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1.	Jacobsson, Staffan, 1951, et al. (author) Identifying, explaining and improving the effects of academic R&D: The case of nanotechnology in Sweden 2012 In: Science and Public Policy. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1471-5430 .- 0302-3427. ; 39:4, s. 513-529 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract It is commonly believed that the academic sector does not generate enough value for society. This value is often measured in terms of new firms, patents and products, leading to policy responses which aim to enhance 'commercialisation' by academics. However, others maintain that academic research generates benefits in many ways, some of which are difficult to measure, and that policy must look beyond the academic sector to find ways of improving the impact of academic R & D. Applying a new version of the 'technological innovation system' framework to nanotechnology in Sweden, we find a rich pattern of impact, including substantial 'commercialisation'. However, the effect of academic activities is constrained by factors exogenous to academia, in particular a lack of knowledge about environmental and health risks, institutional and market uncertainties, poorly coordinated policies and insufficient access to innovation-related capital. Policy-makers seeking to improve the impact of academic R & D should help to resolve these issues. © The Author 2012. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.

Jacobsson, Staffan, 1951, et al. (author)
Identifying, explaining and improving the effects of academic R&D: The case of nanotechnology in Sweden
2012
In: Science and Public Policy. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1471-5430 .- 0302-3427. ; 39:4, s. 513-529
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- It is commonly believed that the academic sector does not generate enough value for society. This value is often measured in terms of new firms, patents and products, leading to policy responses which aim to enhance 'commercialisation' by academics. However, others maintain that academic research generates benefits in many ways, some of which are difficult to measure, and that policy must look beyond the academic sector to find ways of improving the impact of academic R & D. Applying a new version of the 'technological innovation system' framework to nanotechnology in Sweden, we find a rich pattern of impact, including substantial 'commercialisation'. However, the effect of academic activities is constrained by factors exogenous to academia, in particular a lack of knowledge about environmental and health risks, institutional and market uncertainties, poorly coordinated policies and insufficient access to innovation-related capital. Policy-makers seeking to improve the impact of academic R & D should help to resolve these issues. © The Author 2012. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.

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