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Sökning: AMNE:(TEKNIK OCH TEKNOLOGIER Naturresursteknik Energisystem)

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1.
  • Liljenström, Hans, et al. (författare)
  • Scoping Report on Socio-Economic and Land Use Dynamics in the Stockholm-Mälar Region
  • 2014
  • Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • This scoping report for the COMPLEX work package 4 (WP4) on Socio-Economic and Land Use Dynamics in the Stockholm-Mälar Region has several objectives. The first is to present and outline the state-of-the-art, including a literature review, with regard to complex pathways to a low carbon society, with special relevance to the Stockholm-Mälar region. It will do so in a larger context of complex socio-natural systems, with an emphasis on a green economy, bioen-ergy and land use, as well as on societal transformation and behavioural change. Another objec-tive is to inform primarily our partners in COMPLEX, but also others who might be interested, including stakeholders in our study region. Perhaps the most important objective with this re-port is to provide a basis for the collaborative work within our work package, and with our col-leagues elsewhere. In this second revised version of the report, we have extended some parts, and shortened others, depending on suggestions and interesting new information. A part of this new information has come from a stakeholder workshop held in Sigtuna in early 2014, which to a great extent could contribute to a more elaborate analysis of stakeholder and policy maker positions. In addition, there is now a more extensive description of relevant land use modelling. The illustrations included in this report are extracted from scientific articles and other material that we are referring to. Their origin is explicitly cited but no copyright authorization has been requested, while this report is intended primarily for internal spread and use within the COM-PLEX consortium and its networks.
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2.
  • Englund, Oskar, 1982, et al. (författare)
  • Large-scale deployment of grass in crop rotations as a multifunctional climate mitigation strategy
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: GCB Bioenergy. - : Wiley. - 1757-1707 .- 1757-1693. ; 15:2, s. 166-184
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The agriculture sector can contribute to climate change mitigation by reducing its own greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, sequestering carbon in vegetation and soils, and providing biomass to substitute for fossil fuels and other GHG-intensive products. The sector also needs to address water, soil, and biodiversity impacts caused by historic and current practices. Emerging EU policies create incentives for cultivation of perennial plants that provide biomass along with environmental benefits. One such option, common in northern Europe, is to include grass in rotations with annual crops to provide biomass while remediating soil organic carbon (SOC) losses and other environmental impacts. Here, we apply a spatially explicit model on >81,000 sub-watersheds in EU27 + UK (Europe) to explore the effects of widespread deployment of such systems. Based on current accumulated SOC losses in individual sub-watersheds, the model identifies and quantifies suitable areas for increased grass cultivation and corresponding biomass- and protein supply, SOC sequestration, and reductions in nitrogen emissions to water as well as wind and water erosion. The model also provides information about possible flood mitigation. The results indicate a substantial climate mitigation potential, with combined annual GHG savings from soil-carbon sequestration and displacement of natural gas with biogas from grass-based biorefineries, equivalent to 13%–48% of current GHG emissions from agriculture in Europe. The environmental co-benefits are also notable, in some cases exceeding the estimated mitigation needs. Yield increases for annual crops in modified rotations mitigate the displacement effect of increasing grass cultivation. If the grass is used as feedstock in lieu of annual crops, the displacement effect can even be negative, that is, a reduced need for annual crop production elsewhere. Incentivizing widespread deployment will require supportive policy measures as well as new uses of grass biomass, for example, as feedstock for green biorefineries producing protein concentrate, biofuels, and other bio-based products.
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3.
  • Thomas, Jean-Baptiste, et al. (författare)
  • A comparative environmental life cycle assessment of hatchery, cultivation, and preservation of the kelp Saccharina latissima
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Ices Journal of Marine Science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1054-3139 .- 1095-9289. ; 78:1, s. 451-467
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Seaweed cultivation and processing industries could contribute to sustainable blue growth and the European bioeconomy. This article contributes a case study evaluation of environmental sustainability of preserved brown seaweed Saccharina latissima by means of environmental life cycle assessment of a pilot facility in Sweden. The study accounts for nutrient bioremediation and carbon capture and includes two alternative hatchery processes, a 2-ha longline cultivation, and four alternative preservation methods (hang-drying outdoors, heated air-cabinet drying, ensiling, and freezing). The study found that as a result of carbon capture and nitrogen and phosphorus uptake (bioremediation) by seaweed, more CO2 and PO4 equivalents are (temporarily) absorbed than emitted by the supply chain. The extent of emissions is most affected by preservation methods undertaken. Impact profiles of the supply chain show that the greatest impact shares result from freezing and air-cabinet drying, both the two most energy-intensive processes, followed by the cultivation infrastructure, highlighting strategic optimization opportunities. Hatchery processes, harvesting, and the low-energy ensilage and hang-drying outdoors were found to have relatively small impact shares. These findings presage the environmentally friendliness of seaweed-based products by documenting their potential to mitigate eutrophication and climate change, even when taking a life cycle perspective.
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4.
  • Ekener, Elisabeth, 1963-, et al. (författare)
  • Developing Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment methodology by applying values-based sustainability weighting - Tested on biomass based and fossil transportation fuels
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 181, s. 337-351
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The production and use of transportation fuels can lead to sustainability impacts. Assessing them simultaneously in a holistic way is a challenge. This paper examines methodology for assessing the sustainability performance of products in a more integrated way, including a broad range of social impacts. Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA) methodology is applied for this assessment. LSCA often constitutes of the integration of results from social LCA (S-LCA), environmental life cycle assessment (E-LCA) and life cycle costing (LCC). In this study, an S-LCA from an earlier project is extended with a positive social aspect, as well as refined and detailed. E-LCA and LCC results are built from LCA database and literature. Multi Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) methodology is applied to integrate the results from the three different assessments into an LCSA. The weighting of key sustainability dimensions in the MCDA is performed in different ways, where the sustainability dimensions are prioritized differently priority based on the assumed values of different stakeholder profiles (Egalitarian, Hierarchist, and Individualist). The developed methodology is tested on selected biomass based and fossil transportation fuels - ethanol produced from Brazilian sugarcane and US corn/maize, and petrol produced from Russian and Nigerian crude oils, where it delineates differences in sustainability performance between products assessed. The outcome in terms of relative ranking of the transportation fuel chains based on sustain ability performance differs when applying different decision-maker profiles. This result highlights and supports views that there is no one single answer regarding which of the alternatives that is most sustainable. Rather, it depends strongly upon the worldview and values held by the decision maker. A key conclusion is that sustainability assessments should pay more attention to potential differences in underlying values held by key stakeholders in relevant societal contexts. The LCSA methodology still faces challenges regarding results integration but MCDA in combination with stakeholder profiles appears to be a useful approach to build on further.
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5.
  • Hörteborn, Axel, 1986, et al. (författare)
  • Economic incentives and technological limitations govern environmental impact of LNG feeder vessels
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 429
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In the transition to sustainable shipping, Liquified Natural Gas (LNG), is proposed to play a role, reducing emissions of sulphur and nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter. However, LNG is a fossil fuel and there is an ongoing discussion regarding the extent of methane slip from ships operating on LNG, challenging the assumptions of LNG as a sustainable solution. Here we show another aspect to consider in the environmental assessment of shipping; LNG feeder vessels may spend as much as 25% of their time at sea just running the ship to ensure the pressure in the tanks are not exceeded, i.e., run time not directly attributed to the shipment of gas from one port or ship, to another. In other words, the economic incentives are currently allowing for roughly 32% increase of the ships’ operational emissions and discharges and increased navigational risks. Most coastal areas are heavily affected by anthropogenic activities and e.g., in the Baltic Sea there is consensus among the HELCOM member states that the input of nutrient and hazardous substances must be reduced. Even if the LNG feeder vessels are currently few, the possibility to reduce their environmental impact by 32% should be an attractive opportunity for future policy measures and investigation of technological solutions of the problem.
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6.
  • Shahroozi, Zahra, 1992- (författare)
  • Survivability control using data-driven approaches and reliability analysis for wave energy converters
  • 2024
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Wave energy, with five times the energy density of wind and ten times the power density of solar, offers a compelling carbon-free electricity solution. Despite its advantages, ongoing debates surround the reliability and economic feasibility of wave energy converters (WECs). To address these challenges, this doctoral thesis is divided into four integral parts, focusing on optimizing the prediction horizon for power maximization, analyzing extreme waves' impact on system dynamics, ensuring reliability, and enhancing survivability in WECs.Part I emphasizes the critical importance of the prediction horizon for maximal power absorption in wave energy conversion. Using generic body shapes and modes, it explores the effect of dissipative losses, noise, filtering, amplitude constraints, and real-world wave parameters on the prediction horizon. Findings suggest achieving optimal power output may be possible with a relatively short prediction horizon, challenging traditional assumptions.Part II shifts focus to WEC system dynamics, analyzing extreme load scenarios. Based on a 1:30 scaled wave tank experiment, it establishes a robust experimental foundation, extending into numerical assessment of the WEC. Results underscore the importance of damping to alleviate peak forces. Investigating various wave representations highlights conservative characteristics of irregular waves, crucial for WEC design in extreme sea conditions.Part III explores the computational intricacies of environmental design load cases and fatigue analyses for critical mechanical components of the WEC. The analysis is conducted for hourly sea state damage and equivalent two-million-cycle loads. Finally, a comparison of safety factors between the ultimate limit state and fatigue limit state unfolds, illustrating the predominant influence of the ultimate limit state on point-absorber WEC design.Part IV, centers on elevating survivability strategies for WECs in extreme wave conditions. Three distinct controller system approaches leverage neural networks to predict and minimize the line force. Distinct variations emerge in each approach, spanning from rapid detection of optimal damping to integrating advanced neural network architectures into the control system with feedback. The incorporation of a controller system, refined through experimental data, showcases decreases in the line force, providing a practical mechanism for real-time force alleviation.This thesis aims to contribute uniquely to the goal of advancing wave energy conversion technology through extensive exploration.
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7.
  • Vikström, Hanna, 1985-, et al. (författare)
  • Lithium availability and future production outlooks
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Applied Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0306-2619 .- 1872-9118. ; 110:10, s. 252-266
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Lithium is a highly interesting metal, in part due to the increasing interest in lithium-ion batteries. Several recent studies have used different methods to estimate whether the lithium production can meet an increasing demand, especially from the transport sector, where lithium-ion batteries are the most likely technology for electric cars. The reserve and resource estimates of lithium vary greatly between different studies and the question whether the annual production rates of lithium can meet a growing demand is seldom adequately explained. This study presents a review and compilation of recent estimates of quantities of lithium available for exploitation and discusses the uncertainty and differences between these estimates. Also, mathematical curve fitting models are used to estimate possible future annual production rates. This estimation of possible production rates are compared to a potential increased demand of lithium if the International Energy Agency’s Blue Map Scenarios are fulfilled regarding electrification of the car fleet. We find that the availability of lithium could in fact be a problem for fulfilling this scenario if lithium-ion batteries are to be used. This indicates that other battery technologies might have to be implemented for enabling an electrification of road transports.
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8.
  • Englund, Oskar, 1982 (författare)
  • On Sustainability of Biomass for Energy and the Governance Thereof
  • 2016
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Due to concerns about climate change, energy security, and resource scarcity, non- renewable resources are increasingly being displaced by biomass. As with most human activities, the production of biobased products can be associated with negative impacts. Primarily, this relates to the biomass supply systems, i.e., agriculture and forestry, which currently are major causes of biodiversity loss and degradation of ecosystem services. Developing sustainable production systems when transitioning from non-renewable resources to biomass is imperative. This thesis aims to clarify the meaning of sustainability in the context of biomass for bioenergy, and contribute to our understanding of how different forms of governance can promote sustainably sourced biomass for bioenergy. The thesis is based on five appended papers: Paper I analyses to what extent, where, and under what conditions oil palm for biodiesel in Brazil can be produced profitably, and what risks and opportunities that can be associated with introducing large-scale oil palm production in Brazil. Paper II lays the foundation for understanding how new biomass production can be introduced into landscapes while supporting rather than compromising the ability of the landscape to supply other ecosystem services. Paper III describes different forms of governance and shows how these can play different roles in promoting sustainable bioenergy in different countries. Paper IV focuses on how short rotation coppice production systems are affected by EU policy and how different governance forms can assist in adapting production systems to conform to the corresponding sustainability requirements. Finally, Paper V assesses how sustainability certification (private governance) addresses biodiversity conservation and contributes to our understanding of possible improvements.
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9.
  • Svensson, Olle, 1967- (författare)
  • Experimental results from the Lysekil Wave Power Research Site
  • 2012
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • This thesis presents how experimental results, from wave power research performed offshore at the Lysekil research site, were obtained. The data were used to verify theoretical models as well as evaluate the feasibility of wave power as a future sustainable energy source.The first experiments carried out at the research site was the measurement of the force in a line where one end was connected to a buoy with a diameter of 3 m and the other end to a set of springs with limited stroke length. The system is exposed to high peak forces compared to average forces. The maximum measured force in the line, when the buoy motion is limited by a stiff stopper rope is ten times the average force in that particular sea state.The experiment performed on the first wave energy converter tested at the Lysekil Research Site is described. The infrastructure of the site is presented where the central connection point is the measuring station. The key finding is that it is possible to transform the motions of ocean waves into electrical energy and distribute it to land.Many wave energy converters must be interconnected if large amounts of energy are to be harvested from the waves. The first submerged substation intended for aggregation of energy from wave power converters is described, with focus on the measurement and control system placed inside the substation. During this experiment period the generators were equipped with many different sensors; these measurements are explained in the thesis.The system that aggregates power from the studied wave energy converter is regularly exposed to peak power of up to 20 times the maximum average output from the converter.Vertical and horizontal movement of the buoy has been measured in different ways. The result is that the vertical displacement of the buoy can be measured with a simple accelerometer circuit but it is much more complicated to measure the horizontal displacement. A special method for measuring the horizontal displacement has been implemented by measuring the strain in the enclosure and the force in the line.
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10.
  • Cowie, A. L., et al. (författare)
  • Applying a science-based systems perspective to dispel misconceptions about climate effects of forest bioenergy
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Global Change Biology Bioenergy. - : John Wiley and Sons Inc. - 1757-1693 .- 1757-1707. ; 13:8, s. 1210-1231
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The scientific literature contains contrasting findings about the climate effects of forest bioenergy, partly due to the wide diversity of bioenergy systems and associated contexts, but also due to differences in assessment methods. The climate effects of bioenergy must be accurately assessed to inform policy-making, but the complexity of bioenergy systems and associated land, industry and energy systems raises challenges for assessment. We examine misconceptions about climate effects of forest bioenergy and discuss important considerations in assessing these effects and devising measures to incentivize sustainable bioenergy as a component of climate policy. The temporal and spatial system boundary and the reference (counterfactual) scenarios are key methodology choices that strongly influence results. Focussing on carbon balances of individual forest stands and comparing emissions at the point of combustion neglect system-level interactions that influence the climate effects of forest bioenergy. We highlight the need for a systems approach, in assessing options and developing policy for forest bioenergy that: (1) considers the whole life cycle of bioenergy systems, including effects of the associated forest management and harvesting on landscape carbon balances; (2) identifies how forest bioenergy can best be deployed to support energy system transformation required to achieve climate goals; and (3) incentivizes those forest bioenergy systems that augment the mitigation value of the forest sector as a whole. Emphasis on short-term emissions reduction targets can lead to decisions that make medium- to long-term climate goals more difficult to achieve. The most important climate change mitigation measure is the transformation of energy, industry and transport systems so that fossil carbon remains underground. Narrow perspectives obscure the significant role that bioenergy can play by displacing fossil fuels now, and supporting energy system transition. Greater transparency and consistency is needed in greenhouse gas reporting and accounting related to bioenergy. 
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11.
  • Habibi, Shiva, 1978, et al. (författare)
  • Comparison of free-floating car-sharing services in cities
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: ECEEE Summer Study, 29 May - 3 June, 2017. - 2001-7960. - 9789198387810 ; 2017
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In recent years, free-floating car sharing services (FFCS) have been offered by many organizations as a more flexible option compared to traditional car sharing. FFCS allows users to pick up and return cars anywhere within a specified area of a city. FFCS can provide a high degree of utilization of vehicles and less usage of infrastructure in the form of parking lots and roads and thus has the potential to increase the efficiency of the transport sector. However, there is also a concern that these compete with other efficient modes of transport such as cycling and public transport. The aim of this paper is to better understand how, when and where the vehicles are utilized through logged data of the vehicles’ movements. We have access to data collected on FFCS services in 22 cities in Europe and North America which allows us to compare the usage pattern in different cities and examine whether or not there are similar trends. In this paper, we use the collected data to compare the different cities based on utilization rate, length of trip and time of day that the trip is made. We find that the vehicle utilization rates differ between cities with Madrid and Hamburg having some of the highest utilization levels for the FFCS vehicles. The results form a first step of a better understanding on how these services are being used and can provide valuable input to local policy makers as well as future studies such as simulation models.
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12.
  • Agrell, Erik, 1965 (författare)
  • Kryptovalutor – energiförbrukning och miljöeffekter
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: En samhällsvetenskaplig introduktion till bitcoin och kryptovalutor.
  • Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Detta kapitel fokuserar på bitcoins elförbrukning och även, i ett bredare perspektiv, annan miljöpåverkan. Efter en kort inledning i avsnitt 4.1 redovisas i avsnitt 4.2 några försök att uppskatta hur stor elförbrukningen egentligen är, och vilka källor till osäkerhet som finns i sådana uppskattningar. Motsvarande uppskattning av klimatskadliga utsläpp redovisas i avsnitt 4.3. Siffrorna sätts i perspektiv med några jämförelser i avsnitt 4.4. Utvecklingen över tid illustreras i avsnitt 4.5 och därmed kopplingen till bitcoinpriset. Miljöfrågan breddas till ett livscykelperspektiv i avsnitt 4.6, där produktion och skrotning av den specialtillverkade elektronik som används i bitcoinfabrikerna diskuteras. I avsnitt 4.7 ställs sedan den naturliga frågan: Vad finns det för alternativ? Kapitlet avslutas med några övergripande reflektioner i avsnitt 4.8.
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13.
  • Nordelöf, Anders, 1975, et al. (författare)
  • A scalable life cycle inventory of an electrical automotive traction machine—part I: design and composition
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1614-7502 .- 0948-3349. ; 24:1, s. 55-69
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Purpose: A scalable life cycle inventory (LCI) model of a permanent magnet electrical machine, containing both design and production data, has been established. The purpose is to contribute with new and easy-to-use data for LCA of electric vehicles by providing a scalable mass estimation and manufacturing inventory for a typical electrical automotive traction machine. The aim of this article (part I of two publications) is to present the machine design, the model structure, and an evaluation of the models’ mass estimations. Methods: Data for design and production of electrical machines has been compiled from books, scientific papers, benchmarking literature, expert interviews, various specifications, factory records, and a factory site visit. For the design part, one small and one large reference machine were constructed in a software tool, which linked the machines’ maximum ability to deliver torque to the mass of its electromagnetically active parts. Additional data for remaining parts was then gathered separately to make the design complete. The two datasets were combined into one model, which calculates the mass of all motor subparts from an input of maximum power and torque. The range of the model is 20–200 kW and 48–477 Nm. The validity of the model was evaluated through comparison with seven permanent magnet electrical traction machines from established brands. Results and discussion: The LCI model was successfully implemented to calculate the mass content of 20 different materials in the motor. The models’ mass estimations deviate up to 21% from the examples of real motors, which still falls within expectations for a good result, considering a noticeable variability in design, even for the same machine type and similar requirements. The model results form a rough and reasonable median in comparison to the pattern created by all data points. Also, the reference motors were assessed for performance, showing that the electromagnetic efficiency reaches 96–97%. Conclusions: The LCI model relies on thorough design data collection and fundamental electromagnetic theory. The selected design has a high efficiency, and the motor is suitable for electric propulsion of vehicles. Furthermore, the LCI model generates representative mass estimations when compared with recently published data for electrical traction machines. Hence, for permanent magnet-type machines, the LCI model may be used as a generic component estimation for LCA of electric vehicles, when specific data is lacking.
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14.
  • Nordelöf, Anders, 1975, et al. (författare)
  • A scalable life cycle inventory of an electrical automotive traction machine—part II: manufacturing processes
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1614-7502 .- 0948-3349. ; 23:2, s. 295-313
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Purpose: A scalable life cycle inventory (LCI) model of a permanent magnet electrical machine, containing both design and production data, has been established. The purpose is to contribute with new and easy to use data for life cycle assessment (LCA) of electric vehicles by providing a scalable mass estimation and manufacturing inventory for a typical electrical automotive traction machine. The aim of this article (part II of two publications) is to present the manufacturing data with associated collection procedures, from material constituents to complete motor. Another objective is to explain the gate-to-gate system boundaries and the principles for linking the LCI model upstream, to database data, in order to create a full cradle-to-gate dataset. Methods: Data for design and production of electrical machines has been compiled from books, scientific papers, benchmarking literature, expert interviews, various specifications, factory records, and a factory site visit. For the manufacturing part, new primary data was collected directly from industry, with a motor factory and a steel mill in Sweden as main contributors, and from technical literature. Other LCA publications were used, if presented in sufficient detail to be disaggregated and revised, to match the gaps of the model. The data represents the current level of technology and targets high-volume manufacturing to the largest extent possible. Also, flows crossing the system boundary have a recommended link to Ecoinvent data, or a request for an attentive selection of input data, depending on the user’s object of study. A distinction was made between the regular and an extended system boundary, wherein the processing of some smaller subparts was accounted for through proposals of ready-made Ecoinvent activities for production efforts. Results and discussion: An extensive new dataset representing electrical machine manufacturing is presented, and, together with the estimation of motor mass and configuration of article part I, it forms a comprehensive scalable LCI model of a typical automotive electric traction motor. New production data includes a complete motor factory, electrical steel production, and the fabrication of a neodymium-dysprosium-iron-boron (Nd(Dy)FeB) magnet. In addition, smaller, new datasets cover the composition of silicon steel, the making of electrolytic iron, enameling of copper wire, and die casting of aluminum. Conclusions: Successful data generation required “data building” from multiple sources and access to expert support. Transparent, well-explained, and disaggregated data records were found to be crucial for LCA data validation and usefulness.
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15.
  • Tillig, Fabian, 1984, et al. (författare)
  • Design, operation and analysis of wind-assisted cargo ships
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Ocean Engineering. - : Elsevier BV. - 0029-8018. ; 211:1, s. 1-23
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This study presents a novel approach to analytically capture aero- and hydrodynamic interaction effects on wind-assisted ships. Low aspect ratio wing theory is applied and modified to be used for the prediction of lift and drag forces of hulls sailing at drift angles. Aerodynamic interaction effects are captured by analytically solving the Navier-Stokes equation for incompressible, potential flow. The developed methods are implemented to a 4 degrees-of-freedom performance prediction model called “ShipCLEAN”, including a newly developed method for rpm control of Flettner rotors on a ship to maximize fuel savings. The accuracy of the model is proven by model- and full-scale verification. To present the variability of the model, two case study ships, a tanker and a RoRo, are equipped with a total of 11 different arrangements of Flettner rotors. The fuel savings and payback times are assessed using realistic weather from ships traveling on a Pacific Ocean route (tanker) and Baltic Sea route (RoRo). The results verify the importance of using a 4 degrees-of-freedom ship performance model, aero- and hydrodynamic interaction and the importance of controlling the rpm of each rotor individually. Fuel savings of 30% are achieved for the tanker, and 14% are achieved for the RoRo.
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16.
  • Johansson, Björn, 1975, et al. (författare)
  • Power Level Sampling of Metal Cutting Machines for Data Representation in Discrete Event Simulation
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Production Research. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0020-7543 .- 1366-588X. ; 53:23, s. 7060-7070
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • An extension to the application area for discrete event simulation (DES) has been ongoing since the last decade and focused only on economic aspects to include ecologic sustainability. With this new focus, additional input parameters, such as electrical power consumption of machines, are needed. This paper aim at investigating how NC machine power consumption should be represented in simulation models of factories. The study includes data-sets from three different factories. One factory producing truck engine blocks, one producing brake disc parts for cars and one producing forklift components. The total number of data points analysed are more than 2,45,000, where of over 1,11,000 on busy state for 11 NC machines. The low variability between busy cycles indicates that statistical representations are not adding significant variability. Furthermore, results show that non-value-added activities cause a substantial amount of the total energy consumption, which can be reduced by optimising the production flow using dynamic simulations such as DES.
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17.
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18.
  • Engström, Rebecka Ericsdotter, 1984- (författare)
  • Exploring cross-resource impacts of urban sustainability measures : an urban climate-land-energy-water nexus analysis
  • 2022
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • In an increasingly urban world, cities' global resource uses grow. Two fundamental resources for making cities liveable are water and energy. These resources are also closely interlinked – systems that convert and deliver energy to cities require water, and urban water systems use energy. In addition, these two resource systems affect and are affected by land use and climate change. This ‘nexus’ between climate, land use, energy and water (CLEW) systems has been extensively studied in the past decade, mainly with a focus on national and transboundary CLEW systems. This doctoral thesis develops the CLEW nexus research from an urban perspective.Two quantitative analyses examine how different types of sustainability measures in cities affect intended and unintended CLEW systems. First, the CLEW impacts of a set of sustainability measures in New York City are assessed - from water conservation to emission reductions. Results show that every measure affects (to varying degrees) all studied sustainability dimensions - water, energy and climate - and that the impacts can be quantified through a reference-resource-to-service-system (RRSS).The second quantitative study focuses on how CLEW impacts from a city's sustainability efforts spread beyond local and international borders. It investigates how global water and land use are affected in alternative scenarios to achieve climate neutrality in 2030 in the town of Oskarshamn, Sweden, using an energy systems simulation model. The study finds that both the magnitude and the geographical distribution of land and water requirements vary between scenarios. A strategy to achieve climate neutrality that invests in electrification leads to increased national water use, while a strategy that relies on biofuels has a greater impact on water and land use internationally. When results are translated to interactions between the UN's sustainable development goals (SDGs), they reveal that SDG synergies and trade-offs are 'strategy-dependent': different options for achieving SDGs on energy, sustainable cities and climate action have varying consequences for the advancement of SDGs on sustainable water, food production and biodiversity.To shed light on how data challenges affect quantitative urban nexus studies, uncertainty assessments of selected thesis’ results are conducted and complemented with a thematic analysis of a set of recently published urban nexus papers. Together, they indicate that analytical choices, uncertainties in results and - as a consequence - research foci are influenced by data limitations in both this thesis and in other urban nexus studies.Lastly, the finding from the Oskarshamn analysis – that SDG interactions are strategy-dependent – is deliberated with experts within sustainability sciences and SDG interaction research. From this, a research agenda is proposed with measures to make SDG 'spillovers' visible in local level decision-making.Taken together, the thesis contributes to filling several knowledge gaps on how urban sustainability measures within the CLEW systems interact within and beyond city limits, and proposes analytical approaches to quantify these interactions. It further points out how current data challenges constrain quantitative urban nexus analyses and highlights research needs to improve data management as well as other key efforts to enable consideration of nexus interactions, including SDG 'spillovers', in cities' sustainability work.
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19.
  • Lindahl, Niklas, 1981, et al. (författare)
  • Early stage techno-economic and environmental analysis of aluminium batteries
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Energy Advances. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 2753-1457. ; 2:3, s. 420-429
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • For any proper evaluation of next generation energy storage systems technological, economic, and environmental performance metrics should be considered. Here conceptual cells and systems are designed for different aluminium battery (AlB) concepts, including both active and passive materials. Despite the fact that all AlBs use high-capacity metal anodes and materials with low cost and environmental impact, their energy densities differ vastly and only a few concepts become competitive taking all aspects into account. Notably, AlBs with high-performance inorganic cathodes have the potential to exhibit superior technological and environmental performance, should they be more reversible and energy efficient, while at the system level costs become comparable or slightly higher than for both AlBs with organic cathodes and lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Overall, with continued development, AlBs should be able to complement LIBs, especially in light of their significantly lower demand for scarce materials. Several aluminium battery concepts are evaluated at material, cell and system levels for technical, economic and environmental performance, which enables them to complement lithium-ion batteries in the future.
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20.
  • Vogl, Valentin, et al. (författare)
  • A just transition towards a coal-free steel industry: perspectives from labour
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: 14th Nordic Environmental Social Science (NESS). ; , s. 1-30
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Limiting global warming to ‘safe’ levels will require rapid and radical reductions of greenhouse gas emissions across all sectors of the global economy. The discontinuation of incumbent industrial structures, that will be an unavoidable part of such sustainability transitions, will disproportionally burden certain groups. Recent events including the social and political unrest linked to the imminent deterioration of coal communities and the fuel tax protests of the ’Gilets Jaunes’ have loudly shown that distributional effects of climate transitions cannot be ignored. Trade unions and NGOs have for some time called for an inclusive transition and brought increased attention to the justice dimension of energy transitions. In this paper, we analyse potential social impacts in a concrete case: the planned transition from coal to hydrogen-based steelmaking in the Swedish steel industry. To this end, we conduct a series of semi-structured interviews to examine the role of trade unions and the national trade union federation in re-orienting the industry. By doing so we aim to widen the scope of the just transitions debate to include process industries and to explore the concrete meaning of a just transition in the case of the planned transition of the Swedish steel industry. We analyse, on the one hand, the capacity of trade unions to influence the transition process, and, on the other hand, the potential social impacts of the transition on the labour force and local communities. As the transition of the Swedish steel sector kicks into gear, we highlight a number of social issues that should be addressed both within industry and through policy. We conclude that it is important to early on: include stakeholders in the process, bring up social and political aspects of the transition, and acknowledge and address potential conflicting interests associated with it.
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21.
  • Åström, Stefan, 1977 (författare)
  • Research and reflections on European air pollution policy support models
  • 2019
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • European emissions to air of SO2, NOx, PM2.5, NH3 and NMVOC still today cause harm to human health and the environment. These pollutants are associated with the premature death of ~400 000 people annually in the EU (25 000 perished in traffic accidents 2017). Improvements are expected but problems will persist. To abate these effects European countries are engaged in several international agreements, all dependent on interaction between science and policy. For some 15 years scientific decision support to policy-makers was based on integrated assessment models (IAM) combined with quantification of economic benefits in cost-benefit analysis (CBA) of proposed policies. However, in 2013 the European Commission changed approach and used CBA to model socio-economic optimal emission levels and used these levels as basis for a policy proposal. This new approach puts higher demand on model coverage and reliability. It can also be methodologically controversial. This thesis presents research and reflections on the robustness of air pollution policy support models used by the European Commission, with focus on IAM and CBA. Robustness over climate metrics is analysed with cost-effectiveness analysis of air pollution control options, with sensitivity analysis of metric choice. An SO2 decomposition analysis indicates if consideration of end-of-pipe control options is enough. Robustness of emission control strategies with respect to investment parameters is analysed with IAM, and CBA provides estimates of whether options to reduce emissions from international shipping should be considered in the modelling. Methodological issues are also reviewed. The results indicate that the models are robust with respect to climate metrics used and the focus on end-of-pipe SO2 options. The modelling of emission control can be sensitive to investment parameters and to the current exclusion of control options on ships. The methodological foundation of CBA is criticised but since environmental policies depend on support also from arenas outside science it remains unclear if CBA-shortcomings impairs the air pollution policy process. Regardless, there are arguments for inter alia complementing CBA with analyses based on non-economic decision rationales. Finally, the thesis provides insights and suggestions for air pollution policy modelling and research that should be considered in the future.
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22.
  • Bryngelsson, David, 1981 (författare)
  • Land-use competition and agricultural greenhouse gas emissions in a climate change mitigation perspective
  • 2015
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Productive land for food production, bioenergy, or preservation of nature is a limited resource. Climate change mitigation puts additional pressure on land via higher demand for bioenergy to replace fossil fuels and via restrictions on deforestation—two processes that limit the availability of land for food produc- tion, and may thus also raise food prices. Methane and nitrous oxide emis- sions from agriculture may also need to be reduced to efficiently mitigate climate change. This thesis deals with this in three ways.In papers I–II, we estimate greenhouse gas emissions from food production for current diets and expected future developments, together with alternative di- etary developments and potential technical improvements in the agricultural sec- tor. Costs and possibilities for reaching climate goals are analyzed for the differ- ent diets. The results indicate that a phase out of ruminant products would cut mitigation cost in half, for staying below a 2◦C limit, and it may be necessary if the climate sensitivity is high.In papers III–IV, a conceptual and transparent partial equilibrium model of global land-use competition is developed, analyzed and applied. The model is to a large degree analytically explored and price differentials between crops are derived. The model is subjected to a detailed characterization of its mechanisms and parameters that are critical to the results. We conclude that the total amount of productive agricultural area and bioenergy yields are of crucial importance to the price impacts from large-scale introduction of bioenergy. We also show how limiting bioenergy production to marginal land could be difficult to implement in practice.In paper V, we use two established indicators for poverty and sensitivity to food-price changes to capture peoples’ vulnerability to rising food-prices in four Sub-Sahara African countries/regions. In contrast to previous studies, we include all food products instead of just one or a few main staples. We found that the vast majority of people are net consumers of food and that the inclusion of more than main staples increases their net position as consumers and thus vulnerability to high food prices.
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23.
  • Andersson, Karin, 1952, et al. (författare)
  • Shipping and the Environment - Improving Environmental Performance in Marine Transportation
  • 2016
  • Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • This book focuses on the interaction between shipping and the natural environment and how shipping can strive to become more sustainable. Readers are guided in marine environmental awareness, environmental regulations and abatement technologies to assist in decisions on strategy, policy and investments. You will get familiar with possible paths to improve environmental performance and, in the long term, to a sustainable shipping sector, based on an understanding of the sources and mechanisms of common impacts. You will also gain knowledge on emissions anddischarges from ships, prevention measures, environmental regulations, and methods and tools for environmental assessment. In addition, the book includes a chapter on thebackground to regulating pollution from ships. It is intended as a source of information for professionals connected to maritime activities as well as policy makers and interested public. It is also intended as a textbook in higher education academic programmes.
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24.
  • Thies, Fabian, 1984, et al. (författare)
  • Wind-assisted, electric, and pure wind propulsion - the path towards zero-emission RoRo ships
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Ships and Offshore Structures. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1754-212X .- 1744-5302. ; 18:8, s. 1229-1236
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Electrical and wind propulsion, together with energy stored in batteries and renewable energies harnessed onboard, can lead the way towards zero-emission ships. This study compares wind propulsion solutions and battery storage possibilities for a RoRo ship operating in the Baltic Sea. The ship energy systems simulation model ShipCLEAN is used to predict the performance of the zero-emission ship in real-life operating conditions. The study showcases how ships can be transferred from a conventional, diesel-powered to a zero-emission ship. For the zero-emission ship, all energy needed for auxiliaries and propulsion is taken from renewable sources onboard or from batteries. Challenges and opportunities, as well as necessary adaptions of the route and logistics, are discussed. Results of the study present which wind propulsion technology is the most suitable for the example RoRo ship, and how the installation of suitably sized battery packs for zero-emission operation affects the cargo capacity of the ship.
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25.
  • Johansson, Björn, 1975, et al. (författare)
  • Evaluation and Calculation of Dynamics in Environmental Impact Assessment
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology. - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg. - 1868-4238 .- 1868-422X. - 9783642403514 ; 397:1, s. 135-141
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In ten years customers will select products not only based on price and quality but also with strong regard to the product value environmental footprint, including for example the energy consumed. Customers expect transparency in the product realization process, where most products are labeled with their environmental footprint. Vigorous companies see this new product value as an opportunity to be more competitive. In order to effectively label the envi-ronmental impact of a product, it is pertinent for companies to request the envi-ronmental footprint of each component from their suppliers. Hence, companies along the product lifecycle require a tool, not only to facilitate the computing of the environmental footprint, but also help reduce/balance the environmental impact during the lifecycle of the product. This paper proposes to develop a procedure that companies will use to evaluate, improve and externally advertise their product’s environmental footprint to customers.
  •  
26.
  • Sparovek, Gerd, 1962, et al. (författare)
  • Asymmetries of cattle and crop productivity and efficiency during Brazil's agricultural expansion from 1975 to 2006
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Elementa. - : University of California Press. - 2325-1026. ; 6
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Brazil has global importance for food production and conservation of natural resources. The country has plans to increase yields and commitments to decrease deforestation that require higher productivity. Plans and policies for the growth of Brazilian agriculture, however, have been made without an integrated analysis of the harvest and not supported by a universal metric regarding its efficiency. Applying methods to model flows of energy and matter along food supply chains for agricultural production from 1975 to 2006, we found that crop and cattle harvests and their productivity have increased during the last four decades in consolidated and deforestation frontier regions. Yet in 2006, crop protein production was 20 times larger than cattle protein, using an area 2.6 times smaller than pastures. Crop protein productivity was 0.25 ton.ha(-1) with emissions of 2 ton GHG per ton of protein, while cattle productivity was 0.01 ton.ha(-1) with emissions of 283 ton GHG per ton of protein. From 1975 to 2006, the portion of crop protein and energy going to feed increased while the portion going to direct human consumption decreased. Our findings suggest that more efficient food systems would be achieved by a combination of intensification of cattle systems, optimization of feed-meat systems and an increase in the share of the consumption of crops as a source of protein. We suggest an initial road map to the expansion of the cultivated area and intensification of agriculture for zero deforestation, efficient and sustainable land use and food systems where cattle pasture intensification is a transition that will last until the expansion of crops replace all pasture present on suitable arable land. During this transition, pasture area will decrease until it is limited only to marginal non-arable lands. Such change could be achieved by a robust strategy that combines penalties and incentives and prevents the risks of a rebound effect for the intensification of agriculture.
  •  
27.
  • Ishfaq, A., et al. (författare)
  • Multifunctional design, feasibility and requirements for structural power composites in future electric air taxis
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Journal of composite materials. - : SAGE Publications. - 0021-9983 .- 1530-793X. ; 57:4, s. 817-827
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This study investigates the viability of implementing multifunctional structural power composites in a four-seater air taxi, the CityAirbus. For a given specific energy of the power source, the cruise endurance can be approximately doubled by using structural power composites as opposed to conventional batteries. Replacing all the eligible composite mass and batteries with structural power composites can reduce the CityAirbus weight by 25%. To achieve the current design performance, the minimum required elastic modulus, strength, specific energy and power for the structural power composite are 54 GPa, 203 MPa, 74 Wh/kg and 376 W/kg, respectively: current state-of-the-art structural power composites are now approaching this level of performance. Hence, structural power composites are considered feasible for adoption in the urban air mobility sector and have the potential to improve endurance and facilitate commercialization. This paper also discusses several key challenges that must be addressed to realize the adoption of structural power composites in future electric air taxis. 
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28.
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29.
  • Andersson, Karin, 1952 (författare)
  • The shipping industry and the climate
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Sustainable Energy Systems on Ships: Novel Technologies for Low Carbon Shipping. - 9780128244715 ; , s. 3-25
  • Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • As by 2020, the past six years, including 2020, are likely to be the six warmest years on record and the global mean temperature was 1.2°C above the preindustrial level [1]. International agreements, the Kyoto Protocol (1997) and the Paris agreement (2016), has set the aim to keep a global temperature rise during this century well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels. The anthropogenic inflow of GHGs to the atmosphere from the shipping industry was estimated by the IMO to totally around 2.5–3% of the global emissions in 2018 (or 1076 million tonnes). This is an increase by 9.6% since the previous study in 2014. The IMO projects the future emissions to increase from 1000 Mt CO2 in 2018 to 1000 to 1500 Mt CO2 in 2050 in a “Business as Usual”, BAU, scenario. Two years after the Paris agreement, the IMO adopted a vision, followed by a plan for implementation, in which a global goal of 50% reduction in GHG emissions from shipping by 2050 compared to 2008, and a total phase-out “within this century” is stated. Action from the IMO has started with a data collection system for fuel oil consumption. Ships of >5000 gross tonnage are required to collect consumption data fuel oil use and data on transport work. The European Union has started work on emission decrease with demands on Monitoring, Reporting and Verification of CO2 emissions from large ships (>5000 tonnes) using EU ports. Also here further measures are expected. At present here are many different initiatives, internationally, from countries as well as from shipping companies and shipowners to find ways towards “zero carbon shipping”. The different regulations and incentives introduced will help on the way, but still there is a need for more strict regulations or stronger incentives. The present initiatives give a large potential to make shipping and sea transport an important player also in a carbon neutral, sustainable society.
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30.
  • Haraldsson, Joakim, 1990-, et al. (författare)
  • Impact analysis of energy efficiency measures in the electrolysis process in primary aluminium production
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: WEENTECH Proceedings in Energy. ; , s. 177-184
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The Paris Agreement includes the goals of ‘holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels’ and ‘making finance flows consistent with a pathway towards low greenhouse gas emissions’. Industrial energy efficiency will play an important role in meeting those goals as well as becoming a competitive advantage due to reduced costs for companies. The aluminium industry is energy intensive and uses fossil fuels both for energy purposes and as reaction material. Additionally, the aluminium industry uses significant amounts of electricity. The electrolysis process in the primary production of aluminium is the most energy- and carbon-intensive process within the aluminium industry. The aim of this paper is to study the effects on primary energy use, greenhouse gas emissions and costs when three energy efficiency measures are implemented in the electrolysis process. The effects on the primary energy use, greenhouse gas emissions and costs are calculated by multiplying the savings in final energy use by a primary energy factor, emissions factor and price of electricity, respectively. The results showed significant savings in primary energy demand, greenhouse gas emissions and cost from the implementation of the three measures. These results only indicate the size of the potential savings and a site-specific investigation needs to be conducted for each plant. This paper is a part of a research project conducted in close cooperation with the Swedish aluminium industry.
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31.
  • Grandell, Leena, et al. (författare)
  • Assessing Rare Metal Availability Challenges for Solar Energy Technologies
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Sustainability. - MDPI AG : MDPI AG. - 2071-1050. ; 7:9, s. 11818-11837
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Solar energy is commonly seen as a future energy source with significant potential. Ruthenium, gallium, indium and several other rare elements are common and vital components of many solar energy technologies, including dye-sensitized solar cells, CIGS cells and various artificial photosynthesis approaches. This study surveys solar energy technologies and their reliance on rare metals such as indium, gallium, and ruthenium. Several of these rare materials do not occur as primary ores, and are found as byproducts associated with primary base metal ores. This will have an impact on future production trends and the availability for various applications. In addition, the geological reserves of many vital metals are scarce and severely limit the potential of certain solar energy technologies. It is the conclusion of this study that certain solar energy concepts are unrealistic in terms of achieving TW scales.
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32.
  • Remouit, Flore, 1988- (författare)
  • Automation of underwater operations on wave energy converters using remotely operated vehicles
  • 2018
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • In the last fifteen years, the Division of Electricity at Uppsala University has been developing a wave energy converter (WEC) concept. The concept is based on a point-absorbing buoy with a directly driven linear generator placed on the seabed. Several units are connected to a marine substation, whose role is to collect and smooth the power absorbed from the waves and then bring it to the shore through one single cable.A big challenge in the project is to reduce the costs related to the deployment and maintenance of the WECs and substation. Currently, those operations are performed by divers, which is costly and entail considerable risks. A possibility is to replace divers with automated solutions using small robots called remotely operated vehicles (ROVs). This PhD thesis proposes and analyses a method for deployment and maintenance of underwater devices with no use of diving operations.Existing ROVs need additional modules and equipment in order to carry out operations with the required force and precision. Typical missions are inspection, shackles or slings removal, valve closing, and cable connection. The latter demands especially high precision in the positioning: 5 mm in distance and 5◦ in heading angle. In addition, this operation involves forces up to 200 N. This combination power-precision is not reached by existing ROVs. This PhD thesis presents a positioning system for underwater robot to enable autonomous positioning of the vehicle before cable connection.The positioning system is composed of two green lasers and a monocular camera, and is based on image processing. Experimental results from laboratory testing show that the mean absolute error in distance measurement is as low as 6 mm at 0.7 m from the target, whereas the heading is minimized to 2◦. The computational time for the image processing is 13.6 ms per image, meaning the possibility of a 30 Hz measurement system. Used together with a closed-loop path-following unit, this positioning system can support autonomous docking. This PhD thesis presents the model of an autopilot and results from docking simulations, showing the performance of the positioning system used in closed-loop.
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33.
  • Höök, Mikael, 1982- (författare)
  • Depletion rate analysis of fields and regions : a methodological foundation
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: Fuel. - : Elsevier BV. - 0016-2361 .- 1873-7153. ; 121:4, s. 95-108
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This paper presents a comprehensive mathematical framework for depletion rate analysis and ties it to the physics of depletion. Theory was compared with empirical data from 1036 fields and a number of regions. Strong agreement between theory and practice was found, indicating that the framework is plausible. Both single fields and entire regions exhibit similar depletion rate patterns, showing the generality of the approach. The maximum depletion rates for fields were found to be well described by a Weibull distribution.Depletion rates were also found to strongly correlate with decline rates. In particular, the depletion rate at peak was shown to be useful for predicting the future decline rate. Studies of regions indicate that a depletion rate of remaining recoverable resources in the range of 2–3% is consistent with historical experience. This agrees well with earlier “peak oil” forecasts and indicates that they rest on a solid scientific ground. 
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34.
  • Unnikrishnan, Vishnu, et al. (författare)
  • VCO-based ADCs for IoT applications
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: 2016 International Symposium on Integrated Circuits (ISIC). - : IEEE Press. ; , s. 1-4
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Internet of things (IoT) benefits from fast and low cost development of technology portable re-configurable hardware. Low power consumption is desired for applications operating from harvested or limited energy. Subthreshold operation of VCO-based ADCs is investigated in this work in order to meet these challenges. A ring VCO built using NAND gates is used for reliable operation in the subthreshold region. The impact of supply scaling and PVT variations on the VCO characteristics as well as on the converter performance is studied using transistor level simulations. Some solutions are suggested towards energy efficient operation over a wide range of PVT conditions.
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35.
  • Shahroozi, Zahra, et al. (författare)
  • Considerations on prediction horizon and dissipative losses for wave energy converters
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: IET Renewable Power Generation. - : Institution of Engineering and Technology. - 1752-1416 .- 1752-1424. ; 15:14, s. 3434-3458
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The non-causal optimal control law for wave energy converters leads to a requirement of predicting waves and wave forces over a future horizon.  Using examples of generic body shapes and oscillation modes, we show through computations of the velocity reference trajectory how the length of prediction horizon required to reach the maximum power output depends on the level of dissipative losses in the conversion chain. The sensitivity to noise is discussed, and so is the use of filtering to improve performance when the available prediction horizon is short or predictions are inaccurate. Considerations are also made for amplitude constraints and other effects encountered in a real system.  With realistic assumptions for the level of dissipative losses, results indicate that the prediction horizon needed to approach the maximum achievable power output for real systems ranges from only a few seconds up to about half a wave period, which is shorter than has generally been assumed earlier.
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36.
  • Shahroozi, Zahra (författare)
  • Prediction horizon requirement  in control and extreme load analyses for survivability : Advancements to improve the performance of wave energy technologies
  • 2021
  • Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • The main objective of wave energy converters (WECs) is to ensure reliable electricity production at a competitive cost. Two challenges to achieving this are ensuring an efficient energy conversion and offshore survivability.        This thesis work is structured in three different sections: Control and maximum power optimization, forces and dynamics analysis in extreme wave conditions, and statistical modeling of extreme loads in reliability analysis.       The need for prediction and future knowledge of waves and wave forces is essential due to the non-causality of the optimal velocity relation for wave energy converters. Using generic concepts and modes of motion, the sensitivity of the prediction horizon to various parameters encountered in a real system is elaborated. The results show that through a realistic assumption of the dissipative losses, only a few seconds to about half a wave cycle is sufficient to predict the required future knowledge for the aim of maximizing the power absorption.         The results of a 1:30 scaled wave tank experiment are used to assess the line force and dynamic behaviour of a WEC during extreme wave events. Within the comparison of different wave type representations, i.e. irregular, regular and focused waves, of the same sea state, the results show that not all the wave types deliver the same maximum line forces. As a strategy of mitigating the line forces during extreme wave events, changing the power take-off (PTO) damping may be employed. With consideration of the whole PTO range, the results indicate an optimum damping value for each sea state in which the smallest maximum line force is obtained. Although wave breaking slamming and end-stop spring compression lead to high peak line forces, it is possible that they level out due to the overtopping effect. Waves with a long wavelength result in large surge motion and consequently higher and more damaging forces.        On the investigation of reliability assessment of the wave energy converter systems, computing the return period of the extreme forces is crucial. Using force measurement force data gathered at the west coast of Sweden, the extreme forces are statistically modelled with the peak-over-threshold method. Then, the return level of the extreme forces over 20 years for the calm season of the year is computed.
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37.
  • Sotnikov, Artem, 1985, et al. (författare)
  • Simulations of a solar-assisted block-heating system
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: ISES Solar World Congress 2017 - IEA SHC International Conference on Solar Heating and Cooling for Buildings and Industry 2017, Proceedings. - Freiburg, Germany : International Solar Energy Society.
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Two types of simulation software TRNSYS and Polysun are studied to check their suitability for solar district heating system planning. A reference case, a part of the Vallda Heberg district heating system is modelled in both tools and results are compared with available measured data and with each other. Models are successfully calibrated. TRNSYS and Polysun models have deviations in main key figures compared to the reference case less than 2% and less than 8% respectively. A sensitivity analysis of key parameters shows that the two tools give similar results.
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38.
  • Warneryd, Martin, et al. (författare)
  • Microgrid communities: disclosing the path to future system-active communities
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Sustainable Futures. - Göterborg : IVL Svenska Miljöinstitutet AB. - 2666-1888. ; 4, s. 100079-100079
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • To increase sustainability in future energy systems, both technical and social measures must be taken. Microgrid communities offer local balancing of supply and demand, while also integrating the community as an active part of the energy system. This study investigates two cases of microgrid communities; how they were realized and what wider effects they offered its communities and other stakeholders. The study shows that the microgrid collaboration between community and utility offers a new organizational division that can overcome the traditional locked-in position of the utility. This brings forward communities as system-active participants and a sustainably beneficial energy system for the future.
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39.
  • Henriksson, Lisa, et al. (författare)
  • Bioresources for Sustainable Pellet Production in Zambia : Twelve Biomasses Pelletized at Different Moisture Content
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: BioResources. - North Carolina : North Carolina State University. - 1930-2126. ; 14:2, s. 2550-2575
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The use of charcoal and firewood for cooking is common in Zambia,and its utilization is suchthat the deforestation rate is high, energy utilization is low, and unfavorable cooking methods lead to high death rates due to indoor air pollution mainly from particulate matter and carbon monoxide.Byusing an alternative cooking method, such as pellet stoves, it is possible to offer a sustainable solution, provided that sustainable pelletproduction can be achieved. In this study, 12different available biomaterials were pelletizedina single pellet unitto investigate their availability as raw materials for pellet production in Zambia. The study showedthat sicklebush and pigeon pea generatedthe same pelleting properties correlated withcompression and frictionand that both materials showedlow moisture uptake. The study also identifiedtwo groups of materials that broadenedthe raw material base and helpedto achieve sustainable pellet production.Group 1consisted of materials with equal pelletingabilities (miombo, peanut shell, pigeon pea,and sicklebush) andGroup 2 consistedof materialsthat showed low impact of varying moisture content(eucalyptus, miombo, peanut shell, pigeon pea, and sicklebush). The hardest pellet was made from Tephrosia, which wasfollowed by Gliricidia.
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40.
  • Holmberg, John, 1963, et al. (författare)
  • Low-carbon transitions and the good life
  • 2012
  • Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • A transition to a low-carbon economy requires farreaching reductions in emissions, which in addition will have to take place at the same time as the global population is growing. A growing population also makes ever greater demands on welfare, while the ecological, social and economic systems that have to sustain this development are already under severe strain. It is commonly argued that emission reductions in a growing world economy can and should be achieved by technical innovations so that the transition to a low-carbon economy does not imply a negative impact on human well-being.This report discusses whether there might perhaps be another way of understanding the situation. Is the presumed linkage between well-being and climate impact always negative? Could a greater focus on human well-being be a driver of, rather than an obstacle to, sustainable development? This report attempts to identify possible strategies to support both [the good life] and decreased emissions. By adopting this research approach, the authors aim to make a contribution to the discussion of low-carbon transitions in society.
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41.
  • Kersten, Anton, 1991, et al. (författare)
  • CM & Line-Dm Noise Separation for Three-Level NPC Inverter with Connected Neutral Point for Vehicle Traction Applications
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: ITEC 2019 - 2019 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo. ; June 2019, s. 1-6
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • EMI standards limit the noise level for conducted disturbances on DC power cables of electric vehicles. However, designing the EMI filter requires the information about the CM and DM noise levels. Therefore, a separation of the noise is needed. This paper deals with the separation and quantification of the three-phase DM and CM noise for a three-level NPC inverter with a connected neutral point. A hardware separator, based on HF transformers was developed to separate the noise into CM and line-DM noise. The CM and line-DM noise of the NPC inverter was measured, when operating the inverter with a two-level and a three-level modulation. As expected, the CM noise is dominating, and it is shown that the three-level operation reduces the noise compared to the two-level operation by about 3 to 6 dB.
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42.
  • Kersten, Anton, 1991, et al. (författare)
  • Inverter and Battery Drive Cycle Efficiency Comparisons of CHB and MMSP Traction Inverters for Electric Vehicles
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: 2019 21st European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications, EPE 2019 ECCE Europe. ; , s. 1-12
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This paper investigates the performance of several inverter types for electric vehicles. A standard two-level and two seven-level multilevel inverters, a cascaded H-bridge (CHB) and a modular multilevel series parallel (MMSP) inverter, are considered. Based on the AC impedance spectra measured on a single battery cell, the battery pack impedances of the multilevel and two-level inverter systems are modeled. The inverter losses are modeled using the semiconductors’ datasheets. Based on the loss models, the inverter and battery efficiency during different driving cycles are assessed. In comparison to the two-level inverter system, the multilevel inverter drivetrains show an increased drivetrain efficiency, despite increased battery losses. The MMSP topology showed the best result. In comparison to the CHB topology, the battery losses were reduced by the MMSP inverter system.
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43.
  • Jerome, Adeline, 1994, et al. (författare)
  • Is repair of energy using products environmentally beneficial? The case of high voltage electric motors
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Resources, Conservation and Recycling. - 0921-3449 .- 1879-0658. ; 196
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Repair is advocated as a circular strategy to improve the environmental performance of products. Whether this holds for very long-lived and energy intensive products has not been addressed. This study compares environmental impacts of two high voltage motors of different energy efficiency and assesses their use extension by repair with life cycle assessment (LCA). Due to high energy use, long lifetime and intensive use, the use phase dominates all environmental impacts, even resource depletion. Therefore, a higher energy efficiency is more beneficial than extending the use by repair, and if the energy efficiency is slightly reduced, the repair is not beneficial. Therefore, product requirements and users and manufacturers of such products should ensure designs with high energy efficiency rather than making the product repairable. Finally, the results highlight the importance of including resource use from electricity production and transmission in LCA of the use extension of energy using products.
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44.
  • Jensen Wolfhechel, Ola, 1965-, et al. (författare)
  • Norrlands vattenanknutna kulturmiljöer – en förstudie : rapport från ett FoU-projekt
  • 2022
  • Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Syftet med föreliggande förstudie har varit att ta fram ett underlag inför ett kommande tvärvetenskapligt forsknings- och digitaliseringsprojekt. Bakgrunden är att Riksantikvarieämbetet under 1940-1980-talen genomförde omfattande arkeologiska, men även naturvetenskapliga och etnologiska, undersökningar vid Norrlands älvar och sjöar som ett led i vattenkraftsutbyggnaden. Materialet kom under 1960-1980-talen att bearbetas tillsammans med Stockholms universitet inom ramen för det tvärvetenskapliga projektet Norrlands Tidiga Bebyggelse. Insatserna resulterade i ett rikt material som idag förvaras i Riksantikvarieämbetets arkiv. Då stora delar av Norrland alltjämt är antikvariskt eftersatta utgör det ett mycket viktigt källmaterial för både forskning och förvaltning av dess kulturmiljöer.Det långsiktiga målet med förstudien och det kommande projektet är att skapa ett kunskapsunderlag för forskning och redskap för landskapsanalyser som leder till ett hållbart bevarande och förvaltning av Norrlands vattenanknutna kulturmiljöer. Inom förstudien har en rad viktiga forsknings- och förvaltningsområden identifierats. För att ta fram ett adekvat underlag inför ansökan har den bland annat mynnat ut i olika förslag på strategier för det kommande projektets genomförande och finansiering, en fördjupning av frågor som rör förvaltning av vattenanknutna kulturmiljöer, utvecklat tvärvetenskapliga forskningsfrågor, tagit fram en digitaliseringsstrategi, formaliserat ett nätverk och en referensgrupp, genomfört en behovsanalys samt en inventering för att identifiera relevant arkivmaterial inom projektdeltagarnas respektive institutioner. Med förstudien har vi således lagt grunden till ett tvärvetenskapligt forsknings- och digitaliseringsprojekt som inkluderar kulturmiljöförvaltning, arkeologi, etnologi, sociologi och naturveten-skapliga ämnen, däribland miljö- och klimatforskning.
  •  
45.
  • Magnusson, Thomas, 1970-, et al. (författare)
  • Circular economy, varieties of capitalism and technology diffusion : Anaerobic digestion in Sweden and Paraná
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - Amsterdam, Netherlands : Elsevier. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 335
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The transition to a circular economy relies on systems that facilitate waste recovery and recirculation of resources. These systems are based on certain enabling technologies. The aim of this paper is to explain how socio-economic structures influence the diffusion of such technologies. It applies a framework built on societal embedding and varieties of capitalism to compare the diffusion of anaerobic digestion (AD) in Sweden in northern Europe and Paraná in southern Brazil. Both Sweden and Paraná have experienced accelerated diffusion of AD, but there are significant differences in the respective diffusion patterns. The comparative analysis points to a tradeoff between system complexity and speed of diffusion. It illustrates how AD can be presented as a solution to various problems, and it further shows how the specific problems that gain attention shape diffusion patterns. By showing how socio-economic structures influence the appointment of problem owners, their agency, and legitimate forms of institutional support, the analysis demonstrates how economic systems condition technology diffusion.
  •  
46.
  • Kumar, Anikender, et al. (författare)
  • Effects of low-carbon energy adoption on airborne particulate matter concentrations with feedbacks to future climate over California
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. - 2169-8996 .- 2169-897X. ; 125:16
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • California plans to reduce emissions of long‐lived greenhouse gases (GHGs) through adoption of new energy systems that will also lower concentrations of short‐lived absorbing soot contained in airborne particulate matter (PM). Here we examine the direct and indirect effects of reduced PM concentrations under a low‐carbon energy (GHG‐Step) scenario on radiative forcing in California. Simulations were carried out using the source‐oriented WRF/Chem (SOWC) model with 12 km spatial resolution for the year 2054. The avoided aerosol emissions due to technology advances in the GHG‐step scenario reduce ground level PM concentrations by ~8.85% over land compared to the Business as Usual (BAU) scenario, but changes to meteorological parameters are more modest. Top of atmospheric forcing predicted by the SOWC model increased by 0.15 W m‐2, surface temperature warmed by 0.001 K, and planetary boundary layer height (PBLH) increased by 2.20 cm in the GHG‐Step scenario compared to the BAU scenario. PM climate feedbacks are small because the significant changes in ground level PM concentrations associated with the GHG‐Step scenario are limited to the first few hundred meters of the atmosphere, with little change for the majority of the vertical column above that level. As an order‐of‐magnitude comparison, the long‐term effects of global reductions in GHG emissions (RCP8.5 – RCP4.5) lowered average surface temperature over the California study domain by approximately 0.76 K. The effects of long‐lived climate pollutants such as CO2 are much stronger than the effects of short‐lived climate pollutants such as PM soot over California in the year 2054.
  •  
47.
  • Lima, Celson, et al. (författare)
  • Towards a service based infrastructure to improve efficiency into energy systems : The NEMO&CODED quest
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: 10th IFAC Workshop on Intelligent Manufacturing Systems (2010). - : International Federation of Automatic Control. - 9783902661777 ; , s. 162-167
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Energy efficiency is absolutely one of the greatest challenges of our days. The whole chain of actors involved in the generation, distribution, and consumption of energy are not only concerned but also acting towards a more rational and efficient use of energy. Additionally, the use of renewable energy sources also reflects the seriousness of the subject and helps to set up the current landscape on this matter. This is the rationale driving the NEMO&CODED (NEMO) project, which targets the development of a software infrastructure, based on web services and semantic resources aiming to provide the appropriate support to manage energy-related devices (e.g. renewable energy sources, smart meters, etc.) considering an environment where energy is generated, stored, distributed, and consumed in a rational and environmentally correct way. This shall be attained through the comprehensive implementation and instantiation of computational intelligence at resource level and the development of mechanisms that enable the seamless, and online, control/monitoring of aggregations of resources. This paper discusses the NEMO project, namely its vision, goals, preliminary software architecture, evaluation and assessment scenarios, and also points out the further work (research, design, and implementation) to be performed.
  •  
48.
  • Rootzén, Johan, 1978, et al. (författare)
  • Electrify everything! Challenges and opportunities associated with increased electrification of industrial processes
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Eceee Industrial Summer Study Proceedings. - 2001-7987 .- 2001-7979. - 9789198387834 ; 2020-September, s. 415-424
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The aim of this study is to assess the potential for and challenges associated with increased industrial electrification. In a carbon constrained world, as all sectors of the economy seek to lower emissions, competition for energy carriers with a low climate impact (biomass/biofuels, ‘green’ electricity and hydrogen) will grow. Thus, how integration in this case of electrified industrial processes is managed and how interlinkages and interactions between both the supply side and demand side of the electricity system is handled will be key to the overall outcome with respect to overall systems costs, total capacity needs and security of supply. Estimates of EU industry electricity demand in 2050 vary considerably. Depending on assumptions with regards to for example overall industry activity levels, choices of energy carriers and process technologies, estimates of industrial electricity demand in 2050 available in the literature vary from 1,000 to 4,430 TWh (from approximately 1000 TWh in 2020). Based on experiences from two recent research project and a review of recent literature we outline and discuss five areas which will be critical to the potential for and outcome of a move towards increased electrification of industrial processes in the European Union. We discuss how high geographical concentration of industrial loads in particular regions, in combination with significant changes on both the supply side and demand side of the electricity system (i.e. transports and residential heating) post 2030 will pose significant challenges. But also describe, how new options for process designs, production planning, optimisation and automation may provide benefits beyond CO2 emission reduction and how careful proactive planning provide opportunities for synergies.
  •  
49.
  • Wang, Wenhuan, et al. (författare)
  • Energy savings in China's energy sectors and contributions to air pollution reduction in the 12th Five Year Plan
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 200, s. 305-317
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Energy efficiency and air pollution mitigation are critical issues for future development of the Chinese economy. Energy savings and their contribution to reduced air pollution from energy sectors during the 12th Five Year Plan are assessed using input-output analysis. A new dynamic quantitative method was developed to explore key sectors and identify critical paths for efficient emission reductions from energy industries. All the energy intensive key sectors, including Metal, Power, Chemical Products, Nonmetal are used to determine critical paths for emission reductions. Results indicate that the Coal Sector failed to achieve significant energy savings and did not contribute to direct and overall emissions reductions. The Oil Sector only achieved co-effects for reduction of overall waste gas, SO2, and particulates, while the Power Sector achieved emission reductions of all air pollutants. The results suggest that Chinese government should enact four main measures to achieve effective targets for energy savings and emission reductions: (1) Strengthen energy conservation in Coal and Oil Sectors, particularly the Coal Sector. (2) Promote energy conservation and emission reductions in highly energy intensive sectors to help emission reductions from other sectors. (3) Promote synergy effects of energy savings and emission reductions to enterprises. (4) Set lowest emission reduction targets for each department combined with targets for energy savings.
  •  
50.
  • Moksnes, Nandi, 1982- (författare)
  • Exploring spatial and temporal resolution in energy systems modelling : a model-based analysis focused on the developing electricity systems
  • 2023
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • The energy system is undergoing a transition in many parts of the world with this transition being driven by several factors such as climate change, and economic and social development. Agenda 2030, with its 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), has set the direction on where development should be focussed. There are still around 675 million people who lack access to electricity (SDG7), mainly in Sub-Saharan Africa. The energy system is also responsible for emitting most greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and is closely connected to SDG 13, climate action.Energy models can provide insight into the implications of different interventions in the system. However, the transition also poses new challenges for energy modelling. New spatiotemporal questions arise with 1) the penetration of renewable technologies to mitigate GHG emissions, with location-specific intermittent supply options such as wind and solar PV panels, and 2) the low share of the population living near the existing electricity network in many Sub-Saharan countries and the decreasing cost of off-grid and mini-grid supply options.This change increases the number of technologies and details needed in the system which in turn increases complexity in the models. Complexity can be defined in terms of four aspects: spatial, temporal, mathematical and, system scope. However, more detail, both parametrical and structural, can introduce more potential errors and uncertainty into the model. Therefore, energy models should be as simple as possible and as complex as necessary.This thesis aims to give quantifiable and qualitative insights into the mathematical, spatial, and temporal aspects of energy systems modelling for both national and regional system scopes, along with their policy implications. The thesis explores the trade-offs between which mathematical method is applied when modelling electricity access, and the global sensitivity of parametrical and structural parameters in ESOMs.The method for achieving the aim of the thesis uses a four-step approach. First, the geospatial electrification problem is explored by developing two different models, a linear programming model, using the model generator GEOSeMOSYS, and a heuristic method, soft-linking the open-source tools OnSSET and OSeMOSYS. Second, these two models are compared in order to understand the differences between them with respect to computational effort, results, insight, and effectiveness in modelling electricity access in a developing country. Third, the linear programming model developed for this thesis is then explored using the method of Morris global sensitivity analysis to understand the importance of spatial and temporal resolution compared to other parameters such as demand, discount rate, and capital cost. Fourth and finally, the global sensitivity analysis method of factor mapping, using scenario discovery, is explored to understand parameters that determine cost and low carbon futures in the regional multi-country energy systems optimisation model ‘South America Model Base’ (SAMBA).The results show that the two methods for optimising electrification show similar trends when the demand is changed, with low demand predominantly resulting in PV panels and batteries to serve the formerly unelectrified population, while higher demand results in more grid-connected households. The demand level and profile for newly electrified households result in different service levels and possibilities for adding more appliances over time. The competitiveness of PV panels with batteries decreases significantly when the demand profile increases during the night. The two methods in this thesis have different solution times with the linear programming method having a much longer solution time, furthermore, the mathematical approaches to solve the transmission network are different, and both methods have trade-offs in their results. These trade-offs are in the mathematical approach where OnSSET uses a one-at-the-time optimisation leading to a suboptimal overall network, and GEOSeMOSYS rely on the assumption of linearity, which leads to very small incremental installations of transmission lines.The global sensitivity analysis of GEOSeMOSYS for electricity access showed that the structural parameters, spatial and temporal resolution, influence the result parameters and cannot be simplified without changing the results. The temporal resolution had a greater influence on the assessed results parameters than the spatial resolution, indicating that it is more significant. For the South American system, the parameters that determine low carbon emission pathways are low/medium demand and low/medium discount rates.This thesis has therefore shown that, even though models should be as simple as possible, the spatial and temporal resolution cannot be simplified to a one-node analysis or low temporal resolution without this affecting the results. The mathematical choice for selecting the method of electricity access was analysed and trade-offs were highlighted. The main trade-off was in the network expansion where both methods use approximations that can lead to over/underestimating the investment need. The soft-linked method is a good option to understand a higher level to explore electricity access. If the question is more complex (e.g., adding transportation, heating and cooling), then GEOSeMOSYS provides more readily available options for expanding the analysis, but at a coarse spatial resolution. Demand is a critical parameter in energy models, as is shown in this thesis, and determines both the cost and the potential for achieving low carbon futures. Therefore, including more demand functionalities (such as demand side management and price elasticity) in energy models could help to further detail future demands, and this is identified as future work.
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