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- Kirstein, Oliver, et al.
(författare)
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Neutron position sensitive detectors for the ESS
- 2014
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Ingår i: Proceedings of Science. - : Proceedings of Science (PoS). ; Vertex2014, s. 029-029
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The European Spallation Source (ESS) in Lund, Sweden will become the world's leading neutron source for the study of materials. It will be a long pulse source, with an average beam power of 5 MW delivered to the target station. The ESS is in the construction phase, which started in 2013 with the completion of the Technical Design Report (TDR). The instruments are being selected from conceptual proposals submitted by groups from around Europe. These instruments present numerous challenges for detector technology in the absence of the availability of Helium-3, which is the default choice for detectors for instruments built until today and due to the extreme rates expected across the ESS instrument suite. Additionally a new generation of source requires a new generation of detector technologies to fully exploit the opportunities that this source provides. To meet this challenge at a green-field site, the detectors will be sourced from partners across Europe through numerous in-kind arrangements; a process that is somewhat novel for the neutron scattering community. This contribution presents briefly the current status of detectors for the ESS, and outlines the timeline to completion. For a conjectured instrument suite based upon instruments recommended for construction, a recently updated snapshot of the current expected detector requirements is presented. A strategy outline as to how these requirements might be tackled by novel detector developments is shown. In terms of future developments for the neutron community, synergies should be sought with other disciples, as recognized by various recent initiatives in Europe, in the context of the fundamentally multi-disciplinary nature of detectors. This strategy has at its basis the in-kind and collaborative partnerships necessary to be able to produce optimally performant detectors that allow the ESS instruments to be world-leading. This foresees and encourages a high level of collaboration and interdependence at its core, and rather than each group being all-rounders in every technology, the further development of centres of excellence across Europe for particular technologies and niches.
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| 3. |
- Vierth, Inge
(författare)
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Godstransporter i samhället - GODIS : ett temaprojekt vid VTI
- 2007
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The purpose of the project Freight transport in society (GODIS) is to formulate a basis for a research and development (R&D) program at VTI. The report is based on six areas: (1) Estimation of marginal external costs and design of policy measures. (2) Transport demand models. (3) Socio-economic calculations. (4) Competition and financing. (5) Local and regional transport. (6) Consequence analysis. The assessment of the future need for R&D is based on today's problems, trends, R&D programs, interviews and own assessments. We choose a subjective approach that is mainly based on the authors' experience in transport analyses and investigations. It is remarkable that knowledge about volume and structure of freight transport and the possibilities to influence transport are limited despite of the importance of transport as part of the economy and that it causes large problems for society. Politics are to a high degree made at an European level. One consequence is that it is becoming more important to adapt to the directives of the European Union (EU) than to develop national policies. Also within R&D, it is more important to relate to European recommendations. There is also a need to develop cross-border tools for analysis. We derive the following conclusions for the issues above: (1) The design of infrastructure fees, their interplay with other policy measures and impacts inside and outside the transport sector have to be studied further. (2) Long term relations between freight transport and the rest of the economy (incl. needs for regional disaggregations and dynamic models). (3) Principles for cross-border and intermodal freight transport, calculation values and impact relationships require development. (4) The question to what extent competition between transport solutions and operators is effective has to be studied further. (5) General tools have to be adopted and specific measures developed at the local and regional level. (6) The access to data is a precondition for R&D and other analyses and investigations in the sector.
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| 9. |
- Zlatev, Jordan
(författare)
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Meaning = Life (+ Culture): An outline of a unified biocultural theory of meaning
- 2002
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Ingår i: Evolution of Communication. - 1569-9757. ; 4:2, s. 253-296
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The article presents the outlines of an integrative theory of meaning based on the concept of value, understood both as a biological and as a socio-cultural category, synthesizing ideas from evolutionary and developmental psychology, semiotics and cybernetics. The proposal distinguishes between four types of meaning systems, cue-based, associational, mimetic and symbolic, forming an evolutionary and epigenetic hierarchy. The theory is applied to phylogenetic and human ontogenetic development, pointing out significant parallels between the two processes, involving both continuity and discontinuity between the different levels. Since one of the basic tenets of the theory is that only living systems have intrinsic value, which is a necessary and sufficient condition for possessing the category meaning, negative implications are drawn for the meaning potential of (current) artificial systems.
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| 10. |
- Coppel, Ludovic, et al.
(författare)
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Modelling the effect of simultaneous contrast on perceived whiteness
- 2008
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Ingår i: 4th European Conference on Colour in Graphics, Imaging, and Vision and 10th International Symposium on Multispectral Colour Science. - : The Society for Imaging Science and Technology. - 9781605607023 ; , s. 183-188
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The perceived colour from a surface does not only depend on its optical properties and the illumination. Several studies have demonstrated the simultaneous contrast effect that makes the appearance of coloured patches depend on neighbouring colours. In this study the perceived whiteness of white patches surrounded by induction fields of different shades was evaluated by asking observers to give a magnitude estimate of perceived whiteness of the patches in comparison to a white reference. The perceived whiteness of patches with identical tristimulus values was highly dependent on the shade of the induction field and the patch size did not significantly affect the perceived whiteness. The recent CIECAM02-m2 colour appearance model was tested together with two whiteness equations. A combination of ClECAM02-m2 and a non-linear whiteness equation defined in the whole colour space predicted much of the observed simultaneous contrast effect. However, the model performed better for dark induction fields than for light induction fields. The model rated patches surrounded by light blue and light yellow equally, whereas the observers clearly rated the patches with light yellow induction field as whiter than the patches with light blue induction field. A deeper analysis of the CIECAM02-m2 model indicated that the simultaneous contrast model used cannot accurately predict the change in hue for high lightness induction fields. A potential improvement for predicting contrast simultaneous effect would be to base the calculations not only on the difference between the induction field and the background, but on the difference between the patch stimulus and the induction field.
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