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1.	Winkler, Thomas, Ph.D., et al. (författare) The interplay of electrode- and bio-materials in a redox-cycling-based clozapine sensor 2017 Ingår i: Electrochemistry communications. - : Elsevier. - 1388-2481 .- 1873-1902. ; 79, s. 33-36 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We investigate gold, TiN, and platinum in combination with a chitosan catechol-based redox-cycling system (RCS) for electrochemical detection of the antipsychotic clozapine. We have previously demonstrated the RCS for detection of clozapine in serum, but challenges remain regarding low signal-to-noise ratios. This can be mitigated by selection of electrode materials with beneficial surface morphologies and/or compositions. We employ cyclic voltammetry to assess the redox current generated by clozapine, and differentiate solely surface area-based effects from clozapine-specific ones using a standard redox couple. We find that nano- and microstructured platinum greatly amplifies the clozapine signal compared to gold (up to 1490-fold for platinum black). However, the material performs poorly in the presence of chloride ions, and RCS modification provides no further amplification. The RCS combined with atomic-layer-deposited (ALD) TiN, on the other hand, increases the signal by 7.54 times, versus 2.86 times for RCS on gold, with a 9.2-fold lower variability, indicating that the homogenous and chemically inert properties of ALD-TiN may make it an ideal electrode material.

Winkler, Thomas, Ph.D., et al. (författare)
The interplay of electrode- and bio-materials in a redox-cycling-based clozapine sensor
2017
Ingår i: Electrochemistry communications. - : Elsevier. - 1388-2481 .- 1873-1902. ; 79, s. 33-36
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigate gold, TiN, and platinum in combination with a chitosan catechol-based redox-cycling system (RCS) for electrochemical detection of the antipsychotic clozapine. We have previously demonstrated the RCS for detection of clozapine in serum, but challenges remain regarding low signal-to-noise ratios. This can be mitigated by selection of electrode materials with beneficial surface morphologies and/or compositions. We employ cyclic voltammetry to assess the redox current generated by clozapine, and differentiate solely surface area-based effects from clozapine-specific ones using a standard redox couple. We find that nano- and microstructured platinum greatly amplifies the clozapine signal compared to gold (up to 1490-fold for platinum black). However, the material performs poorly in the presence of chloride ions, and RCS modification provides no further amplification. The RCS combined with atomic-layer-deposited (ALD) TiN, on the other hand, increases the signal by 7.54 times, versus 2.86 times for RCS on gold, with a 9.2-fold lower variability, indicating that the homogenous and chemically inert properties of ALD-TiN may make it an ideal electrode material.

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