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1.	Melro, E., et al. (author) Engineering novel phenolic foams with lignin extracted from pine wood residues via a new levulinic-acid assisted process 2023 In: International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. - : Elsevier. - 0141-8130 .- 1879-0003. ; 248 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Phenolic foams are typically produced from phenolic resins, using phenol and formaldehyde precursors. Therefore, common phenolic foams are non-sustainable, comprising growing environmental, health, and economic concerns. In this work, lignin extracted from pine wood residues using a “green” levulinic acid-based solvent, was used to partially substitute non-sustainable phenol. The novel engineered foams were systematically compared to foams composed of different types of commercially available technical lignins. Different features were analyzed, such as foam density, microstructure (electron microscopy), surface hydrophilicity (contact angle), chemical grafting (infrared spectroscopy) and mechanical and thermal features. Overall, it was observed that up to 30 wt% of phenol can be substituted by the new type of lignin, without compromising the foam properties. This work provides a new insights on the development of novel lignin-based foams as a very promising sustainable and renewable alternative to petrol-based counterparts.

Melro, E., et al. (author)
Engineering novel phenolic foams with lignin extracted from pine wood residues via a new levulinic-acid assisted process
2023
In: International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. - : Elsevier. - 0141-8130 .- 1879-0003. ; 248
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Phenolic foams are typically produced from phenolic resins, using phenol and formaldehyde precursors. Therefore, common phenolic foams are non-sustainable, comprising growing environmental, health, and economic concerns. In this work, lignin extracted from pine wood residues using a “green” levulinic acid-based solvent, was used to partially substitute non-sustainable phenol. The novel engineered foams were systematically compared to foams composed of different types of commercially available technical lignins. Different features were analyzed, such as foam density, microstructure (electron microscopy), surface hydrophilicity (contact angle), chemical grafting (infrared spectroscopy) and mechanical and thermal features. Overall, it was observed that up to 30 wt% of phenol can be substituted by the new type of lignin, without compromising the foam properties. This work provides a new insights on the development of novel lignin-based foams as a very promising sustainable and renewable alternative to petrol-based counterparts.

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