| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Gärling, Tommy, 1941-, et al.
(författare)
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Review and assessment of self-reports of travel-related emotional wellbeing
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Transport & Health. - : Elsevier. - 2214-1405 .- 2214-1413. ; 17
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: Travel behavior research has only started to address how travel affects emotional wellbeing. The development of measurement methods is an important goal of this research.Methods: A review and assessment of methods of measuring travel-related emotional wellbeing is presented guided by a conceptual framework specifying what is measured (cognitive evaluations, emotional responses, or moods), the way it is measured (proactively, instantaneously, or retrospectively), and when it is measured (before, during, or after travel). Anticipated, current, residual and recalled moods are the objects of the measurement. Only studies of commuting or other types of daily travel are addressed.Results: We find that no research has measured anticipated moods, some research has measured current moods before, after and during travel, and most research has measured recalled moods.Conclusions: The most valid and reliable method is to measure current mood instantaneously at several points in time, before, during, and after travel. A measure of emotional wellbeing can then be obtained by objective aggregation. An approximate more feasible method is to retrospectively measure recalled moods for a given specified time period that may not only include travel. The available methods for measuring recalled moods have acceptable psychometric properties but research is needed to validate these methods by comparing the results to an objective aggregation of instantaneous measures of current mood at different points in time.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Edvardsson, Bo, 1944-
(författare)
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Om kritik av intelligenstestning
- 1975
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Rapporten summerar ett antal slag av kritik som fram till 1975 anförts rörande intelligenstestning. Denna kritik synes fortfarande vara relevant år 2009, då missbruk av intelligenstest och överdrivna anspråk kring resultaten florerar i psykologutlåtanden. Det viktigaste som senare har tillkommit är den kritik som kan riktas utifrån Gardners teori om multipla intelligenser och teori om emotionell intelligens. Gardner har även kritiserat mätförfarandena med papper och penna och menar att observationer av beteende i mer naturliga miljöer är rimligare.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Edvardsson, Bo, 1944-
(författare)
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Brunswiks funktionalistiska linsmodell och socialt arbete. : Ett teoretiskt utkast.
- 1984
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Brunswiks linsmodell inbegriper såväl det yttre ekologiska systemet (omgivningen) som det inre kognitiva systemet (tänkandet). Modellen är utomordentligt relevant för att förstå problem kring bedömningar och målinriktade handlingar i socialt arbete. Det hävdas att en problemfokuserande arbetsmodell är mer förenlig med linsmodellen än en symtom-åtgärdsmodell är.
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| 8. |
- Scharnberg, Max, et al.
(författare)
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Criticism of Freud and psychoanalysis: A booklist
- 2009
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Annan publikation (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- A booklist (14 pages) is presented that can be useful for those who search for critical books and articles about Freudian theory and psychoanalysis.
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| 9. |
- Agerström, Jens, et al.
(författare)
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The influence of temporal distance on justice and care morality
- 2010
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. - : Wiley. - 1467-9450 .- 0036-5564. ; 51, s. 46-55
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The primary goal of this study was to examine whether changes in the temporal distance of a moral dilemma affect how it is perceived and subsequently resolved. Based on Construal Level Theory (Trope & Liberman, 2003), it was predicted that the relative weight of abstract justice features should increase and the relative weight of concrete care features should decrease with temporal distance. The results showed that females became increasingly justice-oriented with greater temporal distance. However, this was not the case for males who were unaffected by temporal distance. This interaction was conceptually replicated in a follow-up experiment in which abstraction was manipulated directly by a mindset manipulation. The present results suggest that temporal distance is a contextual factor that can alter the extent to which moral judgments and reasoning are based on justice and care, although this effect seems to be moderated by gender.
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| 10. |
- Haas, Linda, et al.
(författare)
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Policy is not enough : the influence of the gendered workplace on fathers' use of parental leave in Sweden
- 2019
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Ingår i: Community, Work and Family. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 1366-8803 .- 1469-3615. ; 22:1, s. 58-76
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Paid parental leave for fathers is a promising social policy tool for degendering the division of labor for childcare. Swedish fathers have had the right to paid parental leave since 1974, but they take only one-fourth of leave days parents take. There are strong cultural norms supporting involved fatherhood, so couples typically want to share leave more than they do. This article explores how workplaces can constrain Swedish fathers' use of state leave policy, in ways that fathers can take for granted, a topic that has received less attention than individual or family-related obstacles. Based on interviews with 56 employees in five large private companies, we found that masculine workplace norms can make it difficult for fathers to choose to take much leave, while aspects of traditional workplace structure building on these norms can negatively affect fathers' capabilities of taking much leave. Workplace culture and structure seemed to be based on assumptions that the ideal worker should prioritize work and has limited caregiving responsibilities, setting limits to fathers' ability to share leave with mothers. Gender theorists suggest such assumptions persist because of male dominance at the workplace and the endurance of gendered assumptions about the roles of men and women.
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| 11. |
- Edvardsson, Bo, 1944-
(författare)
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Påverkansfallet I: utredningsmetodik, tankefel och källkritik i två psykologutlåtanden. Grovt missbruk av psykologi av psykolog.
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Syftet är att kritiskt-vetenskapligt granska utredningsmetodik, tankefel och källkritik i två psykologutlåtanden rörande två utredningsomhändertagna syskon och beställda av ett utredningshem som anlitas av socialtjänsten. En stor mängd brister i utredningsmetodik, mängder av allvarliga tankefel och bristande källkritisk prövning framkommer. Psykologimissbruket flödar. Fler av socialtjänstens dokument i fallet granskas i följande rapporter rubricerade "Påverkansfallet II-IV". De kan läsas fristående från varandra. Påverkansfallet II är den centrala och mest omfattande rapporten där mängder av påstådd och korrupt utredningsaktivitet klargörs och en synnerligen omfattande lista över tankefel presenteras.
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| 12. |
- Rönnlund, Michael, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
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Predictors of self-reported prospective and retrospective memory in a population-based sample of older adults
- 2011
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Ingår i: The Journal of Genetic Psychology. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0022-1325 .- 1940-0896. ; 172:3, s. 266-284
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this article, the authors examined predictors of self-reported everyday memory failures using the Prospective and Retrospective Questionnaire (PRMQ; Smith, Della Sala, Logie, &Maylor, 2000) in a population-based sample of older adults (age range = 60–90 years; N = 250). The results showed that a higher frequency of reported failures was associated with lower scores on the personality dimension of self-directedness as assessed by the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI; Cloninger, Dragan, Svrakic,& Przybeck, 1993) and more depressive symptoms on the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D; Radloff, 1977).However, PRMQscores showed no relationships with objective memory ability, as reflected by a series of retrospective memory measures and a measure of prospective memory. Neither were the PRMQ scales associated with general cognitive functioning as assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE; Folstein, Folstein, & McHugh, 1977). Taken together, the results indicate that within the older population, self-reported memory as assessed by the PRMQ may reflect moodstate and personality factors rather than individual differences in memory and cognitive ability.
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| 13. |
- Vestergren, Peter, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Development of the cognitive dysfunction questionnaire (CDQ) in a population based sample
- 2011
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. - Stockholm : Almqvist & Wiksell. - 0036-5564 .- 1467-9450. ; 52:3, s. 218-228
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The study reports on the development of a questionnaire for assessment of adult cognitive dysfunction (CDQ). Participants in a population-based sample(65 ± 15 years, N = 370) responded to a 90-item pilot version covering multiple aspects of memory/cognition. Based on exploratory principal components analyses and correlations with criterion measures of cognitive functioning (MMSE, Block Design, semantic/episodic memory), 20 items loading on 6 components were selected for the final version of the questionnaire. Cronbach’s a for the total score was 0.90. There was evidence of construct validity as judged by correlations between CDQ scores, objective cognitive measures, and a subjective memory measure (PRMQ). Discriminant validity was demonstrated by a low and non-significant correlation with depressive symptoms. Further evidence of construct validity was provided by correlations with age and educational attainment. In conclusion, the CDQ is promising as a self-rating screening tool for cognitive dysfunction, and will be the subject of further development and validation.
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| 14. |
- Vestergren, Peter, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Perceived causes of everyday memory problems in a population-based sample aged 39–99
- 2011
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Ingår i: Applied Cognitive Psychology. - Chichester : John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.. - 0888-4080 .- 1099-0720. ; 25:4, s. 641-646
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is usually a weak relation between memory complaints and laboratory memory performance, but few studies have investigated what people perceive as causes of their everyday memory problems. This study investigated prevalence, severity and perceived causes of memory problems in a population-based sample (N = 361, age-range 39–99). 30.2 per cent of the participants reported memory complaints (at least moderate memory problems). Higher age was associated with more severe memory problems, but the age-related differences were small. The most frequent perceived causes were age/ageing, stress and multitasking. Age/ageing as a cause was more frequent among older participants, and stress and multitasking were more frequent among middle-aged participants. The results suggest that everyday stress and level of engagement in multiple tasks or commitments, that place demands on cognitive resources, are important variables to consider when studying the relations between subjective everyday memory measures, age and memory performance in the laboratory.
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| 15. |
- Allodi Westling, Mara, 1959-
(författare)
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The meaning of social climate of learning environments : some reasons why we do not care enough about it.
- 2010
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Ingår i: Learning Environments Research. - : Springer. - 1387-1579 .- 1573-1855. ; 13:2, s. 89-104
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this paper is to analyse reasons underlying the neglect of social climate in education. It discusses the relevance of the concept of social climate in learning environments: presenting evidence of its effects; its importance in special needs and inclusive education; presenting existing differences between settings; discussing the contribution of social climate to teachers’ professional autonomy. The arguments support the view that social climate is an essential factor in educational processes and make incomprehensible the scarce attention reserved to it in educational policy, research and teacher programs. Indications of neglect in the Swedish context are presented. The resistance towards the concept of social climate is related to a) dualistic and hierarchic views; b) characteristics of bureaucratic systems; c) reductionist interpretations; d) difficulties in handling and evaluating social values and goals; e) post-modern criticism of scientific knowledge and psychology. Implications for counteracting reductive interpretations and meeting resistance and criticism are discussed.
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| 16. |
- Andersson, Håkan, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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The Contribution of Hot and Cool Self-Regulation in Early Childhood to Later Academic Achievement
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of the present study was to investigate the contribution of hot (emotional/motivational) and cool (cognitive) self-regulation in early childhood to lateracademic achievement in kindergarten (math) and late elementary school (math andlanguage). In a sample of 235 preschoolers, higher levels of cool self-regulation predicted better math achievement in kindergarten and this head-start effect persisted into late elementary school. In contrast, higher levels of hot self-regulation predicted better language but not math achievement in late elementary school. These findings support the notion that cool self-regulation is important for the development of academic skills already inkindergarten, whereas the effects on academic achievement of hot self-regulation are delayed, which may be a result of increasing demands through elementary school.
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| 17. |
- Aronsson, Gunnar, et al.
(författare)
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Inte bara här och nu utan också där och då : - reflektioner om arbetslivsforskningen och det stora hållbarhetsprojektet
- 2009
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Ingår i: Arbetsliv i omvandling. - Stockholm : arbetslivsinstitutet. - 1404-8426. ; :1, s. 15-26
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Arbetet är den primära källan till den hållbarhetskris vi lever i men därmed också nyckeln till hållbar utveckling. I arbetets sfär utvecklas såväl destruktiva som miljövänliga produkter och processer. Arbetet orsakar utslagning, stress, sjukdomar, förkortar liv, skiktar samhällen socialt och förstör livsbetingelser men arbete är också grunden för frihet, välfärd, mening, gemenskap, teknisk och medicinsk utveckling. Arbetet förbinder människan med naturen och strukturerar relationer mellan människor inte bara lokalt utan också globalt. Arbetets och produktionens sfär är trots den positionen märkligt frånvarande i hållbarhetsdiskussionen. Arbetslivsforskningen har spelat och spelar en stor roll i generering av kunskaper om organisatorisk och individuell hållbarhet även om aktiviteten inte rubriceras som hållbarhetsforskning. Forskningen är oftast riktat mot verksamhetsnivån, vilket innebär att den hitintills inte har axlat den roll den bör ha i det omställningsprojekt, som nu tar form och som sträcker sig över verksamhets- kunskaps- och nationsgränser. Mycket av den kunskap som genererats inom verksamhetsperspektivet har dock stor relevans också i hållbarhetsprojektet. Det gäller forskning och kunskaper om bland annat organisering, ledning, committment, kultur, styrnings- och omställningskunnande och naturligtvis all den kunskap som genererats om individen ur social, psykologisk och medicinsk synpunkt. Det framväxande stora hållbarhetsprojektet handlar om att rikta fokus mot hela produktionskedjor - alltifrån utvinning ur naturen, över förädling, bearbetning och användning till återvinning. Ett sådant angreppssätt kräver både djup kunskap om och hög grad av specialisering på olika delar i produktionskedjan och systemanalys. Arbetsvetenskaplig forskning är väl rustad och organiserad för det förstnämnda men mindre bra på analys av produktionskedjor ur ett hållbarhetsperspektiv. Uppgiften är inte heller begränsad till att beskriva och analysera utan uppgiften gäller också att studera betingelserna för förändring och utveckling i riktning mot hållbarhet. Detta kräver ett samhällsperspektiv eftersom en rad samhälleliga regleringssystem har inflytande på var produktionen förläggs och därmed produktionskedjans utseende och betingelserna för de som arbetar.
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| 18. |
- Bergh, Robin, et al.
(författare)
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The Personality Underpinnings of Explicit and Implicit Generalized Prejudice
- 2012
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Ingår i: Social Psychological and Personality Science. - : SAGE Publications. - 1948-5506 .- 1948-5514. ; 3:5, s. 614-621
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The idea of prejudice as a tendency that can be generalized from one target to another and the personality–prejudice relationship have been widely examined using explicit measures. However, less is known about this tendency and its relation to personality for implicit prejudice measures, like the implicit association test (IAT). Three studies including explicit and corresponding implicit prejudice measures toward various target groups confirmed a generalized factor for both types of measures with a stronger common component for the explicit factor. Personality was significantly related to the explicit measures only. Also, the personality and prejudice measures were unrelated to explicit and implicit attitudes toward an irrelevant target which rules out potential method confound. These results indicate that explicit and implicit prejudice measures tap different psychological constructs relating differently to the individual’s self-reported personality. The findings have implications for the debate on whether IAT scores reflect personally endorsed attitudes.
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| 19. |
- Berman, Anne H., et al.
(författare)
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Design and Development of a Telephone-Linked Care (TLC) System to Reduce Impulsivity among Violent Forensic Outpatients and Probationers
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of medical systems. - : Springer Netherlands. - 0148-5598 .- 1573-689X. ; 36:3, s. 1031-1042
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Forensic services face the challenge of reducing relapse among clients with a history of violent crime. An automated interactive voice response (IVR) service of the complex Telephone-Linked Care (TLC) type, with a focus on reducing impulsivity, could improve the adequacy of service responses to client needs. Theoretically based in Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) and Motivational Interviewing (MI), the forensic TLC system offers interactive conversations on coping with the emotions of anger, shame and loneliness; activities of daily life such as getting out of bed, asking for help, visiting social services and taking medication; and other areas such as hearing voices, drinking alcohol and self-critical thoughts. We describe the user´s flow through the system, with an in-depth synopsis of the hearing voices intervention. Issues regarding voluntary versus mandatory use of the system are addressed in connection with prospective introduction of the system in forensic settings.
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| 20. |
- Durbeej, Natalie, et al.
(författare)
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Validation of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test and the Drug Use Disorders Identification Test in a Swedish sample of suspected offenders with signs of mental health problems : results from the Mental Disorder, Substance Abuse and Crime study
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0740-5472 .- 1873-6483. ; 39:4, s. 364-377
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Substance abuse is common among offenders. One method widely used for the detection of substance abuse is screening. This study explored the concurrent validity of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and the Drug Use Disorders Identification Test (DUDIT) screening tools in relation to (a) substance abuse and dependency diagnoses and (b) three problem severity domains of the sixth version of the Addiction Severity Index in a sample of 181 suspected offenders with signs of mental health problems. The screening tools showed moderate to high accuracy for identification of dependency diagnoses. The AUDIT was associated with alcohol problem severity, whereas the DUDIT was associated with drug and legal problem severity. Administering the screening tools in the current population yields valid results. However, the suggested cutoff scores should be applied with caution due to the discrepancy between present and previous findings.
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Edvardsson, Bo, 1944-
(författare)
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Biologiska aspekter på personlighet - ett utbildningsPM
- 2008
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Annan publikation (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Ett elementärt utbildningsPM som tar upp biologiska teorier med historik, fysiologiska ansatser, beteendegenetik, evolutionspsykologi och några biologiskt orienterade tankefel kring männikan och begreppet ras.
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Edvardsson, Bo, 1944-
(författare)
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Om metoder för personbedömning i vardagslivet
- 2002
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Annan publikation (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Syftet är att något klargöra och konkretisera saklighetsteori vid personbedömning samt att tydliggöra och kritiskt kommentera ett antal i vardagslivet förekommande "metoder" eller kvasimetoder för personbedömning, t.ex. "tycka-tro-känna-uppleva-intryck"-metoden med oberättigade fakticitetsanspråk. Skriften är erfarenhetsbaserad och betonar det omgivande makt-intresse-fältet inverkar på personbedömningar som tillhör forskningsområden som ofta betecknas som social perception eller social kognition. Skriften omfattar ca 35 sidor.
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| 25. |
- Edvardsson, Bo, 1944-
(författare)
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Personlighetspsykologins forskningsmetoder - ett utbildningsPM
- 2008
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Annan publikation (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Med inriktning på personlighetspsykologi beskrivs elementärt och något kritiskt sju grupper av metoder/data som kan användas inom personlighetspsykologisk forskning. Vidare beskrivs elementärt forskningsprinciper och designer.
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| 26. |
- Feng, Qi, 1961-
(författare)
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Predictive action in infancy : Evidence of early prospective behavior
- 2009
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- How do young infants understand and act on their constantly changing environment? An action perspective on motor development was taken into account. The present thesis investigated perception guided predictive action in 6-month-old infants, namely, head tracking and reaching for an object moving on a pre-defined trajectory, linear or nonlinear, fully visible or partially occluded. The motion trials were presented in a randomized order or in a way by using an ABBA block design. Study I of this thesis began with the exploration of the principles underlying infant predictive action. Infants were presented a fully visible moving object on four trajectories: two linear trajectories that intersected at the center of a display and two non-linear trajectories that contained a sudden turn at the point of intersection. The results supplied evidence that both infants’ head tracking and reaching showed an extrapolation of the object’s motion on linear paths, which was described by the principle of inertia. No learning effect was found in spite of repeated fully visible trials. Previous experiments reported that infants of similar age showed a reduction in reaching when object motion was occluded briefly. Thus Study II was undertaken, in part, to evaluate whether differences in the tasks resented to infants or differences in the visibility of the objects account for these findings. This was done by investigating infants’ predictive head tracking of an object following the procedure presented in Study I with only one exception: object motion was partially occluded by a small occluder positioned on the motion trajectory. Study II also raised a second question concerning infants’ ability to learn to anticipate upcoming object motions. It was found that infants were able to quickly learn to anticipate either linear or nonlinear motion but with a superior learning effect from linear motion. This pattern suggested a tendency to anticipate the upcoming motion in accord with inertia. Although a capacity to anticipate occluded object motion in accord with inertia was present, it was weak, as infants’ initial reaction to the occluded object motion revealed no such tendency. Learning in all cases was associated with the trajectory of the object, not the specific locations at which the object appeared. It was suggested that infants might form object representations that are influenced by learning and that are just weakly biased toward inertia extrapolation. This finding supported the claims that occlusion reduces the presentation of object representation, as suggested by single system of object representation theory.
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| 27. |
- Ferrer-Wreder, Laura, et al.
(författare)
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Advancing Intervention Science Through Effectiveness Research : A Global Perspective
- 2012
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Ingår i: Child and Youth Care Forum. - : Springer Science+Business Media B.V.. - 1053-1890 .- 1573-3319. ; 41:2, s. 109-117
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Effectiveness research is maturing as a field within intervention and prevention science. Effectiveness research involves the implementation and evaluation of the effectiveness of the dissemination of evidence-based interventions in everyday circumstances (i.e., type 2 translational research). Effectiveness research is characterized by diverse types of research studies. Progress in this field has the potential to inform several debates within intervention science [e.g., fidelity versus local and cultural adaptation; identification of core components, effective dissemination systems). Objective: To provide illustrations from different countries (Ireland, Italy, South Africa, Sweden, New Zealand, and the United States) of how intervention science might raise the value of future effectiveness or type 2 translational research. Methods: Themes raised by individual articles and across articles are summarized and expanded on in this commentary. Results: Themes consist of raising awareness about the importance of effectiveness research on the cultural adaptation of evidence-based interventions and intervention support structures, as well as further development of strategies to bridge the gap between research and practice. Conclusions: Effectiveness research has an important role to play in affecting systemic change on a population level and allowing us to gain a realistic global understanding of the phenomena we hope to change through interventions. Articles in this special issue provide reports from social scientists and practitioners located in various parts of the world and offer a rich, diverse portrait of effectiveness research and theory development. The totality of the work contained in this special issue anticipates many of the changes that intervention and prevention science will undergo as we progress and develop effective dissemination strategies for evidence-based interventions that promote positive youth development and prevent youth and family problems on a global scale.
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| 28. |
- Josefsson, Maria, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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Genetic and Lifestyle Predictors of 15-Year Longitudinal Change in Episodic Memory
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of The American Geriatrics Society. - : Wiley. - 0002-8614 .- 1532-5415. ; 60:12, s. 2308-2312
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: To reveal distinct longitudinal trajectories in episodic memory over 15 years and to identify demographic, lifestyle, health-related, and genetic predictors of stability or decline. Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: The Betula Project, Umeå, Sweden. Participants: One thousand nine hundred fifty-four healthy participants aged 35 to 85 at baseline. Measurements: Memory was assessed according to validated episodic memory tasks in participants from a large population-based sample. Data were analyzed using a random-effects pattern-mixture model that considered the effect of attrition over two to four longitudinal sessions. Logistic regression was used to determine significant predictors of stability or decline relative to average change in episodic memory. Results: Of 1,558 participants with two or more test sessions, 18% were classified as maintainers and 13% as decliners, and 68% showed age-typical average change. More educated and more physically active participants, women, and those living with someone were more likely to be classified as maintainers, as were carriers of the met allele of the catechol-O-methyltransferase gene. Less educated participants, those not active in the labor force, and men were more likely to be classified as decliners, and the apolipoprotein E ɛ4 allele was more frequent in decliners. Conclusion: Quantitative, attrition-corrected assessment of longitudinal changes in memory can reveal substantial heterogeneity in aging trajectories, and genetic and lifestyle factors predict such heterogeneity.
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| 29. |
- Larsson, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Bad odors stick better than good ones : Olfactory qualities and odor recognition
- 2009
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Ingår i: Experimental psychology (Göttingen). - : Hogrefe & Huber Publishers. - 1618-3169 .- 2190-5142. ; 56:6, s. 375-380
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The influences of perceived odor qualities on the retention of olfactory information across the adult lifespan were examined. Young (19–36 years), young-old (60–74 years), and old (75–91 years) adults (n = 202) rated a set of unfamiliar odors across a series of perceptual dimensions (i.e., pleasantness, intensity, and irritability) at encoding. The overall results indicated that memory for unpleasant olfactory information was better than that for pleasant odors across the lifespan. Also, participants showed better retention for odors perceived with high intensity and irritability than for odors rated with low or medium scores. Interestingly, the old adults showed selective beneficial memory effects for odors rated as highly irritable. To the extent that perceptions of high irritability reflect an activation of the trigeminal sensory system, this finding suggests that older adults may use trigeminal components in odor information to compensate for age-related impairments in olfactory memory.
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| 30. |
- Ljungberg, Jessica K, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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Cross-modal distraction by deviance : functional similarities between the auditory and tactile modalities
- 2012
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Ingår i: Experimental psychology (Göttingen). - : Hogrefe Publishing. - 1618-3169 .- 2190-5142. ; 59:6, s. 355-363
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Unexpected task-irrelevant changes in the auditory or visual sensory channels have been shown to capture attention in an ineluctable manner and distract participants away from ongoing auditory or visual categorization tasks. We extend the study of this phenomenon by reporting the first within-participant comparison of deviance distraction in the tactile and auditory modalities. Using vibro-tactile-visual and auditory-visual cross-modal oddball tasks, we found that unexpected changes in the tactile and auditory modalities produced a number of functional similarities: A negative impact of distracter deviance on performance in the ongoing visual task, distraction on the subsequent trial (post-deviance distraction), and a similar decrease – but not the disappearance – of these effects across blocks. Despite these functional similarities, deviance distraction only correlated between the auditory and tactile modalities for the accuracy-based measure of deviance distraction and not for response latencies. Post-deviance distraction showed no correlation between modalities. Overall, the results suggest that behavioral deviance distraction may be underpinned by both modality-specific and multimodal mechanisms, while post-deviance distraction may predominantly relate to modality-specific processes.
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| 31. |
- Ljungberg, Jessica K., et al.
(författare)
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The Impact of Intonation and Valence on Objective and Subjective Attention Capture by Auditory Alarms
- 2012
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Ingår i: Human Factors. - : Sage Publications. - 0018-7208 .- 1547-8181. ; 54:5, s. 826-837
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective:The objective was to study the involuntary capture of attention by spoken words varying in intonation and valence.Background:In studies of verbal alarms, the propensity of alarms to capture attention has been primarily assessed with the use of subjective ratings of their perceived urgency. Past studies suggest that such ratings vary with the alarms’ spoken urgency and content.Method:We measured attention capture by spoken words varying in valence (negative vs. neutral) and intonation (urgently vs. nonurgently spoken) through subjective ratings and behavioral measures. The key behavioral measure was the response latency to visual stimuli in the presence of spoken words breaking away from the periodical repetition of a tone.Results:The results showed that all words captured attention relative to a baseline standard tone but that this effect was partly counteracted by a relative speeding of responses for urgently compared with nonurgently spoken words. Word valence did not affect behavioral performance. Rating data showed that both intonation and valence increased significantly perceived urgency and attention grabbing without any interaction.Conclusion:The data suggest a congruency between subjective ratings and behavioral performance with respect to spoken intonation but not valence.Application:This study demonstrates the usefulness and feasibility of objective measures of attention capture to help design efficient alarm systems.
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| 32. |
- Ljungberg, Jessica K., et al.
(författare)
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The Informational Constraints of Behavioral Distraction by Unexpected Sounds : The Role of Event Information
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory and Cognition. - Washington : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0278-7393 .- 1939-1285. ; 38:5, s. 1461-1468
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sounds deviating from an otherwise repeated stream of task-irrelevant auditory stimuli (deviant sounds among standard sounds) are known to capture attention and impact negatively on ongoing behavioral performance (behavioral oddball distraction). Traditional views consider such distraction as the ineluctable consequence of the deviant sounds’ low probability of occurrence relative to that of the standard.Contrary to this contention, recent evidence demonstrates that distraction by deviant sounds is not obligatory and occurs only when sounds (standards and deviants), though to be ignored, act as useful warning cues by providing information as to whether and when a target stimulus is to be presented (Parmentier, Elsley, & Ljungberg, 2010). The present study aimed to extend this finding by disentangling the roles of event information (target’s probability of occurrence) and temporal information (target’s time of occurrence). Comparing performance in a cross-modal oddball task where standard and deviant sounds provided temporal information, event information, both, or none, we found that distraction by deviant sounds emerged when sounds conveyed event information. These results suggest that unexpected changes in a stream of sounds yield behavioral distraction to the extent that standards and deviants carry relevant goal-directed information, specifically, the likelihood of occurrence of an upcoming target.
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| 33. |
- Mousavi-Nasab, S. -M. -Hossein, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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The effects of marital status on episodic and semantic memory in healthy middle-aged and old individuals
- 2012
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0036-5564 .- 1467-9450. ; 53:1, s. 1-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study examined the influences of marital status on different episodic and semantic memory tasks. A total of 1882 adult men and women participated in a longitudinal project (Betula) on memory, health and aging. The participants were grouped into two age cohorts, 35–60 and 65–85, and studied over a period of 5 years. Episodic memory tasks concerned recognition and recall, whereas semantic memory tasks concerned knowledge and fluency. The results showed, after controlling for education, some diseases, chronological age and leisure activity as covariates, that there were significant differences between married and single individuals in episodic memory, but not in semantic memory. Married people showed significantly better memory performances than singles in both subsystems of episodic memory, that is, recall and recognition. Also, the rate of decline in episodic memory was significantly larger for singles and widowed than other groups over the 5-year time period in both age groups. The findings demonstrate that the positive relation found between marriage and health can be extended to the relation between marriage and cognitive performance. This effect might be explained by the role played by cognitive stimulation in memory and cognition.
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| 34. |
- Parmentier, Fabrice B. R., et al.
(författare)
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A behavioral study of distraction by vibrotactile novelty
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Experimental Psychology. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0096-1523 .- 1939-1277. ; 37:4, s. 1134-1139
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Past research has demonstrated that the occurrence of unexpected task-irrelevant changes in the auditory or visual sensory channels captured attention in an obligatory fashion, hindering behavioral performance in ongoing auditory or visual categorization tasks and generating orientation and re-orientation electrophysiological responses. We report the first experiment extending the behavioral study of cross-modal distraction to tactile novelty. Using a vibrotactile-visual cross-modal oddball task and a bespoke hand-arm vibration device, we found that participants were significantly slower at categorizing the parity of visually presented digits following a rare and unexpected change in vibrotactile stimulation (novelty distraction), and that this effect extended to the subsequent trial (postnovelty distraction). These results are in line with past research on auditory and visual novelty and fit the proposition of common and amodal cognitive mechanisms for the involuntary detection of change.
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| 35. |
- Pudas, Sara, et al.
(författare)
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Maintenance and Manipulation in Working Memory : Differential Ventral and Dorsal Frontal Cortex fMRI Activity
- 2009
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Ingår i: Acta Psychologica Sinica. - : Science Press. - 0439-755X. ; 41:11, s. 1054-1062
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A verbal working memory protocol was designed and evaluated on a group of healthy younger adults in preparation for a large-scale functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) study on aging and memory. Letters were presented in two critical conditions: (i) maintenance, in which letters were to be memorized and kept in mind over a four second interval, and (ii) manipulation, in which letters were shifted forward in alphabetical order, and the new order was kept in mind. Analyses of fMRI data showed that the protocol elicited reliable activation in the frontal cortex, with manipulation producing more extensive activation patterns, both in whole-brain analyses and in predefined regions of interest (ROIs). There was also a distinction between dorsal and ventral lateral prefrontal regions, such that manipulation elicited more dorsolateral prefrontal activation. The protocol also elicited activation in various subcortical areas, previously associated with working-memory tasks. It was concluded that this working memory protocol is appropriate for investigating age-related changes in frontal-cortex functioning.
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| 36. |
- Rasoal, Chato, et al.
(författare)
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Ethnocultural versus Basic Empathy : Same or Different?
- 2011
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Ingår i: Psychology. - : Scientific Research Publishing. - 2152-7180 .- 2152-7199. ; 2:9, s. 925-930
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The concept of ethnocultural empathy has been put forward as a variable that could explain tolerance between individuals and groups of different ethnic and cultural background. However, it is not clear if ethnocultural em-pathy is distinct from basic empathy. In this study we investigated the association between basic empathy, as measured by the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (Davis, 1983) and ethnocultural empathy, as measured by the Scale of Ethnocultural Empathy (Wang et al., 2003). We also explored the question of whether a set of back-ground variables would predict the two forms of empathy. We investigated if there were different predictors of ethnocultural and basic empathy, and if the two constructs are distinct. Results showed that the two forms of empathy were correlated and that largely similar predictors were found for the two constructs. A confirmatory factor analysis failed to confirm two separate constructs. Implications of the findings for the measurement of empathy are discussed.
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| 37. |
- Rönnlund, Michael, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of Perceived Long-Term Stress on Subjective and Objective Aspects of Memory and Cognitive Functioning in a Middle-Aged Population-Based Sample
- 2013
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Ingår i: The Journal of Genetic Psychology. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 0022-1325 .- 1940-0896. ; 174:1, s. 25-41
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The longitudinal effects of perceived stress on measures of memory and two other cognitive functions (word fluency, visuospatial ability) in a middle-aged sample (40–60 years, M age = 47.1 years, SD = 6.1 years; n = 192) were examined. A group describing themselves as stressed in general at baseline, and at follow-up measurement 5 and 10 years later (n = 96) was compared with a matched (age, sex) low-stress group (n = 96). The results revealed more depressive symptoms over time in the high-stress group. With regard to memory, a dissociation between subjective and objective measures was observed. Specifically, participants in the high-stress group rated their memory as worse over time as compared with controls, and reported a higher frequency of occurrence of everyday memory failures, effects partly independent of depressive symptoms. However, the groups did not differ in terms of objective episodic memory performance, word fluency or block design performance, with stable levels of performance over time regardless of perceived stress. The lack of effects of stress on cognitive performance is discussed in the light of factors such as stress level, age of the participants, and other individual difference factors.
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| 38. |
- Sandberg, Petra, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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Memory plasticity in older adults : Cognitive predictors of training response and maintenance following learning of number-consonant mnemonic
- 2016
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Ingår i: Neuropsychological rehabilitation (Print). - : Informa UK Limited. - 0960-2011 .- 1464-0694. ; 26:5-6, s. 742-760
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The study investigated the relationship between cognitive factors and gains in number recall following training in a number–consonant mnemonic in a sample of 112 older adults (M = 70.9 years). The cognitive factors examined included baseline episodic memory, working memory, processing speed, and verbal knowledge. In addition, predictors of maintenance of gains to a follow-up assessment, eight months later, were examined. Whereas working memory was a prominent predictor of baseline recall, the magnitude of gains in recall from pre- to post-test assessments were predicted by baseline episodic memory, processing speed, and verbal knowledge. Verbal knowledge was the only significant predictor of maintenance. Collectively, the results indicate the need to consider multiple factors to account for individual differences in memory plasticity. The potential contribution of additional factors to individual differences in memory plasticity is discussed.
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| 39. |
-
Sociala relationer i arbetslivet : studier från föränderliga arbetsplatser
- 2010
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Sociala relationer är nödvändiga för att vi människor ska förstå och hantera vår omvärld. Därmed är de också nödvändiga för att kunna utföra ett arbete. Att ingå i en social gemenskap är för många en av de viktigaste drivkrafterna för att arbeta. I kontakter med chefer, kollegor och kunder får vi bekräftelse och uppskattning när vi gör något bra, och vi får också veta om vi gör något mindre bra. Men när arbetslivet organiseras på nya sätt förändras även relationerna.I den här boken belyser flera studier från olika forskningsdiscipliner hur viktiga sociala relationer är. Sammantaget visar de att en tydlig struktur och kollektiv gemenskap blir än viktigare ju mer föränderligt arbetslivet är. Individer som ingår i en sådan gemenskap har större möjligheter att möta utmaningar i arbetslivet på ett konstruktivt sätt. Boken visar också hur organisationer och företag kan skapa förutsättningar för goda sociala relationer. I flera av bokens kaptitel finns faktarutor där de metoder som använts i forskningen beskrivs mer generellt. Det gör att boken även kan användas som fördjupning inom samhällsvetenskaplig metod.Boken vänder sig främst till studenter på högskolenivå inom områdena personal, arbetsliv och organisation, men även andra som intresserar sig för arbetslivets förändring, exempelvis inom HR-avdelningar, företagshälsovård och fackliga organisationer, kan ha stor nytta av boken. Bokens författare är alla väl etablerade forskare inom sina respektive område.
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| 40. |
- Sternäng, Ola, et al.
(författare)
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A cross-cultural perspective on aging and memory : Comparisons between Bangladesh and Sweden
- 2012
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Ingår i: PsyCh Journal. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 2046-0252 .- 2046-0260. ; 52, s. 518-518
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Most studies on cognitive aging have been conducted in high-income countries (mainly on Western populations). The main aim of this study was to compare the relative importance of predictors of episodic and semantic memory performance in older people (≥60 years) from Bangladesh (n = 400) and Sweden (n = 1,098). Hierarchical regression models were used in order to study the importance of some commonly used predictors in the two countries. A main finding was that variations in age did not have much impact on episodic and semantic memory performance in Bangladesh. Instead, sex was a strong predictor for semantic memory performance. In Sweden this pattern was reversed. In the Western world, chronological age is believed to be strongly associated with memory performance in cross-sectional studies, particularly in people greater than 60 years of age. This study indicates that the difference between the two countries (in relative importance of the predictors included in this study) is mainly due to the fact that years of education is connected to age in the Western world but to sex in Bangladesh. It remains to be examined whether earlier selective survival is also responsible for the relative absence of cognitive age differences in Bangladesh.
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| 41. |
-
Studies in language and cognition
- 2009
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Using a plethora of concepts, theories and methods, the theoretical and empirical studies described in this volume are united in their approach of treating language not in isolation (e.g. as a “module”), but as both based on structures and processes of cognition, and at the same time as affecting the human mind. The book is organized in 7 parts, corresponding to some of the major fields in language research today: (a) linguistic meta-theory and general issues, (b) lexical meaning, (c) metaphor, (d) grammar, (e) pragmatics, (f) gesture and bodily communication, and (g) historical linguistics. At the same time, the non-modular approach to language adopted by the authors is reflected by the fact that there are no strict boundaries between the parts. Thus, the book is a valuable contribution to the growing interdisciplinary field of Language and Cognition.
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| 42. |
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| 43. |
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| 44. |
- Edvardsson, Bo, 1944-
(författare)
-
Kritisk, jämförande analysmetodik i ett fall med strid om vårdnad, boende och umgänge samt misstankar om misshandel av mor och barn. : Grovt missbruk av psykologi av psykologer. Analys av polisförhör. Avslöjande av lögn/fabulering.
- 2009
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Syftet med denna skrift är att visa hur ett fall med föräldrar i intensiv konflikt rörande vårdnad, boende och umgänge för två små barn kan analyseras genom noggrann dokumentation och jämförelser mellan vad som sagts vid olika tillfällen av främst samma källa. Fallet inrymmer material från familjerätt, från socialtjänst, från barnpsykologers skrivelser och från polisförhör med föräldrar och med vittnen. En kritisk, jämförande metodik används, vilken innebär noggrann läsning och jämförelser mellan främst vad som sagts av samma person vid olika tillfällen, men även jämförelser mellan vad olika personer sagt och jämförelser av innehåll i uttalanden med saklägen. Det påvisas även genom stegringsanalys att den enda partens utsagor upprepat stegrats i anslutning till olika slag av saklägen/situationer där stegrade uppgifter kunde innebära fördel för partens intressen. Även betydelsen av frånvaro av uppgifter som kan förväntas dyka upp påtalas. En mycket påverkande arbetsmetodik från två starkt partiska barnpsykologer gentemot barnen påvisas genom den befintliga dokumentationen. Åklagare och polis följer inte upp de tydliga motsägelserna i polisförhören med den ena parten och även motsägelser gentemot andra uppgifter. Trots ett föga kritiskt prövande förhörsarbete påvisar jämförande analyser att den ena parten ljuger/fabulerar. Det kan verka som strävan efter politisk korrekthet eller invanda tankemönster skapar en oförmåga att utreda kritiskt prövande. Könsdiskriminerng är en aspekt på fallet. En stor mängd tankefel i det extremt undermåliga utredningsarbetet påvisas och summeras avslutningsvis. Ett mycket undermåligt psykologutlåtande återges i en bilaga.
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| 45. |
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| 46. |
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| 47. |
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| 48. |
- Ahlström, Christer, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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The impact of driver sleepiness on fixation-related brain potentials
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Sleep Research. - : Wiley. - 0962-1105 .- 1365-2869. ; 29:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effects of driver sleepiness are often quantified as deteriorated driving performance, increased blink durations and high levels of subjective sleepiness. Driver sleepiness has also been associated with increasing levels of electroencephalogram (EEG) power, especially in the alpha range. The present exploratory study investigated a new measure of driver sleepiness, the EEG fixation-related lambda response. Thirty young male drivers (23.6 +/- 1.7 years old) participated in a driving simulator experiment in which they drove on rural and suburban roads in simulated daylight versus darkness during both the daytime (full sleep) and night-time (sleep deprived). The results show lower lambda responses during night driving and with longer time on task, indicating that sleep deprivation and time on task cause a general decrement in cortical responsiveness to incoming visual stimuli. Levels of subjective sleepiness and line crossings were higher under the same conditions. Furthermore, results of a linear mixed-effects model showed that low lambda responses are associated with high subjective sleepiness and more line crossings. We suggest that the fixation-related lambda response can be used to investigate driving impairment induced by sleep deprivation while driving and that, after further refinement, it may be useful as an objective measure of driver sleepiness.
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| 49. |
- Andersson, Christina, et al.
(författare)
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Cultivating Compassion and Reducing Stress and Mental Ill-Health in Employees : A Randomized Controlled Study
- 2022
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Stress and mental ill-health carry considerable costs for both individuals and organizations. Although interventions targeting compassion and self-compassion have been shown to reduce stress and benefit mental health, related research in organizational settings is limited. We investigated the effects of a 6-week psychological intervention utilizing compassion training on stress, mental health, and self-compassion. Forty-nine employees of two organizations were randomly assigned to either the intervention (n = 25) or a physical exercise control condition (n = 24). Multilevel growth models showed that stress (p = 0.04) and mental ill-health (p = 0.02) decreased over 3 months in both groups (pre-intervention to follow-up: Cohen’s d = −0.46 and d = 0.33, respectively), while self-compassion only increased in the intervention group (p = 0.03, between group d = 0.53). There were no significant effects on life satisfaction in any of the groups (p > 0.53). The findings show promising results regarding the ability of compassion training within organizations to decrease stress and mental ill-health and increase self-compassion.
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| 50. |
- Bendelin, Nina, et al.
(författare)
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Experiences of guided Internet-based cognitive-behavioural treatment for depression : A qualitative study
- 2011
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Ingår i: BMC Psychiatry. - : BioMed Central. - 1471-244X. ; 11:107
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Internet-based self-help treatment with minimal therapist contact has been shown to have an effect in treating various conditions. The objective of this study was to explore participants’ views of Internet administrated guided self-help treatment for depression. Methods: In-depth interviews were conducted with 12 strategically selected participants and qualitative methods with components of both thematic analysis and grounded theory were used in the analyses. Results: Three distinct change processes relating to how participants worked with the treatment material emerged which were categorized as (a) Readers, (b) Strivers, and (c) Doers. These processes dealt with attitudes towards treatment, views on motivational aspects of the treatment, and perceptions of consequences of the treatment. Conclusions: We conclude that the findings correspond with existing theoretical models of face-to-face psychotherapy within qualitative process research. Persons who take responsibility for the treatment and also attribute success to themselves appear to benefit more. Motivation is a crucial aspect of guided self-help in the treatment of depression.
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