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- Kirby, A J, et al.
(author)
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Gemini surfactants: New synthetic vectors for gene transfection
- 2003
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In: Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English. - : Wiley. - 0570-0833 .- 1433-7851 .- 1521-3773. ; 42:13, s. 1448-1457
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The superior surfactant properties of cationic gemini surfactants are applied to the complex problem of introducing genes into cells. Of almost 250 new compounds tested, of some 20 different structural types, a majority showed very good transfection activity in vitro. The surfactant is shown to bind and compact DNA efficiently, and structural studies and calculations provide a working picture of the lipoplex formed. The lipoplex can penetrate the outer membranes of many cell types, to appear in the cytoplasm encapsulated within endosomes. Escape from the endosome - a key step for transfection - may be controlled by changes in the aggregation behavior of the lipoplex as the pH falls. The evidence suggests that DNA may be released from the lipoplex before entry into the nucleus, where the new gene can be expressed with high efficiency.
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- Eklof, Bo G., et al.
(author)
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Revision of the CEAP classification for chronic venous disorders: Consensus statement
- 2004
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In: Journal of Vascular Surgery. - : Elsevier BV. - 1097-6809 .- 0741-5214. ; 40:6, s. 1248-1252
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The CEAP classification for chronic venous disorders (CVD) was developed in 1994 by an international ad hoc committee of the American Venous Forum, endorsed by the Society for Vascular Surgery, and incorporated into "Reporting Standards in Venous Disease" in 1995. Today most published clinical papers on CVD use all or portions of CEAP. Rather than have it stand as a static classification system, an ad hoc committee of the American Venous Forum, working with an international liaison committee, has recommended a number of practical changes, detailed in this consensus report. These include refinement of several definitions used in describing CVD; refinement of the C classes of CEAP; addition of the descriptor n (no venous abnormality identified); elaboration of the date of classification and level of investigation; and as a simpler alternative to the full (advanced) CEAP classification, introduction of a basic CEAP version. It is important to stress that CEAP is a descriptive classification, whereas venous severity scoring and quality of life scores are instruments for longitudinal research to assess outcomes.
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