in between. Based on the developed typology, six design approaches were presented in this report. One short-term and one long-term approach for each typology include recommendations as well as concrete measures for strategic decision-making.
25.	Löfgren, Johan, 1983, et al. (author) Sea level time series and ocean tide analysis from multipath signals at five GPS sites in different parts of the world 2014 In: Journal of Geodynamics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0264-3707. ; 80, s. 66-80 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract We present sea level observations derived from the analysis of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) data recorded by five coastal GPS stations. These stations are located in different regions around the world, both in the northern and in the southern hemisphere, in different multipath environments, from rural coastal areas to busy harbors, and experience different tidal ranges.The recorded SNR data show periodic variations that originate from multipath, i.e. the interference of direct and reflected signals. The general assumption is that for satellite arcs facing the open sea, the rapid SNR variations are due to reflections off the sea surface. The SNR data recorded from these azimuth intervals were analyzed by spectral analysis with two methods: a standard analysis method assuming a static sea level during a satellite arc and an extended analysis method assuming a time dependent sea level during a satellite arc.The GPS-derived sea level results are compared to sea level records from co-located traditional tide gauges, both in the time and in the frequency domain. The sea level time series are highly correlated with correlation coefficients to the order of 0.89–0.99. The root-mean-square (RMS) difference is 6.2 cm for the station with the lowest tidal range of 165 cm and 43 cm for the station with the highest tidal range of 772 cm. The relative accuracy, defined as the ratio of RMS and tidal range, is between 2.4% and 10.0% for all stations.Comparing the standard analysis method and the extended analysis method, the results based on theextended analysis method agree better with the independent tide gauge records for the stations with a high tidal range. For the station with the highest tidal range (772 cm), the RMS is reduced by 47% when using the extended analysis method. Furthermore, the results also indicate that the standard analysis method, assuming a static sea level, can be used for stations with a tidal range of up to about 270 cm, without performing significantly worse than the extended analysis method.Tidal amplitudes and phases are derived by harmonic analysis of the sea level records. Again, a high level of agreement is observed between the tide gauge and the GPS-derived results. Comparing the GPS-derived results, the results based on the extended analysis method show a higher degree of agreement with the traditional tide gauge results for stations with larger tidal ranges. Spectral analysis of the residuals after the harmonic analysis reveals remaining signal power at multiples of the draconitic day. This indicates that the observed SNR data are to some level disturbed by additional multipath signals, in particular for GPS stations that are located in harbors.
26.	Manz, Pia, et al. (author) Decarbonizing District Heating in EU-27 + UK: How Much Excess Heat Is Available from Industrial Sites? 2021 In: Sustainability. - Basel : MDPI. - 2071-1050. ; 13:3, s. 1439- Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Energy‐intensive industries across the EU‐28 release unused heat into the environment. This excess heat can be utilized for district heating systems. However, this is the exception today, and the potential contribution to the decarbonization of district heating is not well quantified. An estimation of excess heat, based on industrial processes, and spatial matching to district heating areas is necessary. We present a georeferenced industrial database with annual production and excess heat potentials at different temperature levels matched with current and possible district heating areas. Our results show a total potential of 960 PJ/a (267 TWh/a) of excess heat when the exhaust gases are cooled down to 25 °C, with 47% of the 1.608 studied industrial sites inside or within a 10 km distance of district heating areas. The calculated potentials reveal that currently 230 PJ/a (64 TWh/a) of excess heat is available for district heating areas, about 17% of todayʹs demand of buildings for district heating. In the future, widespread and low‐temperature district heating areas increase the available excess heat to 258 PJ/a (72 TWh/a) at 55°C or 679 PJ/a (189 TWh/a) at 25°C. We show that industrial excess heat can substantially contribute to decarbonize district heating, however, the major share of heat will need to be supplied by renewables. © by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
27.	Mao, Wengang, 1980, et al. (author) A standardized procedure for ship performance models 2017 Reports (other academic/artistic)
28.	Moreno, Diana, et al. (author) The European Waste Heat Map 2022 Other publication (map) (other academic/artistic)abstract ReUseHeat partners Halmstad University and Aalborg University have mapped European Union’s urban waste heat potential in a new map named the European Waste Heat Map (UK included). This unique tool displays all low-grade heat sources available in cities and includes also industrial waste heat and heat from waste incineration plants. Last update 2022-05-31.
29.	Möller, Bernd, et al. (author) An empirical high-resolution geospatial model of future population distribution for assessing heat demands 2021 Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract The future population distribution informs decisions on investment in district heating. Across Europe, demographic change has been associated with structural changes of the past. Trends towards urban or rural migration, urban sprawl or the depopulation of city centers will continue. Using gridded population data since 1990, past development is mapped using spatial disaggregation to grid cells by intensity of urban development. An empirical method proposed captures increment of population in each grid cell and relates it to the focal statistics of the cell neighbourhood. A positive population trend in populated cells leads to a future population increase and a spill over into new development areas, while a negative trend leads to lower future population. New areas are modelled based on the principles of proximity and similarity using neighbourhood trends and land cover suitability, adjusted to national and regional population trends. The result is a set of future 1-hectare population grids, which have been used to model the distribution of future heat demands. The distribution of heat demand densities, the zoning of heat supply, and the potential for individual heat pumps have been modelled. Results show that reductions of heat demands and demographic developments leave a window of opportunities to develop heating infrastructures with known technology in the present decade, after which 4th Generation District Heat technology is required to decarbonise the heating sector.
30.	Möller, Bernd, et al. (author) Heat Roadmap Europe : Towards EU-Wide, local heat supply strategies 2019 In: Energy. - London : Elsevier. - 0360-5442 .- 1873-6785. ; 177, s. 554-564 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The present paper describes a quantitative method for preparing local heat supply strategies. Detailed spatial data on heat demand and supply are generated using combined top-down and bottom-up modelling for 14 member states of the European Union, which constitute 91% of its heat demand in buildings. Spatial analysis is used for zoning of heat supply into individual and collective heating. Continuous cost curves are used to model economically feasible district heating shares within prospective supply districts. Excess heat is appraised and allocated to prospective district heating systems by means of a two-stage network allocation process. Access to renewable energy sources such as geothermal, large-scale solar thermal, as well as sustainable biomass, is analysed. The result is a comprehensive and detailed set of heat supply strategies in a spatially discrete manner. The findings indicate that in the 14 European Union member states, up to 71% of building heat demand in urban areas can be met with district heating. Of this, up to 78% can be covered with excess heat, while the remainder can be covered with low enthalpy renewable energy sources. The conclusion shows the possibility of a largely de-carbonised heat sector as part of a smart energy system for Europe. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
31.	Möller, Bernd, et al. (author) Heat Roadmap Europe : Identifying local heat demand and supply areas with a European thermal atlas 2018 In: Energy. - London : Elsevier. - 0360-5442 .- 1873-6785. ; 158, s. 281-292 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract In 2016 the first Strategy for Heating and Cooling of the European Union has shown that district heating and cooling networks can integrate renewable energies in an increasingly energy-efficient built environment. At the same time, the heating and cooling sector is probably the most diverse and least mapped component of the European energy system. The aim of the Pan-European Thermal Atlas is to improve the knowledge base for the geographical distribution of heat and cooling demands across Europe. Demand densities of the demanded thermal services themselves, the spatial coherence of these demands, and their location relative to sources of heating greatly affect the economy of district heating schemes compared to individual solutions. The objective is therefore to develop a comprehensive model, which can be used to a) quantify heat demands by density, b) group coherent areas with demands into prospective supply zones, c) produce supply curves for these zones, and d) ultimately calculate local energy mixes on the basis of allocated excess heat as well as renewable energy sources. The developed method spatially disaggregates national demand data to high-resolution geospatial data on urban structures. The resulting atlas allows for an advanced quantitative screening process, which can establish the basis for energy systems analyses relying on geographically explicit information on the heating demand and supply volumes and costs. The present paper presents version 4 of the Pan-European Thermal Atlas, which takes another step towards higher spatial resolution and confidence in comparison to its predecessors, version 1 to 3. For the first time, a 100m resolution heat atlas of Europe is being presented, which may help describing the heating sector in the required spatial resolution. By means of spatial statistical analyses using ordinary least square linear regressions, multiple spatial inputs such as population, degree of built-up and its derivatives are turned into a coherent model of the urban tissue. Plot ratios form the basis of models of heat demand in single and multi-family residential buildings as well as the service sector. Prospective district heating areas have been delineated, and the resulting zoning of heat supply has been linked to a resource-economic analysis, which allows for cost-supply studies in disaggregated form. The present heat atlas version 4 is now available for 14 countries that altogether represent 90% of the heat demand in the 28 European Union member states. First results are being presented with emphasis on the achieved methodological improvements. Moreover, a newly developed online mapping system is being presented, which will assist in mapping the new geography of heating and cooling demands and supplies. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
32.	Möller, Bernd, et al. (author) Online web map application and first set of map layers : D5.3 2020 Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract The present report describes in overview how the Pan-European Thermal Atlas (Peta) was developed further into a spatial information system for the geography of energy efficiency potentials in the building, transport, and industry sectors, as well as the associated infrastructures. The resulting online atlas allows for visualisation of energy efficiency potentials between sectors in a common mapping environment. The additions and updates to the Pan-European Thermal Atlas (originally developed for the Heat Roadmap Europe projects) into a cross-sectoral mapping platform necessitated updates to the data layers, the layout, and the documentation. Layers with heat demand data from the building sector were updated, now to include all of the EU28, while a new map layer depicting the possible reduction of specific heat demand in buildings, as a measure of the current energy efficiency potential in this sector, is currently under development but not yet part of this deliverable (see sections 2.2 and 2.4 for further information). This new layer will be added to Peta 5.0.1 as soon as possible. For the transport and industry sectors, current year energy efficiency potentials were possible to assess and map in the present context. In the transport sector, findings were translated into geographical distributions of potentials and materialise as a set of geospatial map layers. In the industrial sector, energy efficiency in industry has been quantified partly for on-site energy savings, partly for off-site excess heat recovery in district heating systems, and the results have been turned into geographical representations in the form of energy efficiency surfaces. The Peta online mapping system is prepared to include further layers from future deliverables, such as thermal, gas, and electrical grids. Finally, the mapping of future scenarios will be made available using the present online mapping environment.
33.	Möller, Bernd, et al. (author) Peta : the Pan-European Thermal Atlas : version 5.2 : developed as part of the sEEnergies project 2022 Other publication (map) (other academic/artistic)abstract The Pan-European Thermal Atlas version 5.2 (Peta, version 5.2). Peta is an online visualization tool for spatial data relating to energy efficiency in buildings, industry, and transport sectors. Developed as part of the sEEnergies project. Copyright Flensburg, Halmstad and Aalborg Universities 2022.
34.	Möller, Bernd, et al. (author) Spatial models and spatial analytics results : D5.7 2022 Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract The present report accounts for the spatial models of energy efficiency and the geospatial analysis carried out to quantify and locate energy efficiency potentials across sectors. In the building sector, future heat demands on national scales are being distributed using the age class of built-up areas and innovative models of future population distribution. District heat distribution capital costs combined with heat demand densities allow for the assessment of economic potentials of future district heating. Efficiency potentials in the transport and industrial sectors have been associated to locations, and transmission infrastructures have been mapped. Combining all these aspects, spatial analytics help understanding the opportunities and constraints that arise from the geography of energy systems. Energy efficiency in the three sectors has been mapped at different scales. Cost curves for district heating have been prepared for member states. For use in energy systems analysis, a matrix has been developed that relates energy efficiency in buildings and district heating potentials. Areas of interest for the conversion of natural gas to district heating have been mapped, combining present gas use with infrastructural aspects. Local potentials of district heating have been quantified for almost 150,000 settlements, and potential heat sources from industrial and wastewater treatment plants as well as locally available renewable energy sources have been allocated to potential district heating areas. Finally, to visualise and compare energy efficiency across sectors, technologies, and countries, the sEEnergies Index shows local potentials for improving energy efficiency and utilising synergies in all settlements of the EU27 plus the UK. In conclusion, the report documents how dissemination can be facilitated using the online geospatial information and mapping applications prepared in the sEEnergies Project.
35.	Pelda, Johannes, et al. (author) District heating atlas - Analysis of the German district heating sector 2021 In: Energy. - London : Elsevier. - 0360-5442 .- 1873-6785. ; 233 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract This paper presents the preliminary results of the District Heating Atlas, an online tool to collect and visualize key metrics of district heating systems in Germany. Since the scarce available public information on district heating systems is widely spread and not accessible via central data, the District Heating Atlas shall be the platform to enter and call up information centrally. With its online platform it provides a user interface where relevant information can be entered and system components of the currently recorded 82 district heating systems can be compared. So far, nearly 50% of the thermal energy fed into district heating is covered by the District Heating Atlas. The analysis shows that the data availability is more than 60% for five of the ten key metrics recorded. On the one hand, missing correlations between the key metrics show the diversity of the district heating systems and make it difficult to formulate general valid statements that could help to calculate missing data. On the other hand, this means that district heating systems are very diverse in their structure and thus offer versatile potential for sector coupling. In addition, district heating systems must be individually optimised in order to best utilize their potential for flexibility for the entire energy system. Finally, the first comparisons with information from the biggest district heating association in Germany show a high match with the currently collected data set. ©2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
36.	Persson, Urban, Dr. 1961-, et al. (author) Accessible urban waste heat : Deliverable 1.4 2018 Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract This report presents the work performed in Task T1.2 of the ReUseHeat project to assess the accessible EU28 urban excess heat recovery potential from four unconventional excess heat sources: data centres, metro stations, service sector buildings, and waste water treatment plants. The report presents in overview and detail the concepts, data, basic premises, and methods, used to produce the results from this work. In all, excess heat potentials are modelled and spatially mapped for a total of some 26,400 unique activities, but by application of two new concepts: available excess heat and accessible excess heat, by which total potentials are distinguished from practical utilisation potentials, a significantly reduced count of some 6800 unique facilities represent the final cut. Common for these facilities are that they all are located inside or within 2 kilometres of urban district heating areas. For the total count of activities, the full available excess heat potential is assessed at some 1.56 EJ per year. At the restrained conditions, thus representing a conservative estimate, the final available excess heat potential from the four unconventional sources is estimated at 0.82 EJ per year, which here corresponds to a final accessible excess heat potential anticipated at 1.24 EJ annually.
37.	Persson, Urban, Dr. 1961-, et al. (author) Accessible urban waste heat (Revised version) : Deliverable D1.4 2020 Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract This report presents the revised work performed in Task T1.2 of the ReUseHeat project to assess the accessible EU28 urban excess heat recovery potential from seven unconventional excess heat sources: data centres, metro stations, food production facilities, food retail stores, residential sector buildings, service sector buildings, and waste water treatment plants. The report presents in overview and detail the concepts, data, basic premises, and methods, used to produce the results from this work. In all, excess heat potentials are modelled and spatially mapped for a total of some 70,800 unique activities, but by application of two new concepts: available excess heat and accessible excess heat, by which total potentials are distinguished from practical utilisation potentials, a significantly reduced count of some 27,700 unique facilities represent the final cut. Common for these facilities are that they all are located inside or within 2 kilometres of urban district heating areas. For the total count of activities, the full available excess heat potential is assessed at some 1.84 EJ per year. At the restrained conditions, thus representing a conservative estimate, the final available excess heat potential from the seven unconventional sources is estimated at 0.96 EJ per year, which here corresponds to a final accessible excess heat potential anticipated at 1.41 EJ annually.
38.	Persson, Urban, Dr. 1961-, et al. (author) D1.9 : Report on the amounts of urban waste heat accessible in the EU28. Update of deliverable 1.4 2022 Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract This report presents the updated and final results from the work performed in Task 1.2 of the ReUseHeat project to assess the accessible EU28 urban waste heat recovery potential from seven unconventional waste heat sources: data centres, metro stations, food production facilities, food retail stores, residential sector buildings, service sector buildings, and waste water treatment plants. The report focusses on recent data and model updates for the EU28 in total (EU27 plus the United Kingdom), as well as for the project demonstration sites, while less focus is directed towards the original methods and approaches developed for these models; all of which have been described in previous accounts. In terms of data updates, monitoring data from demonstration site operations and public responses to our online project questionnaire on real-world urban waste heat recovery initiatives, are presented and evaluated in overview summary. Regarding model updates, the assessments of urban waste heat potentials from data centres and metro stations have been refreshed by use of new underlying input data, by the configuration of existing and the addition of new model parameters, as well as by reference to later year energy statistics. For the modelling of the total EU28 potential, utilising a dataset for the geographical representation of current urban district heating areas more detailed than the previous one, renders by spatial analytics, under the same “inside or within 2 kilometres of urban district heating areas” default setting as used before, an updated and more accurate assessment of the distances and the vicinity by which low-grade urban waste heat sources are located relative current demand locations. We maintain in this report also our application of the two concepts “available” waste heat and “accessible” waste heat, which, in combination with spatial constraints, are used to distinguish between resource potentials and utilisation potentials. For the total count of activities elaborated in this update (70,862 unique point-source activities compared to the original 70,771), the total available waste heat potential is assessed at some 1849 petajoule per year (~514 terawatt-hours), compared to the original 1842 petajoule per year. At the default spatial constraint setting, the final available waste heat potential is estimated at ~800 petajoule per year (~222 terawatt-hours) from a thus reduced subset of 22,756 unique point-source locations (960 petajoule per year from 27,703 unique facilities in the original), which here corresponds to a final accessible EU28 waste heat utilisation potential anticipated at 1173 petajoule (~326 terawatt-hours) annually (previous assessment at 1410 petajoule annually). For improved dissemination and exploitation of project results, a new web map; the European Waste Heat Map, has been developed and made available at the ReUseHeat project web page where point source data from this work may be viewed and shared. © The Authors.
39.	Persson, Urban, Dr. 1961-, et al. (author) Draft recommendations for H/C outlook 2050 : D2.2 2021 Reports (other academic/artistic)
40.	Persson, Urban, Dr. 1961-, et al. (author) H/C outlook 2050 of cities with cross-city synthesis : Deliverable D2.6 (Edited version) 2022 Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract This report is the second out of three consecutive accounts of a coherent methodological framework developed in the EU Horizon 2020 project Decarb City Pipes 2050 to define heating and cooling decarbonisation design approaches for cities based on urban typologies. The first and third accounts are, respectively, the deliverable reports D2.5 (Decarbonisation design-approaches based on urban typologies) and D2.7 (Recommendations for cities' H/C supplies & demands in 2050). The framework has been developed by identifying possible thematic synergies between the objectives of the concerned deliverables, by combining different method elements, and by organising a collaborative work strategy among the involved project partners. This report presents, in overview and detail, the input data synonymously used within the framework for the determination of urban typologies, for the modelling and mapping of heating and cooling outlooks for 2050, for the quantification of a cross-city synthesis, as well as for formulating recommendations for cities´ heating and cooling demands and supplies in 2050. The study focusses on the urban areas of seven European project cities (Bilbao (ES), Bratislava (SK), Dublin (IE), Munich (DE), Rotterdam (NL), Vienna (AT), Winterthur (CH)), for which EU-scoped, publicly available input data, to the extent possible, has been gathered according to ten structuring criteria parameters. Heating and cooling outlooks for 2050 are established for each project city based on the used input data and illustrated in the form of tables, graphs, and maps, and constitute the first element of a quantitative cross-city synthesis (city comparison). The second element (city ranking) is facilitated by application of a multi-criteria decision model, which here consists of combining the Analytical Hierarchy Process method (AHP) and the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS).
41.	Persson, Urban, Dr. 1961-, et al. (author) Heat Roadmap Europe : Heat distribution costs 2019 In: Energy. - London : Elsevier. - 0360-5442 .- 1873-6785. ; 176, s. 604-622 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract This analysis elaborates further the concept of physical and economic suitability for district heating in EU28 by an aggregation regarding key dimensions such as land areas, populations, heat demands, and investment volumes. This aggregation is based on a resolution on hectare level by slicing the total land area into 437 million pieces. Results show that heat demands in buildings are present in 9% of the land area. Because of high concentrations in towns and cities, 78% of the total heat demand in buildings originate from dense urban areas that constitute 1.4% of the total land area and 70% of the population. Due to these high heat densities above 50 MJ/m2 per year, the paper evaluates a setting where district heating is individually expanded in each member state for reaching a common 50% heat market proportion in EU28 at lowest cost. At this saturation rate, the aggregated EU28 district heat deliveries would increase to 5.4 EJ/a at current heat demands and represents an expansion investment volume, starting from current level of 1.3 EJ, of approximately 270 billion euro for heat distribution pipes. Given the current high heat densities in European urban areas, this study principally confirms earlier expectations by quantitative estimations. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
42.	Saberi, Azim, et al. (author) Accuracy assessment and improvement of SRTM, ASTER, FABDEM, and MERIT DEMs by polynomial and optimization algorithm : A case study (Khuzestan Province, Iran) 2023 In: Open Geosciences. - : De Gruyter Open. - 2391-5447. ; 15:1 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Satellite digital elevation models (DEMs) are used for decision-making in various fields. Therefore, evaluating and improving vertical accuracy of DEM can increase the quality of end products. This article aimed to increase the vertical accuracy of most popular satellite DEMs (i.e., the ASTER, Shuttle Radar Topography Mission [SRTM], Forest And Buildings removed Copernicus DEM [FABDEM], and Multi-Error-Removed Improved-Terrain [MERIT]) using the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. For this purpose, at first, the vertical error of DEMs was estimated via ground truth data. Next, a second-order polynomial was applied to model the vertical error in the study area. To select the polynomial with the highest accuracy, employed for vertical error modeling, the coefficients of the polynomial have been optimized using the PSO algorithm. Finally, the efficiency of the proposed algorithm has been evaluated by other ground truth data and in situ observations. The results show that the mean absolute error (MAE) of SRTM DEM is 4.83 m while this factor for ASTER DEM is 5.35 m, for FABDEM is 4.28, and for MERIT is 3.87. The obtained results indicated that the proposed model could improve the MAE of vertical accuracy of SRTM, ASTER, FABDEM, and MERIT DEMs to 0.83, 0.51, 0.37, and 0.29 m, respectively.
43.	Sakti, Anjar Dimara, et al. (author) Multi-Criteria Assessment for City-Wide Rooftop Solar PV Deployment : A Case Study of Bandung, Indonesia 2022 In: Remote Sensing. - : MDPI AG. - 2072-4292. ; 14:12 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The world faces the threat of an energy crisis that is exacerbated by the dominance of fossil energy sources that negatively impact the sustainability of the earth’s ecosystem. Currently, efforts to increase the supply of renewable energy have become a global agenda, including using solar energy which is one of the rapidly developing clean energies. However, studies in solar photovoltaic (PV) modelling that integrates geospatial information of urban morphological building characters, solar radiation, and multiple meteorological parameters in low-cost scope have not been explored fully. Therefore, this research aims to model the urban rooftop solar PV development in the Global South using Bandung, Indonesia, as a case study. This research also has several specific purposes: developing a building height model as well as determining the energy potential of rooftop solar PV, the energy needs of each building, and the residential property index. This study is among the first to develop the national digital surface model (DSM) of buildings. In addition, the analysis of meteorological effects integrated with the hillshade parameter was used to obtain the solar PV potential value of the roof in more detail. The process of integrating building parameters in the form of rooftop solar PV development potential, energy requirements, and residential property index of a building was expected to increase the accuracy of determining priority buildings for rooftop solar PV deployment in Bandung. This study shows that the estimated results of effective solar PV in Bandung ranges from 351.833 to 493.813 W/m2, with a total of 1316 and 36,372 buildings in scenarios 1 and 2 being at a high level of priority for solar PV development. This study is expected to be a reference for the Indonesian government in planning the construction of large-scale rooftop solar PV in urban areas to encourage the rapid use of clean energy. Furthermore, this study has general potential for other jurisdictions for the governments focusing on clean energy using geospatial information in relation with buildings and their energy consumption.
44.	Sánchez-García, Luis, 1989-, et al. (author) A Closer Look at the Effective Width for District Heating Systems 2021 In: Book of Abstracts. - Aalborg : Aalborg Universitetsforlag. ; , s. 153-153 Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract District heating is an important technology for decarbonizing the heating supply in urban areas since it enables the recovery of waste heat that would otherwise be wasted and the cost-effective utilization of renewable heat. Nonetheless, the current general extent of these systems in Europe is very low, hence the need for simple methods and parameters to estimate their cost and feasibility on a large scale. One of these cost parameters is the Effective Width, which enables a first order approximation of the total pipe length in a given area. This concept, in conjunction with the average pipe diameter in the area, permits the determination of the network’s capital cost. However, previous research of Effective Width has relied on a small set of cases and has not contemplated service pipes. Therefore, there is need for a closer look and a deeper understanding of the underlying phenomena that influences this parameter. This study has analysed several Scandinavian District Heating Systems in detail and provides new evidence on the relation between Effective Width and the urban environment for both distribution and service pipes.
45.	Simpson, David, 1961 (author) The EMEP MSC-W Modelling Programme: Its Relationship to Policy Support, Current Challenges and Future Perspectives 2013 In: NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security. - Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands. - 1874-6519. - 9789400755765 ; 137, s. 265-271 Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract The EMEP MSC-W group have as their main aim the support of air pollution policy in Europe, primarily under the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, but also for the European Commission. Traditionally, the EMEP MSC-W model has covered all of Europe with a grid-size of about 50 km, and extending vertically from ground level to the tropopause (100 hPa). The model has undergone substantial development in recent years, and is now applied on scales ranging from local (ca. 5 km grid size) to global. The main scientific challenges include those associated with e.g. formation of organic aerosols, but all activities are limited by uncertain inputs, particularly emissions (e.g. BVOC), and too few measurements of key compounds. In a longer-term perspective EMEP needs to develop links covering a range of scales and issues, including the interaction with Earth-system models.
46.	Spirito, Giulia, et al. (author) Potential diffusion of renewable-based 3GDH and 4GDH assessment through energy mapping : a case study in Milano 2020 In: Book of Abstracts. - Aalborg : Aalborg Universitetsforlag. ; , s. 143-143 Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract This work aims at developing a potential analysis of the diffusion of renewable-based low temperature district heating systems, through the mapping of energy demand, renewable and waste heat sources using the Italian city of Milano as a demonstrative case study. This analysis starts from the question to seek what would be the future sustainability of district heating in the framework of the foreseen scenario of building refurbishment and consequent reduction of heat demand. District heating has proven to be a recognised way to efficiently distribute renewable energy in dense urban areas. But the feasibility of this energy system is questioned in case of low heat demand and scarce availability of waste heat sources. Milano is a densely populated city, with an intense energy demand, where district heating has a low market share (<10%), which leaves the important issue of sever air pollution and where there seems to be no availability of renewable energy source. This work has been developed together with the local DH utility in order to support the municipality in defining the priority measures to be implemented in the next years in the local Environmental Plan. The developed analysis shows that DH has a wide undeveloped potential in the city which could benefit of an important amount of renewables and waste heat recovery if the temperatures where decreased by benefitting in reality by a massive energy refurbishment. The results show that the development of renewable-based low temperature district heating is not an alternative nor in competition with building energy refurbishment, but complementary. The feasibility is based on a mapping of the available waste heat sources in the city namely, industrial sites, waste water treatment plants, metro stations, datacentres, and ground water wells. For a total residential demand of 8 TWh, results showed that 6 TWh could be technically potentially covered by DH, out of which 80% at same or lower distribution costs than the existing DH system in the city. Considering the future energy demand, an energy reduction scenario has been considered in accordance with the national energy strategy for 2050, which foresee the 60% of the building stock going through important energy refurbishment. The estimated energy needs for this fraction of refurbished building stock amounts to 5 TWh out of which 2 TWh can be fed by low temperature plastic network at the same distribution costs of current 3GDH. In parallel to this reduction of energy needs, the reduction of temperature characterizing 4GDH systems opens the door to a wider set of low temperature heat recovery: the outcomes of the mapping and quantification of low temperature heat sources shows a potential of 4.5 TWh of recoverable heat in the city which increases to 5.2 considering also the surrounding suburbs. The outcomes of this works confirm the results of Stratego projects which identified the nut region surrounding Milano has a heat synergy regions and it emphasize this results by showing the effect of widening the range of heat sources by lowering the demand of network.
47.	Spirito, Giulia, et al. (author) Potential Diffusion of Renewables-Based DH Assessment through Clustering and Mapping : A Case Study in Milano 2021 In: Energies. - Basel, Switzerland : MDPI. - 1996-1073. ; 14:9 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract This work aims at developing a methodology for the assessment of district heating (DH) potential through the mapping of energy demand and waste heat sources. The presented method is then applied to the Metropolitan City of Milano as a case study in order to investigate the current and, especially, the future sustainability of DH with the foreseen building refurbishment and consequent heat demand reduction. The first step is the identification of the areas the most interesting from a heat density and an economic point of view through a clustering algorithm, in which lies the main novelty of the work. The potential is then assessed by investigating their synergy with the available heat sources, which are mapped and analyzed in terms of recoverable thermal energy and costs. In future scenarios with foreseen heat demand reduction, low-temperature networks and excess heat sources are considered, such as metro stations and datacenters, together with the conventional sources, such as thermoelectric plants. The outcomes prove that lower heat demand corresponds to higher network costs with consequently reduced district heating potential but also prove that the properties of low-temperature district heating can potentially compensate for the drop in its cost-effectiveness. Another interesting finding is that the renovation of buildings in an area should be not performed evenly but with criteria; for instance, in synergy with DH diffusion. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
48.	Wellmann, Thilo, et al. (author) Remote sensing in urban planning : Contributions towards ecologically sound policies? 2020 In: Landscape and Urban Planning. - : Elsevier BV. - 0169-2046 .- 1872-6062. ; 204 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Remote sensing has evolved to become a key tool for various fields of environmental analysis, thus actively informing policy across areas and domains. To evaluate the degree to which remote sensing is contributing to the science of ecologically-oriented urban planning, we carried out a systematic literature review using the SCOPUS database, searching for articles integrating knowledge in urban planning, remote sensing and ecology. We reviewed 186 articles, analysing various issues in urban environments worldwide. Key findings include that the level of integration between the three disciplines is limited, with only 12% of the papers fully integrating ecology, remote sensing and planning while 24% of the studies use specific methods from one domain only. The vast majority of studies is oriented towards contributing to the knowledge base or monitoring the impacts of existing policies. Few studies are directly policy relevant by either contributing to direct issues in planning and making specific design suggestions or evaluations. The accessibility of the scientific findings remains limited, as the majority of journal articles are not open access and proprietary software and data are frequently used. To overcome these issues, we suggest three future avenues for science as well as three potential entry points for remote sensing into applied urban planning. By doing so, remote sensing data could become a vital tool actively contributing to policies, civil engagement and concrete planning measures by providing independent and cost effective environmental analyses.
49.	Wiechers, Eva, et al. (author) Documentation and dataset from the analysis and mapping of cities with similar topography and demography and the relation to energy efficient transport and mobility : D5.2 2020 Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract With regard to transportation and mobility, the quantification of energy efficiency potentials of modal shifts and reduced transport volumes by changed and reduced movement of goods and persons requires a likewise quantitative database of current geographical properties of settlements and their spatial relationships... Based on the approach of Urban Morphological Zones, a novel method was devised, which delineates individual settlements. From small villages to large metropolitan areas, a total number of about 150,000 urban areas were mapped across Europe... Moreover, these so-called Urban Areas were enriched with attributes containing population, population densities, topographical properties such as slope, and climatic variables such as temperature and precipitation. Several among these aspects are thought to describe quantitatively the context which influences the relevance and the impact of policy measures and spatial solutions for energy efficiency improvements in the transport sector. Urban Areas were characterised by their population size, and grouped in five classes, for the definition of a hierarchy between these Urban Areas. For the assessment of energy efficiency potentials regarding the transport volumes in inter-urban transportation between settlements, the distances from each Urban Area to its nearest higher-order settlements were calculated. In this way, hierarchical relationships were established for all Urban Areas, so that for each settlement, smaller and larger neighbour settlements and their proximity are known. For studies on urban transport, intra-urban distances were modelled by means of population weighted distances from populated areas to the identified urban centres. For the analysis of temporal developments of urban mobility, data for the years 1990, 2000 and 2015 were generated, which include population, populated area as well as intra-urban distances for all Urban Areas. The resulting dataset will allow transport studies within the sEEnergies project at an extraordinary geographical scale and with a very detailed data base of Urban Areas, and their connections within a European transport system. © 2020 sEEnergies
50.	Wiechers, Eva, et al. (author) Geographic layers that illustrate future energy efficiency potentials: Second set of map layers (future years scenarios for 2030 and 2050) : D5.5 2022 Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract The Pan-European Thermal Atlas Peta is an online visualization tool for spatial data. Version 5.1 was launched in 2020 with a first set of layers for the EU27+UK, which related to energy demands in the base year and first, intermediate project results regarding energy efficiency potentials. With the update to version 5.2, Peta was complemented with layers based on the scenarios studied in different sEEnergies tasks, completed after the launch of Peta 5.1. As a result, Peta 5.2 shows energy demand and energy efficiency data for residential and service sector buildings as well as for industry and transport for different scenarios, focusing on the status-quo and the scenario year 2050, while also containing 2030 data.Throughout the Heat Roadmap Europe projects, Peta has been developed as an information system for the heat sector. Its main content related to district heating grid investment costs, district heating area demarcations and supply options. The current version 5.2 features new layers that include future heat demands and district heating development costs for distribution and service pipe investment costs, as well as energy efficiency potentials of the industry and transport sectors.In a new layer group Peta 5.2 presents the results of spatial analyses, for example the allocation of excess heat to urban areas as well as an index that combines energy efficiency potentials across sectors and technologies.Peta 5.2 can be accessed via the following URL:https://tinyurl.com/peta5seenergies, while the geospatial data can be accessed through thesEEnergies Open Data Hub: https://s-eenergies-open-data-euf.hub.arcgis.com/. Furthermore, Story Maps add an additional dimension to the dissemination of project results (accessible here: https://tinyurl.com/sEEnergiesStorymaps).

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