| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Söderquist, Pär
(författare)
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Large-scale releases of native species : the mallard as a predictive model system
- 2015
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Human alteration of natural systems, and its consequences are of great concern and the impact on global ecosystems is one of the biggest threats that biodiversity stands before. Translocations of invasive species, as well as intraspecific contingents with non-native genotypes, whether they are deliberate or unintentional, are one such alteration and its consequences are continuously being assessed. The mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) is the most numerous and widespread duck in the world and a flagship in wetland conservation. It is also an important game species which is heavily restocked for hunting purposes, especially in Europe where over three million ducklings are released every year. Because of its hunted status, its abundance, and the number of released individuals, it can serve as a model species to study effects of releases, both for conservation and restocking for hunting, on wild populations. In this thesis the status of the mallard was assessed in the Nordic countries and the effects of releases on the wild populations were studied by mining historical ringing data, comparing morphology of present-day wild, farmed, and historical mallards, and analyzing phylogeography of wild and farmed mallards in Europe. The status of the mallard population in the Nordic countries are generally good, however, a joint effort of European countries is needed to monitor and manage the population. A significant difference between wild and farmed mallards concerning longevity, migration, bill morphology and genetic structure was also found, together with signs of cryptic introgression of farmed genotypes in the wild population with potential fitness reduction as a result. The effect is however limited by that only a fraction of released farmed mallards reach the breeding season due to low survival. A natural captive environment is crucial to keep individuals wild-like with high survival rates after release. However, with an introgression of potentially maladapted farmed genotypes leading to a reduction in fitness, a low survival of released mallards would favor the wild population. A legislative change regarding obligation to report numbers, provenance, and release sites of farmed mallard should be considered, together with practical solutions of ringing and genetic monitoring of released mallards.
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| 3. |
- Söderquist, Pär, et al.
(författare)
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Utsatta änder – så går det för dem
- 2014
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Ingår i: Svensk jakt. - 0039-6583. ; 152:12, s. 72-73
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 4. |
- Tickle, Lara, et al.
(författare)
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Expanding arenas for learning hunting ethics, their grammars and dilemmas : An examination of young hunters' enculturation into modern hunting
- 2022
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Ingår i: Sociologia Ruralis. - : Wiley. - 0038-0199 .- 1467-9523. ; 62:3, s. 632-650
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although hunting is declining in western countries, the number of people taking the hunting exam in Sweden are stable, and new demographic groups are becoming hunters. Through interviews done in Sweden with both new and experienced hunters, as well as focus groups with young hunters at agricultural colleges, we investigate how they navigate praxis and ethical frameworks taught in hunting. Using theories on moral learning, as well as Walzer's thick and thin moral argument, we contrast the views of these young hunters with the ethical principles outlined in the educational literature for the hunting exam. We then present how young hunters reasoned around issues regarding hunting ethics, animal welfare and the place of hunting in modern society, both inside and outside the classroom. The young hunters we spoke to acted as moderators of modern trends in hunting, often bringing 'destabilising' influences like social media and female hunters. Young hunters are enculturated into traditional hunting structures and, in the process, caught in a dialectic between modern influences and traditional hunting culture. Our findings highlight challenges such as 'false consensus' and 'ethical trade-offs' in the learning of hunting ethics, which emerge potentially due to a lack of space for deliberation on hunting ethics.
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| 5. |
- Öhrman, Phillip, et al.
(författare)
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En studie om tillit till inventeringssystemet för stora rovdjur
- 2019
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Tillit, att lita på samhället och på sina medmänniskor, är samhällets kitt. Ett samhälle, inklusive dess olika komponenter, som präglas av hög tillit antas fungera bättre än om tilliten är låg. Syftet med vår studie är att utvärdera tilliten till inventeringssystemet för stora rovdjur bland de myndigheter och intresseorganisationer som är direkt berörda av systemet. På basis av intervjuer utvärderade vi tilliten genom sex olika delkomponenter; kommunikation,ansvars- och kompetensfördelning, resurser, respekt, kunskap och rättvisa. Vi har identifierat brister i alla sex delkomponenterna vilket sammantaget resulterar i att tilliten för systemet kan betecknas som låg. • Kommunikationen i systemet; hur kommunikationen sker, vad somkommuniceras, och på vilket sätt beslut kommuniceras upplevs som undermålig.• Ansvars- och kompetensfördelningen upplevs som otydlig. Det finns en klyfta mellan de som fastställer regler och riktlinjer och de som utför inventeringarna, varför relationerna präglas mer av kontroll och misstro än av handlingsutrymme och tillit.• Inventeringsresurserna räcker inte till eller prioriteras fel; t.ex. prioriteras varg på bekostnad av de övriga arterna. Det minskar förutsättningarna att fatta välgrundade beslut om ersättningar för rovdjurspredation ochom licens- och skyddsjakt.• Respekten för kunskap, näringsverksamhet och ideellt arbete upplevs som bristfällig. Respekten missgynnas också av den rigida kontrollkultur som upplevs ha utvecklats till följd av mål- och resultatstyrning i kombination med strikta inventeringskriterier.• Integrationen av ny kunskap är bristfällig. Bristen på ett systematiskt s.k. adaptivt lärande leder till att nya lösningar inte tillämpas eller utvecklas i tillräckligt hög grad.• Systemet upplevs som orättvist och slutet. En översyn av hur kostnader och nytta fördelas efterlyses av aktörerna, både vad gäller direkta kostnader,men även transaktionskostnader, dvs. kostnader förknippade med samråd och samverkan. Det är också oklart hur aktörerna aktivt tillåts delta i utvecklingen av systemet. Aktörerna lyfter fram en rad förslag till hur tilliten kan stärkas. Det utgör grunden till förbättringar som också kan accepteras av de flesta:• Inled ett systematiskt kvalitetssäkringsarbete med fokus på dialog och aktörssamverkan, till exempel inom ramen för Dialog för Naturvård.• Arbeta gemensamt fram en tydlig rollfördelning som beskriver vem som gör vad, när och varför inom hela inventeringskedjan, med syftet att öka förutsägbarheten för alla inblandade.• Skapa incitament och strukturer för adaptiv förvaltning inom hela inventeringskedjan,på alla nivåer.• Ta fram en översyn av hur kostnader och nytta fördelas för alla aktörer.Det ska inkludera direkta kostnader och transaktionskostnader, dvs. kostnader förknippade med samråd och samverkan.• Utveckla och effektivisera inventeringsmetoderna, gärna med ny teknik som DNA, kameror och drönare. Utöka samarbetet med forskningsprojekt som till exempel ScandCam.• Återkoppla direkt till intresseorganisationernas och allmänhetens observationerför att öka motivationen att rapportera.• Utveckla ett regelverk för de år där det saknas inventeringsdata (t.ex.på grund av snöbrist), genom till exempel en rutin för framskrivning av antalet djur baserat på trendanalys.• Minska fjärrstyrningen, NVs roll bör vara mer koordinerande än kontrollerande.• Verka för kunskapsintegration (s.k. kollektiv intelligens) genom att samordnakunskaper, vetenskaplig samt lokal och traditionell kunskap, så att det gagnar hela systemet.• Gör en översyn av hur resurser fördelas och prioriteras i systemet.
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| 6. |
- Ahrné, Karin, et al.
(författare)
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Tillstånd och trender för arter och deras livsmiljöer – rödlistade arter i Sverige 2015
- 2015
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- 2015 års upplaga av den svenska rödlistan är den fjärde i ordningen. Den är baserad på IUCN:s rödlistningskriterier och revideras vart femte år. I rödlistan bedöms risken som enskilda arter av djur, växter och svampar löper att försvinna från Sverige. Bedömningen utförs av ArtDatabankens medarbetare i samverkan med över 100 externa experter, indelade i 14 expertkommittéer för olika organismgrupper. Under arbetet med 2015 års rödlista har tillstånd och trender bedömts för 21 600 arter och 1 318 lägre taxa (apomiktiska arter, underarter och varieteter), sammanlagt ca 22 900 taxa. Av de bedömda arterna klassificerades 2 029 som hotade (kategorierna CR, EN och VU) och 4 273 som rödlistade (inkluderar även kategorierna NT, RE och DD). Förhållandet mellan antalet rödlistade och antalet bedömda arter ar 19,8 %, vilket är ungefär samma värde som 2010 och 2005. I denna rapport jämförs antalet och andelen rödlistade arter mellan olika organismgrupper, biotoper, substrat och påverkansfaktorer. Texten ar indelad i en allmän del och åtta kapitel inriktade på olika landskapstyper. Landskapstyperna utgör en grov indelning av landets miljöer enligt följande kategorier: Skog, Jordbrukslandskap, Urbana miljöer, Fjäll, Våtmarker, Sötvatten, Havsstränder och Havsmiljöer. Skogen och jordbrukslandskapet är de artrikaste landskapstyperna med 1 800 respektive 1 400 arter som har en stark anknytning dit, och ytterligare flera hundra arter som förekommer där mer sporadiskt. De faktorer som påverkar flest rödlistade arter i Sverige är skogsavverkning och igenväxning, som båda utgör ett hot mot vardera ca 30 % av de rödlistade arterna. Avverkning minskar arealen av skog där naturliga strukturer och naturlig dynamik upprätthålls, och den orsakar därmed förlust av livsmiljöer. Igenväxning orsakas av ett antal faktorer, bland annat upphörande hävd (bete och slåtter), gödsling, trädplantering och brist på naturliga störningsregimer som t.ex. regelbundna översvämningar kring vattendrag och sjöar. Andra viktiga påverkansfaktorer är fiske, torrläggning av våtmarker, tillbakagång hos värdarter (främst alm och ask som drabbats av invasiva svampsjukdomar), klimatförändringar och konkurrens från invasiva arter. IUCN:s rödlisteindex beräknas för ett urval av de bedömda organismgrupperna. Rödlisteindex visar att skillnaderna mellan rödlistorna från 2000, 2005, 2010 och 2015 är små. Ett par undantag finns dock. Groddjur och stora däggdjur har fått en något förbättrad situation sedan 2000. Totalt förefaller det ändå som att trycket mot Sveriges artstock har förblivit relativt konstant under de senaste 15 åren.
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| 7. |
- Bertram, Michael, et al.
(författare)
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Reproduction in a polluted world: implications for wildlife
- 2020
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Ingår i: Reproduction. - 1470-1626 .- 1741-7899. ; 160, s. R13–R23-
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Environmental pollution is an increasing problem for wildlife globally. Animals are confronted with many different forms of pollution, including chemicals, light, noise, and heat, and these can disrupt critical biological processes such as reproduction. Impacts on reproductive processes can dramatically reduce the number and quality of offspring produced by exposed individuals, and this can have further repercussions on the ecology and evolution of affected populations. Here, we illustrate how environmental pollutants can affect various components of reproduction in wildlife, including direct impacts on reproductive physiology and development, consequences for gamete quality and function, as well as effects on sexual communication, sexual selection, and parental care. We follow with a discussion of the broader ecological and evolutionary consequences of these effects on reproduction and suggest future directions that may enable us to better understand and address the effects of environmental pollution.
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| 8. |
- Bignert, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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9. Contaminants and Health of Aquatic Wildlife
- 2012. - 1
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Ingår i: Ecology and Animal Health. - Uppsala : Baltic University Press. - 9789186189129 ; , s. 73-85
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Bokkapitel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 9. |
- Bommarco, Riccardo, et al.
(författare)
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How Agricultural Intensification Affects Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
- 2016
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Ingår i: Advances in Ecological Research. - : Elsevier. - 0065-2504. ; 55, s. 43-97
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- As the world's population continues to grow, the demand for food, fodder, fibre and bioenergy will increase. In Europe, the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) has driven the intensification of agriculture, promoting the simplification and specialization of agroecosystems through the decline in landscape heterogeneity, the increased use of chemicals per unit area, and the abandonment of less fertile areas. In combination, these processes have eroded the quantity and quality of habitat for many plants and animals, and hence decreased biodiversity and the abundance of species across a hierarchy of trophic levels and spatial scales within Europe. This biodiversity loss has led to profound changes in the functioning of European agroecosystems over the last 50 years. Here, we synthesize the findings from a large-scale pan-European investigation of the combined effects of agricultural intensification on a range of agroecosystem services. These include (1) the persistence of high conservation value species; (2) the level of biological control of agricultural pests and (3) the functional diversity of a number of taxonomic groups, including birds, beetles and arable weeds. The study encompasses a gradient of geography-bioclimate and agricultural intensification that enables the large-scale measurement of ecological impacts of agricultural intensification across European agroecosystems. We provide an overview of the role of the CAP as a driver of agricultural intensification in the European Union, and we demonstrate compelling negative relationships between the application of pesticides and the various components of biodiversity studied on a pan-European scale.
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
- De Jong, Adriaan
(författare)
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Häckande fåglar på jordbruksmark utmed Botniabanans olika dragningsalternativ mellan Nyland och Umeå. Inventeringen 2015
- 2015
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- År 20021 påbörjades en före-under-efter studie med kontrollytor (en ”BDACI study”) av eventuella effekter av Botniabanan på förekomsten av häckfåglar på jordbruksmark. Under perioden 2002-2010 dokumenterades fågelbestånden före och under konstruktionen av Botniabanan. För att dokumentera situationen när Botniabanan hade tagits i bruk i full skala (åtminstone för passagerartrafik) fick studien vila fram till 2013. Under 2011 och 2012 inventerades dock alla kontrollytor för att skapa en obruten serie av base-line data (de Jong 2012). Med årets inventering avslutas ”efter” fasen av studien som därmed pågått under tre säsonger. BDACI-studier i anslutning till infrastrukturprojekt har rekommenderats och efterlysts av bl.a. Roedenbeck et al. (2007), Fahrig och Rytwinski (2009) och Benítez-López et al. (2010). Så vitt jag vet har dock några fullskalige ornitologiska BDACI-studier ännu inte presenterats i den vetenskapliga litteraturen. Värd att nämna i detta sammanhang är dock den ”impact-control” studie av effekten av vägtrafikljud på rastande fåglar av McClure et al. (2013). I Norrlands kustland utgör jordbruksmark en mindre andel av landskapets totala yta. Många jordbruksmarker ligger insprängda som ”öar” i skogs- och myrlandskapet. De arter som är knutna till jordbruksmark behöver en tillräcklig stor ”ö” med en rad olika kvalitéer för sin överlevnad. Fragmenteras en sådan ”ö” kan detta resultera i en utarmning som kan vara betydligt större än den man kunde förvänta sig av enbart arealförlusten. Det är jordbruksarternas förväntade känslighet för arealförlust och fragmentering i detta landskap som ligger bakom studiens taxonomiska urval. En stor andel av jordbrukslandskapets fågelarter har dessutom minskat kraftigt under de senaste decennierna (Svensson et al. 1999, Ottvall et al. 2008, Lindström & Green 2013). Orsakerna bakom denna minskning är bristfälligt kända men ändringar i markanvändning, andra grödor, ny teknik, minskade arealer och fragmentering av jordbrukslandskapet anses vara viktiga faktorer. Flera häckfågelarter har fortfarande relativt starka stammar i Norrlands kustland och faktorer som påverkar dessa bestånd negativt kan därför anses vara väsentliga, även på nationell nivå. Vi har valt att koncentrera arbetet kring sju arter som är tydligt knutna till det ”aktiva” jordbrukslandskapet; tofsvipa, storspov, sånglärka, ladusvala, ängspiplärka, stare och ortolansparv. Dessa sju arter kallas i denna rapport för nyckelarter. Ladusvala och stare kan anses speciellt knutna till kreatursbete och häckar dessutom i byggnader eller holkar. Ortolansparven häckar även på kalhyggen. Ytterligare nio arter räknas här som indikatorer för ett rikt jordbrukslandskap i vidare bemärkelse; mindre strandpipare, ljungpipare, enkelbeckasin, skogssnäppa, jorduggla, gulärla, buskskvätta, törnskata och rosenfink. Dessa kallas för stödarter i denna rapport. Deras förekomst tyder på att det finns andra landskapselement än ren (brukad) jordbruksmark inom området, till exempel våtmarker, kantzoner eller buskmark.
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| 33. |
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| 34. |
- Dressel, Sabrina, et al.
(författare)
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A meta-analysis of studies on attitudes toward bears and wolves across Europe 1976–2012
- 2015
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Ingår i: Conservation Biology. - : Wiley. - 0888-8892 .- 1523-1739. ; 29:2, s. 565-574
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The ranges of wolves (Canis lupus) and bears (Ursus arctos) across Europe have expanded recently, and it is important to assess public attitudes toward this expansion because responses toward these species vary widely. General attitudes toward an object are good predictors of broad behavioral patterns; thus, attitudes toward wolves and bears can be used as indicators to assess the social foundation for future conservation efforts. However, most attitude surveys toward bears and wolves are limited in scope, both temporally and spatially, and provide only a snapshot of attitudes. To extend the results of individual surveys over a much larger temporal and geographical range so as to identify transnational patterns and changes in attitudes toward bears and wolves over time, we conducted a meta-analysis. Our analysis included 105 quantitative surveys conducted in 24 countries from 1976 to 2012. Across Europe, people's attitudes were more positive toward bears than wolves. Attitudes toward bears became more positive over time, but attitudes toward wolves seemed to become less favorable the longer people coexisted with them. Younger and more educated people had more positive attitudes toward wolves and bears than people who had experienced damage from these species, and farmers and hunters had less positive attitudes toward wolves than the general public. For bears attitudes among social groups did not differ. To inform conservation of large carnivores, we recommend that standardized longitudinal surveys be established to monitor changes in attitudes over time relative to carnivore population development. Our results emphasize the need for interdisciplinary research in this field and more advanced explanatory models capable of capturing individual and societal responses to changes in large carnivore policy and management.
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| 35. |
- Elofsson, Katarina, et al.
(författare)
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Optimal management of two ecologically interacting deer speciesreality matters, beliefs don't
- 2017
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Ingår i: Natural Resource Modeling. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0890-8575 .- 1939-7445. ; 30:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this paper is to analyze the optimal management of two ecologically interdependent, competing species, roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and fallow deer (Dama dama). To this end, we develop a numerical stage-structured model, accounting for species-specific life history characteristics, gender, and stage-specific hunting values. Two contrasting management regimes are considered: optimal joint management of the two species and management where the decision maker is ignorant about interspecific competition. Results from our case study show that the presence of interspecific competition reduces roe deer population size and harvest by 30% and 47%, respectively, and reduces the net present value by 9%. High interspecific competition could lead to the exclusion of the roe deer from the area. In contrast, ignorance about the level and consequences of interspecific competition has no impact on harvest decisions and revenues. The explanation is the higher hunting benefits for fallow deer. Summary for Managers Wildlife managers need bioeconomic models for decisions on ecologically interdependent species. This study investigates optimal joint management of roe and fallow deer when the fallow deer exerts a negative impact on roe deer due to interspecific competition. Results show that interspecific competition reduces the net present value of hunting at the study site by 9%. Regulations will not increase the net present value of hunting in a situation where the manager is ignorant of interspecific competition.
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| 36. |
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| 37. |
- Eriksson, Louise, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Are birdwatchers willing to participate in local goose management? : A case study from Sweden
- 2023
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Ingår i: European Journal of Wildlife Research. - : Springer. - 1612-4642 .- 1439-0574. ; 69:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Stakeholder involvement in wildlife management is important and requires knowledge about factors motivating such participation. With several goose populations increasing in Europe and goose management incorporating multiple objectives, involvement of stakeholder groups with diverse interests is needed. In this study, we examined how evaluations of geese (attitude and acceptance capacity), but also experiences of birdwatching and birdwatcher identity, were associated with willingness to participate in local goose management. A survey among members of Sweden's largest birdwatching organization was conducted (n = 5010). The majority of respondents, 64%, displayed a divided evaluation of geese, most frequently in terms of an overall positive attitude towards geese but a low acceptance for current goose population levels (i.e. acceptance capacity). Birdwatchers' willingness to participate in goose management was generally low. Whereas they were more willing to take part in goose counts (i.e. monitoring) than to participate in local goose management groups, they were least willing to contribute to mitigating crop damage through scaring geese. Results further revealed that birdwatchers with a divided evaluation of geese and an entirely positive evaluation displayed the highest willingness to participate in goose management. However, a stronger distinct birdwatcher identity as a result of more birdwatching experiences was even more strongly associated with higher willingness to take part in goose management. The results highlight a need to intensify efforts to engage stakeholder groups with an interest in conservation issues in the participatory goose management system in Europe.
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| 38. |
- Eriksson, Louise, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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The importance of structural, situational, and psychological factors for involving hunters in the adaptive flyway management of geese
- 2023
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Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 2045-2322. ; 13:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Adaptive flyway management of superabundant geese is emerging as a strategy to reduce damage to agricultural crops and other ecosystem disservices, while also ensuring sustainable use and conservation objectives. Given the calls for intensified hunting as part of flyway management in Europe, we need to increase the understanding of structural, situational, and psychological factors important for goose hunting among hunters. Our survey data, retrieved in southern Sweden, showed a higher potential to intensify hunting among goose hunters than other hunters. In response to hypothetical policy instruments (including regulations, collaborative, and others), hunters declared a minor increase in their intention to hunt geese, with the greatest expected increase among goose hunters should the hunting season be extended. Situational factors (e.g., access to hunting grounds) were associated with goose hunting (frequency, bag size, and intention to increase hunting). In addition, controlled motivation (derived from external pressures or to avoid guilt) and more importantly autonomous motivation (due to hunting being enjoyable or valuable) were along with goose hunter identity positively associated with goose hunting. Hunters’ involvement in flyway management may be encouraged by using policy instruments to remove situational barriers and facilitate their autonomous motivation.
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| 39. |
- Green, Leon, et al.
(författare)
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Ancestral Sperm Ecotypes Reveal Multiple Invasions of a Non-Native Fish in Northern Europe
- 2021
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Ingår i: Cells. - : MDPI AG. - 2073-4409. ; 10:7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- For externally fertilising organisms in the aquatic environment, the abiotic fertilisation medium can be a strong selecting force. Among bony fishes, sperm are adapted to function in a narrow salinity range. A notable exception is the family Gobiidae, where several species reproduce across a wide salinity range. The family also contains several wide-spread invasive species. To better understand how these fishes tolerate such varying conditions, we measured sperm performance in relation to salinity from a freshwater and a brackish population within their ancestral Ponto-Caspian region of the round goby, Neogobius melanostomus. These two ancestral populations were then compared to nine additional invaded sites across northern Europe, both in terms of their sperm traits and by using genomic SNP markers. Our results show clear patterns of ancestral adaptations to freshwater and brackish salinities in their sperm performance. Population genomic analyses show that the ancestral ecotypes have generally established themselves in environments that fit their sperm adaptations. Sites close to ports with intense shipping show that both outbreeding and admixture can affect the sperm performance of a population in a given salinity. Rapid adaptation to local conditions is also supported at some sites. Historical and contemporary evolution in the traits of the round goby sperm cells is tightly linked to the population and seascape genomics as well as biogeographic processes in these invasive fishes. Since the risk of a population establishing in an area is related to the genotype by environment match, port connectivity and the ancestry of the round goby population can likely be useful for predicting the species spread.
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| 40. |
- Johansson, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Factors governing human fear of wolves : moderating effects of geographical location and standpoint on protected nature
- 2016
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Ingår i: European Journal of Wildlife Research. - New York : Springer. - 1612-4642 .- 1439-0574. ; 62:6, s. 749-760
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study analyses psychological antecedents of feelings of fear of wolves in a proportional sample of the Swedish population (national sample, n = 545) and in a sample of people in counties with wolf presence (regional sample, n = 1,892). Structural equation modelling of survey data suggests a dual pathway to self-reported fear. One path encompasses the appraisal of the environmental context operationalised as a potential wolf encounter. The second path concerns the appraisal of the social context assessed as social trust in managing authorities. The relative importance of the paths differs between the national and the regional sample, and between people in the administrative centre of the region and the regional periphery. We show that the public's fear of wolves should be addressed both at an individual level, focusing on situations with potential encounters, and at a collective level, by strengthening the trust between the public and authorities, and regional variation should be considered.
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| 41. |
- Lozano, Julian E., et al.
(författare)
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Heterogeneous impacts of large carnivores on hunting lease prices
- 2021
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Ingår i: Land use policy. - : Elsevier. - 0264-8377 .- 1873-5754. ; 101
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Notwithstanding their crucial role in ecosystem functionality, large carnivores generally entail economic costs to hunters due to competition for the same prey. This cost could potentially vary depending on carnivore density and the game hunting values at stake. We estimate a hedonic price model applying the unconditional quantile regression method in order to investigate the impact of large carnivores along the distribution of hunting lease prices in Sweden. We compare these impacts with those obtained from conditional quantile regressions, as well as from ordinary least squares estimations. Based on the unconditional quantile estimates, our results indicate that wolf, lynx and bear can exert a negatively significant effect in the middle range of the outcome distribution, while no significant impact is found in the lower quantiles. For the statistically significant quantiles, the average marginal implicit price of an additional wolf territory in the study area is around 3.35 million Swedish kronor (SEK) per year, namely 358 thousand Euros (EUR). This corresponds to an annual reduction in the mean hunting lease price per hectare by 21% in the municipality where the territory is established. Similarly, an additional lynx family group entails an average marginal implicit price of SEK 3.55 million (EUR 379 thousand) per year, and an additional brown bear individual entails an average marginal implicit price of nearly SEK 110 thousand (EUR 11.6 thousand) per year. The corresponding impact on the mean hunting lease price per hectare is a reduction by 22.4% and 0.6% for an additional lynx family group and an additional brown bear individual, respectively, in the municipality where the establishment occurs. Results can be useful for policies targeting the spatial distribution of large carnivores. © 2020 The Authors
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| 42. |
- Lozano, Julian E., et al.
(författare)
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Valuation of Large Carnivores and Regulated Carnivore Hunting
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Forest Economics. - Boston : Now Publishers Inc.. - 1104-6899 .- 1618-1530. ; 35:4, s. 337-373
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Large carnivores are keystone species but represent economic costs to hunters. In Sweden, carnivore territories generally overlap with hunting areas, and as a result, conflicts occur because of the competition for prey. The wolf, lynx, and brown bear are protected species by law but are hunted when authorities allocate license hunting quotas. The aim of these quotas is to limit carnivore numbers. We estimate a hedonic model using ordinary least squares to address the effect of large carnivore occurrence on hunting lease prices by accounting for the presence of license hunting quotas for predators. This result is compared with the least absolute deviation estimations, which reduce the influence of outliers in the survey data. To isolate the effect of carnivores on hunting lease prices, we use snow depth and forest productivity as proxy variables for game harvest in the absence of carnivores. Our results show that lynx and wolf presence reduce hunting lease prices, but lynx presence shows higher significance and robustness. Based on median regressions, the marginal implicit price of an additional wolf territory is about 15% larger than that of an additional lynx territory. In contrast, we found no conclusive evidence that bear abundance directly affects hunting lease prices, but regulated bear hunting is found to have a positive and significant impact on hunting leases, suggesting indirect positive net benefits of increased brown bear abundance.
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| 43. |
- Morf, Andrea, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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The Road Towards Koster Sea National Park - Potentials and Challenges of Implementing Ecosystem Based and Participatory Maritime Management
- 2011
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report provides results from a comprehensive analysis of the process leading towards Koster Sea national park, Sweden’s first marine national park. International pressure for participatory and ecosystem based management of marine resources is increasing (e.g. Convention of Biodiversity or EU’s Integrated Maritime Policy, Marine Strategy Directive, and ICZM-recommendations). Introducing integrative, participatory management of marine resources to a centralist, sector-based system of governance as in Sweden presents challenges. Various management experiments are under way. An interesting one combines protection and sustainable use in Sweden’s most valuable marine cold-water habitats: Koster Sea national park was inaugurated 2009 in parallel to the Norwegian park Ytre Hvaler and covers a large part of the archipelago and territorial waters in the municipalities of Tanum and Strömstad. The park makes an example for innovative marine management. The road towards it has been long and curvy. In the wake of proposals and protests, a process of community development with an integrative sustainability perspective has developed through an intensive dialogue between authorities and local stakeholders. After 30 years of recurring clashes locals and authorities agree that ecological and cultural values can be protected and used at the same time – under the condition that these uses are designed to be long-term sustainable, and evaluated and developed further in collaboration. Top-down management has met bottom-up initiative. Conservation is no more seen as a dead end by the users but as providing potential for rural development with sustainable tourism. The park’s goals include conservation, education, and sustainable use. Locals are not merely tolerated but an important part in the park's co-management structure – the steering committee Koster Sea Delegation and its working groups. Many participants are interested in analysing this process, which they call the ”Koster Sea Dialogue” in order to learn from it. The participation-process has been documented by the project “The Road Towards Koster Sea National Park”, financed by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. The study focused on the process, its drivers, the institutional framework, participation, stakeholders’ roles and networks, and conflict management. Methods include semi-structured interviews, observation and document analysis. An important process characteristic has been the long-term, active involvement of those living and working in the area. Local perspectives and knowledge have reached authorities to a larger extent than usual, making solutions adapted to local circumstances. Another characteristic is a linking of fisheries and local socio-economic development with conservation. The use of a rural development perspective, an evolving collaboration over years and active individuals at many levels have been important too. Researchers at the local marine research station have been important knowledge bearers and defenders of conservation but also translators and mediators in clashes between conservation and use. Other, more “usual” factors have been political interest, time, and resources. However, delegating the responsibility for a participation process to locals and letting it develop ad-hoc has its challenges. In rural areas it is important to proceed with care. Here, individuals are a main driving force – on leisure time. It cannot be expected from all to have the skills and resources for process leadership. People depend on each other and may be reluctant to confront neighbors. Conflicts easily become destructive if escalated. Locally based, ad-hoc process management allows for adaptation to local needs but is less transparent for outsiders. Continuous collaboration over years builds trust among those involved. On the flip side, an insider-elite with access to knowledge but little time to work with outreach may unintentionally be excluding others. Even if delegated to local forces, such processes require authorities’ back up with financial and other resources. The planning is concluded; implementation has just begun. Assessing the process from an adaptive co-management and ecosystem approach perspective – using criteria such as integration along various dimensions, adaptation and learning, participation, and a sustainable development perspective integrating ecological limits with socio-economic needs – the process and its institutional arrangements score relatively high. Some things need to be developed further: • A larger scale marine planning perspective including uses and environment in the surroundings. • The management system with working groups and the roles of the Delegation. • An more structured communication and participation planning and readiness for conflict management. • Monitoring effects in all three dimensions of sustainable development: ecological, social, economic. • Developing structures for organizational learning.
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| 44. |
- Mulokozi, Deogratias Pius, et al.
(författare)
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An ecological and economical assessment of integrated amaranth (Amaranthus hybridus) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) farming in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- 2020
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Ingår i: Fishes. - : MDPI AG. - 2410-3888. ; 5:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Organic wastes can be recycled in an ecologically sound way in fishponds by applying integrated agriculture and aquaculture systems (IAA). This kind of waste recycling can help to protect the environment from pollution and improve fishpond yields. Additionally, IAA provides an opportunity for diversification of the output from two or more existing subsystems leading to higher overall farm economic returns. This study explored the potential application of amaranth wastes (AW) as a dietary ingredient for tilapia in a tilapia-amaranths integrated system (ITA). An experimental diet (AD) contained 10% (based on the control diet, CD) inclusion of AW collected from a nearby vegetable market. The experiments included triplicate treatments with; (i) fish fed on AD, where the pond water was used for irrigating the amaranth plants (IAA-fish), and (ii) fish fed on CD, where no pond water was used for irrigating the amaranth plants (non-IAA fish). 90 days after fish stocking, eighteen 4 m2 amaranth plots were prepared and treated with (i) tap water without fertilization (control amaranths), (ii) water from IAA-fish pond and organically fertilized (IAA amaranths), and (iii) tap water and inorganically fertilized (non-IAA amaranths). The use of AW improved the fish feed conversion ratio. The overall net income from ITA was 3.2, 2.3, 2.6, and 1.8 higher than from non-IAA amaranths, IAA-amaranths, non-IAA fish, and IAA fish sub-systems respectively.
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| 45. |
- Némethy, Sándor, 1955, et al.
(författare)
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Protecting Plants from Pests and Diseases in Aquaponic Systems.
- 2016
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Ingår i: Ecological Footprint in Central Europe. - Sucha Beskidzka, Poland : The University College of Tourism and Ecology Press. - 9788392699934 ; , s. 166-179
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper gives an overview on aquaponics - a new, emerging food production technology. We point out to the social, economic, and environmental advantages of aquaponic systems, as well as to their complexity, in relation to plant nutrition and fish and plant health, and pest control. Furthermore, environmental aspects and connections to circular economy based on sustainable ecological cycles in aquaponic systems is discussed. We conclude that, in order to produce healthy plants in aquaponic systems, 1) special care has to be taken via uninterrupted measurements of the chemical composition of the circulating water, to maintain proper levels and proportions of nutrients, 2) special consideration has to be given to the potentially toxic constituent, ammonia, and 3) the prevention, monitoring, and rapid identification of the pest(s) and disease(s), and their efficient control have to be prioritized. Application of aquaponic systems in urban agriculture might be both environmentally and economically profitable by enhancing local production, utilizing unused, often derelict buildings, creating jobs and recirculating water and other natural resources linked to renewable energy production and waste management.
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| 46. |
- Nilsson, Per Anders, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
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Substrate-size choice in European eel (Anguilla anguilla) elvers is not altered by piscivore chemical cues
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Fish Biology. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0022-1112 .- 1095-8649. ; 96:6, s. 1534-1537
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The European eel Anguilla anguilla Linnaeus 1758 is critically endangered with recruitment estimated at 5-10% of historical levels. Enhancing survival of recruits is pivotal for conservation, and restoration should consider habitat choice of elvers ascending river systems. We experimentally show that newly ascended elvers choose small pebble habitat over finer and larger substrates, regardless of the presence or absence of piscivore chemical cues, indicating no predator-induced change in substrate choice. Enriching habitats with this substrate fraction should enhance eel recruitment as well as biodiversity at large.
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| 47. |
- Orlikowska, Ewa, et al.
(författare)
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Hit or miss? : Evaluating the effectiveness of Natura 2000 for conservation of forest bird habitat in Sweden
- 2020
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Ingår i: Global Ecology and Conservation. - : ELSEVIER. - 2351-9894. ; 22
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Biodiversity conservation often requires a landscape perspective. When establishing the Natura 2000 (N2k) network, the effectiveness of the sites and the influence of the surrounding landscapes for species of interest was often disregarded. We analyzed the effectiveness of N2k sites in Sweden for three forest bird species of conservation interest in the European boreal landscapes: lesser spotted woodpecker (LSW), Siberian jay (SJ) and hazel grouse (HG). Our objectives were to: 1) quantify effective suitable habitat area in N2k sites with and without consideration of the adjoining landscapes; 2) examine effective habitat area within N2k sites along the north-south vegetation gradient 3) analyze functionality of N2k sites and assess how forests outside the sites affect habitat suitability inside N2k. GISbased habitat suitability index models were applied to calculate the amount of effective habitat within and outside N2k sites. N2k sites contributed with 10% (HG), 13% (SJ) and 51% (LSW) suitable habitat identified in Sweden. Functionality of forest environments as habitat was higher inside N2k sites for LSW within all vegetation zones, and for SJ in the Alpine and Middle Boreal zones; for HG habitat outside the sites was more functional in all zones accept Alpine and Middle Boreal. The majority of N2k sites were of quite small size (<500 ha) and the size influenced their functionality for LSW and HG, with larger N2k sites being more functional. For SJ, however, average functionality of N2k sites was not influenced by their size. The largest average habitat increase linked to considering the contribution of areas outside N2k sites for their functionality as habitat was for the N2k sites of smaller size (1-500 ha). Therefore, the presence and quality of forests outside of N2k sites are of a greater importance for smaller sites, and as such these should be carefully managed. To improve conservation efficiency of the N2k sites in Sweden, we call for incorporating them into the development and implementation of the regional Green Infrastructure plans. (C) 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
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| 48. |
- Otero, Juana Camacho, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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Unravelling the shrimp nets.
- 2016
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- 'Controversy mapping' can provide insights about issues related to actors, their networking, and governance where the interpretation of science is at stake. In turn, these insights can be useful for advocacy processes, collective problem-solving and decision-making. In order to explore the potential of controversy mapping, a case study was conducted for the North prawn (Pandalus borealis), which was the main subject of a controversy that started in 2014 on the West Coast of Sweden. A temporary stabilization in the controversy was reached in May 2016 when WWF endorsed the Marine Stewardship Council labeling for the also red-listed and red-lighted prawn. We used ‘controversy mapping’ from the scientific humanities, following the methodology suggested by Venturini (2010) and Latour (2012). The method allows to tracing of statements, literatures, and actors involved in a controversy. By assembling these elements, we described the process of the controversy and identify the networks that 'wrestled' over the scientific interpretation of the (same) data on population size for the Swedish West coast shrimp. Using network visualisation and analysis softwares, we map the extent of the actor networks in the controversy, and analyse the roles and influence of different actors. The material gathered was subsequently analysed through a life cycle lens in order to see how the controversy played out in the shrimp’s product chain organization. This shows advocacy actors seeking to enrol the consumption system in order to protect the shrimp, resulting in many reactions from production system actors. Based on the findings, we discuss implications for life cycle thinking and life cycle management of product chains. Among else, we suggest that controversy study can help product chain actors better understand their production and consumption system. This, in turn, may support shared conflict resolution and problem-solving, for example, in product chain roundtables.Latour, Bruno. “Mapping controversies: syllabus 2012 -13.” MediaLab. Science Po. Retrieved from www.medialab-dev.sciences-po.fr October 15, 2015.Venturini, Tommaso. “Diving in magma: How to explore controversies with actor-network theory.” Public understanding of science 19.3 (2010): 258-273
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| 49. |
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| 50. |
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