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| 2. |
- Driesen, J, et al.
(författare)
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Data-Powered Positive Deviance during the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic-An Ecological Pilot Study of German Districts
- 2021
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Ingår i: International journal of environmental research and public health. - : MDPI AG. - 1660-4601. ; 18:18
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We introduced the mixed-methods Data-Powered Positive Deviance (DPPD) framework as a potential addition to the set of tools used to search for effective response strategies against the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. For this purpose, we conducted a DPPD study in the context of the early stages of the German SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. We used a framework of scalable quantitative methods to identify positively deviant German districts that is novel in the scientific literature on DPPD, and subsequently employed qualitative methods to identify factors that might have contributed to their comparatively successful reduction of the forward transmission rate. Our qualitative analysis suggests that quick, proactive, decisive, and flexible/pragmatic actions, the willingness to take risks and deviate from standard procedures, good information flows both in terms of data collection and public communication, alongside the utilization of social network effects were deemed highly important by the interviewed districts. Our study design with its small qualitative sample constitutes an exploratory and illustrative effort and hence does not allow for a clear causal link to be established. Thus, the results cannot necessarily be extrapolated to other districts as is. However, the findings indicate areas for further research to assess these strategies’ effectiveness in a broader study setting. We conclude by stressing DPPD’s strengths regarding replicability, scalability, adaptability, as well as its focus on local solutions, which make it a promising framework to be applied in various contexts, e.g., in the context of the Global South.
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| 3. |
- Gallos, Lazaros K, et al.
(författare)
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Improving immunization strategies.
- 2007
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Ingår i: Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys. - 1539-3755. ; 75:4 Pt 2, s. 045104-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 4. |
- Klintman, Marie
(författare)
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The Prognostic and Treatment Predictive Value of Proliferation and TIMP-1 in Breast Cancer
- 2013
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Breast cancer is the most common tumour form and the second leading cause of death in solid tumours in women in the Western world. Despite improvements in the treatment, a considerable number of patients will relapse and die from their breast cancer. At the same time, a substantial number of patients will be over-treated, as they would have been cured by surgery and radiotherapy alone. In the metastatic setting, only 50% of patients will respond to chemotherapy, but there are no established factors predictive of response to chemotherapy. Therefore there is a need for identification of new prognostic and treatment predictive factors. In paper I, the chemotherapy predictive value of Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) was assessed in 162 metastatic breast cancer patients. It was found that increasing tumour levels of TIMP-1, reaching borderline significance, were associated with a decreasing probability of response to CMF or anthracycline-containing chemotherapy. Proliferation, either in the form of single factors or as the main common denominator in different genetic profiles, has been shown to be of independent prognostic value in addition to the already established prognostic factors. In papers II, and IV the proliferation factors Ki67, Mitotic Activity Index (MAI), Phosphohistone H3 (PPH3), cyclin B1, and cyclin A were found to add prognostic value in a retrospective cohort of 237 node-negative premenopausal breast cancer patients, specifically in estrogen receptor (ER) positive patients, and in patients with histological grade 2. Also, in paper IV, when combining two proliferation factors, when either one or two factors were high, the prognostic value was strengthened. Paper III is a prospective Swedish multicenter validation study assessing the prognostic value of an index composed of the proliferation factor S-phase fraction (SPF), progesterone receptor status (PgR), and tumour size. 576 T1-2N0 breast cancer patients were included. High-risk was defined as ≥2 of the following: 1. tumour size >20mm, 2. PgR-negativity (in the absence of PgR-status, ER-negativity), and 3. high SPF (in the absence of SPF; Bloom-Richardson histological grade 3). High-risk patients had an almost five-fold risk of dying of breast cancer the first 5 years, and an increased risk of breast cancer death even after 15 years. Interestingly, an additional low-risk group was identified, 37% of the patients with no risk factors, who had an excellent 15-year survival rate. The index could therefore be helpful in decisions on risk and choice of adjuvant medical treatment.
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| 5. |
- De Rezende, Susanna F., et al.
(författare)
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KRW composition theorems via lifting
- 2020
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Ingår i: Proceedings - 2020 IEEE 61st Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science, FOCS 2020. - 0272-5428. - 9781728196220 - 9781728196213 ; 2020-November, s. 43-49
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- One of the major open problems in complexity theory is proving super-logarithmic lower bounds on the depth of circuits (i.e., mathrm{P} nsubseteq text{NC}{1}). Karchmer, Raz, and Wigderson [13] suggested to approach this problem by proving that depth complexity behaves'as expected' with respect to the composition of functions f diamond g. They showed that the validity of this conjecture would imply that mathrm{P} nsubseteq text{NC}{1}. Several works have made progress toward resolving this conjecture by proving special cases. In particular, these works proved the KRW conjecture for every outer function, but only for few inner functions. Thus, it is an important challenge to prove the KRW conjecture for a wider range of inner functions. In this work, we extend significantly the range of inner functions that can be handled. First, we consider the monotone version of the KRW conjecture. We prove it for every monotone inner function whose depth complexity can be lower bounded via a query-to-communication lifting theorem. This allows us to handle several new and well-studied functions such as the s-t-connectivity, clique, and generation functions. In order to carry this progress back to the non-monotone setting, we introduce a new notion of semi-monotone composition, which combines the non-monotone complexity of the outer function with the monotone complexity of the inner function. In this setting, we prove the KRW conjecture for a similar selection of inner functions, but only for a specific choice of the outer function f.
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| 6. |
- Lindegarth, Mats, 1965, et al.
(författare)
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Testing hypotheses about management to enhance habitat for feeding birds in a freshwater wetland
- 2001
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Management. - 0301-4797. ; 62:4, s. 375-388
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The level of water was manipulated in a freshwater wetland, with the aim of enhancing abundances of benthic animals and, ultimately, improving habitat for feeding birds (Japanese Snipe, Gallinago hardwickii). We tested whether these actions had the predicted and desired effects on benthic animals, by contrasting changes in two managed locations to one control location which was left unmanipulated. The number of taxa and abundances of chironomids decreased strongly and significantly in the manipulated locations, while the abundance of oligochaetes appeared to vary in a seasonal manner. Temporal variability of the structure and composition of assemblages was also increased in manipulated locations. Such effects have previously been suggested to indicate stress in benthic assemblages. Therefore, in contrast to what was predicted, managerial actions made benthic fauna less abundant and thus, less suitable as habitat for feeding birds. Several general lessons can be learned from these results. (I) Effects of managerial actions like these are difficult to predict a priori and can only be reliably evaluated within an experimental framework. (2) Because abundances of animals vary naturally, evaluations of managerial actions must include appropriate spatial replication. (3) Sampling at hierarchical temporal scales is important, because abundances of animals may vary in an unpredictable manner at short temporal scales and because changes in temporal variability may be a symptom of stress. (4) Combined use of uni- and multivariate techniques provides a comprehensive set of tools to assess the effects of restoration and creation of new habitats. Finally, these results emphasise the need for clear predictions about desired outcomes and specific experimental plans about how to test whether the desired results were achieved, before managerial actions are taken. Although this is often very difficult to achieve in real situations, it is necessary for practices of management to evolve on the basis of sound empirical experience. (C) 2001 Academic Press.
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| 7. |
- Lindegarth, Mats, 1965, et al.
(författare)
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Testing the Potential for Predictive Modeling and Mapping and Extending Its Use as a Tool for Evaluating Management Scenarios and Economic Valuation in the Baltic Sea (PREHAB)
- 2014
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Ingår i: Ambio. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0044-7447 .- 1654-7209. ; 43:1, s. 82-93
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We evaluated performance of species distribution models for predictive mapping, and how models can be used to integrate human pressures into ecological and economic assessments. A selection of 77 biological variables (species, groups of species, and measures of biodiversity) across the Baltic Sea were modeled. Differences among methods, areas, predictor, and response variables were evaluated. Several methods successfully predicted abundance and occurrence of vegetation, invertebrates, fish, and functional aspects of biodiversity. Depth and substrate were among the most important predictors. Models incorporating water clarity were used to predict increasing cover of the brown alga bladderwrack Fucus vesiculosus and increasing reproduction area of perch Perca fluviatilis, but decreasing reproduction areas for pikeperch Sander lucioperca following successful implementation of the Baltic Sea Action Plan. Despite variability in estimated non-market benefits among countries, such changes were highly valued by citizens in the three Baltic countries investigated. We conclude that predictive models are powerful and useful tools for science-based management of the Baltic Sea.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
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Recensioner
- 1992
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Ingår i: Fornvännen. - 0015-7813 .- 1404-9430. ; , s. 53-71
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 10. |
- Schulte, Christian, et al.
(författare)
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Speeding up constraint propagation
- 2004
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Ingår i: PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF CONSTRAINT PROGRAMMING. - BERLIN : SPRINGER. - 3540232419 ; , s. 619-633
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents a model and implementation techniques for speeding up constraint propagation. Two fundamental approaches to improving constraint propagation are explored: keeping track of which propagators are at fixpoint, and choosing which propagator to apply next. We show how idempotence reasoning and events help track fixpoints more accurately. We improve these methods by using them dynamically (taking into account current domains to improve accuracy). We define priority-based approaches to choosing a next propagator and show that dynamic priorities can improve propagation. We illustrate that the use of multiple propagators for the same constraint can be advantageous with priorities, and introduce staged propagators which combine the effects of multiple propagators with priorities for greater efficiency.
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