| 1. |
- Andersson-Wikström, Alexandra, et al.
(författare)
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Size fractionation of dissolved metals in stormwater in Umeå, Sweden
- 2016
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Dissolved metals are generally considered the most mobile, toxic and bioavailable form of metals. However, the partition between dissolved and particulate phases is conventionally defined by the fraction passing through a 0.45 μm membrane, even though it is widely known that this fraction also includes different types of organic and inorganic colloids. Further size fractionation of metals in the dissolved phase can be performed using different techniques. The knowledge on the metal fractionation in stormwater is useful for assessments of the metals’ bioavailability as well as the performance of stormwater treatment systems. In this study, the size fractionation of dissolved metals in stormwater from four different urban areas in the city of Umeå, Sweden, is determined using ultrafiltration. The objective is to find a pattern for the size fractionation of different metals in the dissolved phase in stormwater and, by this, estimate the bioavailability of the metals. The investigated catchment areas include a parking space, a highway and two different commercial sites. The sampling campaigns will take place in the spring of 2016, taking samples from the stormwater drainage system using automatic samplers.
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| 2. |
- Andersson-Wikström, Alexandra, et al.
(författare)
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The release of pollutants from roofing materials in laboratory experiments
- 2015
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Diffuse pollution sources have been recognised by the European Water Framework Directive to significantly contribute to pollution of stormwater receivers. Stormwater runoff is considered to represent diffuse pollution sources. The aim of this study was to clarify the contributions of specific sources in the urban environment to the content of organic and inorganic pollutants in stormwater. This was done by conducting laboratory screening tests of several conventional roofing materials and coatings to determine which pollutants they release and how they might contribute to the deterioration of stormwater quality. The studied pollutants include metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, V, Zn) as well as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phthalates, pesticides, nonylphenols and –ethoxylates. Many of the studied roofing materials, e.g. roofing shingle, a PVC sheet and a bitumen paste for felt roof maintenance, exhibited the potential to release several of these substances into stormwater runoff. However, phthalates were not released from any of the studied materials under the tested conditions. In addition, quite similar materials exhibited rather different substance release profiles.
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| 3. |
- Baxter, Douglas, et al.
(författare)
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Serum/plasma methylmercury determination by isotope dilution gas chromatography : inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
- 2011
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Ingår i: Analytica Chimica Acta. - : Elsevier BV. - 0003-2670 .- 1873-4324. ; 701:2, s. 134-138
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A method for the determination of methylmercury in plasma and serum samples was developed. The method uses isotope dilution with 198Hg-labelled methylmercury, extraction into dichloromethane, back-extraction into water, aqueous-phase ethylation, purge and trap collection, thermal desorption, separation by gas chromatography, and mercury isotope specific detection by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. By spiking 2 mL sample with 1.2 ng tracer, measurements in a concentration interval of (0.007–2.9) μg L−1 could be performed with uncertainty amplification factors <2. A limit of quantification of 0.03 μg L−1 was estimated at 10 times the standard deviation of concentrations measured in preparation blanks. Within- and between-run relative standard deviations were <10% at added concentration levels of 0.14 μg L−1, 0.35 μg L−1 and 2.8 μg L−1, with recoveries in the range 82% to 110%. Application of the method to 50 plasma/serum samples yielded a median (mean; range) concentration of methylmercury of 0.081 (0.091; <0.03–0.19) μg L−1. This is the first time methylmercury has been directly measured in this kind of specimen, and is therefore the first estimate of a reference range.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Beryani, Ali, et al.
(författare)
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Ackumulering av perfluoralkylsubstanser (PFAS) och deras prekursorer i regnbäddar och biofilter för dagvattenrening
- 2024
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Urbant dagvatten kan innehålla per- och polyfluoralkylämnen (PFAS). Den nuvarande kunskapen omförekomst och transport av PFAS i reningsanläggningar för urbant dagvatten är fortfarande mycketbegränsad. Den här studien utvärderar förekomst, ackumulering och fördelning av 35 PFAS och derasprekursorer i filtermaterial och försedimenteringssteg i tjugo biofilteranläggningar som varit i drift längreän 7 år. C5-14,16 perfluoralkylkarboxylsyror (PFCA), C4,8,10 perfluoralkansulfonsyror (PFSA), metylperfluoroktansulfonamidättiksyra (MeFOSAA, en känd PFSA-prekursor) och okända C6-8 PFCAprekursorer var de vanligast förekommande ackumulerade föreningarna. PFAS och deras prekursoreråterfanns i alla djup i liknande förekomster och koncentrationer. Trots att halterna var något högre i detövre filterlagret och minskande med djup var dessa skillnader i regel inte statistiskt signifikanta. Det fannsingen tydlig skillnad mellan fördelningen av kort- och långkedjiga PFAS, trots att långkedjiga ämnen(PFSAs>C5 och PFCAs>C7) förväntades ha mindre mobilitet på grund av deras högre hydrofobicitet. Deövre 5 cm av biofiltren innehöll ofta de högsta föroreningsnivåerna av PFAS och okända prekursorer,men de fanns också djupare ner i filtret. I motsats till exempelvis metaller och PAHer, räcker det sannolikt inte att endast byta ut det översta filterlagret och/eller sediment på toppen av filtret för att avlägsnamer komplexa och mobila föroreningar som PFAS.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Blecken, Godecke-Tobias, et al.
(författare)
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Metals : Occurrence, Treatment Efficiency and Accumulation Under Varying Flows
- 2018
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Ingår i: Ecotechnologies for the Treatment of Variable Stormwater and Wastewater Flows. - Cham : Springer. - 9783319700120 - 9783319700137 ; , s. 75-91
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Metals were the first priority pollutants to be widely investigated in stormwater. In solid phase, they are often attached to very fine particles. The dissolved fraction creates considerable environmental problems as it is the most bioavailable fraction. Hence, removal of both fine and dissolved particles plays a major role in the treatment of polluted runoff. Ecotechnologies specifically designed to remove metals should be able to address different treatment mechanisms. However, the exhaustion of sorption capacity reduces the lifespan of treatment facilities. Additionally, metal concentrations fluctuate extremely—spatially, seasonally and over time—which poses another challenge for further increasing removal efficiencies. While soil- or sand-based systems should be designed in a way that the filter material can be exchanged, newer developments such as Floating Treatment Wetlands show promising removal capacities as the installations bind metals in sludge sediments, which can be removed from time to time. The different treatment mechanisms, aforementioned developments and techniques as well as their removal capacities will be discussed in this chapter
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| 8. |
- Borris, Matthias, et al.
(författare)
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An exploratory study of the effects of stormwater pipeline materials on transported stormwater quality
- 2017
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Ingår i: Water Science and Technology. - : IWA Publishing. - 0273-1223 .- 1996-9732. ; 76:2, s. 247-255
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Implications of three sewer pipe materials (concrete, galvanized corrugated steel, and polyvinyl chloride (PVC)) for stormwater quality were explored in laboratory experiments, in which three types of stormwater, SW1-SW3, were circulated in 0.5 m long sewer pipe sections. SW1 and SW2 represented synthetic rainwater, without and with fine street sediment added (CTSS = 150 mg/L), respectively, and SW3 was actual stormwater with the same sediment addition as SW2. Following 20-min runs, with an equivalent distance of 500 m travelled by water particles, a number of statistically significant changes in the stormwater chemistry were observed: (i) pH of all the simulated stormwaters increased in the concrete pipe (from 7.0-7.3 to 8.1-9.3), (ii) turbidity decreased in two stormwaters with sediments (SW2 and SW3) in concrete and galvanized corrugated steel pipes (by 50 and 85%, respectively), (iii) the type of stormwater affected the observed copper (Cu) concentrations, with Cudiss concentrations as high as 25.3 μg/L noted in SW3 passing through the PVC pipe, and (iv) zinc (Zn) concentrations sharply increased (Zntot = 759-1,406 μg/L, Zndiss = 670-1,400 μg/L) due to Zn elution from the galvanized steel pipe by all three stormwaters. Such levels exceeded the applicable environmental guidelines.
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| 9. |
- Borris, Matthias, et al.
(författare)
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Contribution of coarse particles from road surfaces to dissolved and particle-bound heavy metal loads in runoff : A laboratory leaching study with synthetic stormwater
- 2016
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Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 573, s. 212-221
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Laboratory leaching experiments were performed to study the potential of coarse street sediments (i.e. > 250 μm) to release dissolved and particulate-bound heavy metals (i.e. Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) during rainfall/runoff. Towards this end, street sediments were sampled by vacuuming at seven sites in five Swedish cities and the collected sediments were characterized with respect to their physical and chemical properties. In the laboratory, the sediments were combined with synthetic rainwater and subject to agitation by a shaker mimicking particle motion during transport by runoff from street surfaces. As a result of such action, coarse street sediments were found to release significant amounts of heavy metals, which were predominantly (up to 99%) in the particulate bound phase. Thus, in dry weather, coarse street sediments functioned as collectors of fine particles with attached heavy metals, but in wet weather, metal burdens were released by rainfall/runoff processes. The magnitude of such releases depended on the site characteristics (i.e. street cleaning and traffic intensity), particle properties (i.e. organic matter content), and runoff characteristics (pH, and the duration of, and energy input into, sediment/water agitation). The study findings suggest that street cleaning, which preferentially removes coarser sediments, may produce additional environmental benefits by also removing fine contaminated particles attached to coarser materials
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| 10. |
- Borris, Matthias, et al.
(författare)
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Snow pollution management in urban areas: an idea whose time has come?
- 2021
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Ingår i: Urban Water Journal. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1573-062X .- 1744-9006. ; 18:10, s. 840-849
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Needs for extending the principles of a sustainable urban drainage approach to the winter season with snow and pollutant accumulations have been so far unanswered. One of the first steps to remedy this situation is to make available a prototype snow management tool (PSMT) described herein. It is a simple empirical spreadsheet tool, as yet untested, which uses generally available input data to simulate accumulation of snow (as snow water equivalent) and pollutants in an urban catchment, intermittent snowmelt episodes, and snow management options including in situ melting, removal from the catchment, treatment of snowmelt by settling, and snow disposal in the receiving waters. The tool output comprises snow and the selected pollutant mass balances, and pollutant concentrations in snowmelt from individual snow deposits. Such data provide decision support for choosing the methods of disposal for individual snow deposits. The testing and refinement of the tool is planned.
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