| 11. |
- Deprá, Gabriel C., et al.
(författare)
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A new colorful species of Geophagus (Teleostei: Cichlidae), endemic to the rio Aripuanã in the Amazon basin of Brazil
- 2014
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Ingår i: Neotropical Ichthyology. - : FapUNIFESP (SciELO). - 1679-6225 .- 1982-0224. ; 12:4, s. 737-746
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Geophagus mirabilis, new species, is endemic to the rio Aripuanã drainage upstream from Dardanelos/Andorinhas falls.The new species is distinguished from all other species of the genus by the presence of one to five large black spots arrangedlongitudinally along the middle of the flank, in addition to the black midlateral spot that is characteristic of species in thegenus and by a pattern of iridescent spots and lines on the head in living specimens. It is further distinguished from allcongeneric species, except G. camopiensis and G. crocatus, by the presence of seven (vs. eight or more) scale rows in thecircumpeduncular series below the lateral line (7 in G. crocatus; 7-9 in G. camopiensis). Including the new species, five cichlids and 11 fish species in total are known only from the upper rio Aripuanã, and 15 fish species in total are known only from the rio Aripuanã drainage
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| 12. |
- Enjin, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Identification of novel spinal cholinergic genetic subtypes disclose Chodl and Pitx2 as markers for fast motor neurons and partition cells
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Comparative Neurology. - : Wiley. - 0021-9967 .- 1096-9861. ; 518:12, s. 2284-2304
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Spinal cholinergic neurons are critical for motor function in both the autonomic and somatic nervous systems and are affected in spinal cord injury and in diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and spinal muscular atrophy. Using two screening approaches and in situ hybridization, we identified 159 genes expressed in typical cholinergic patterns in the spinal cord. These include two general cholinergic neuron markers, one gene exclusively expressed in motor neurons and nine genes expressed in unknown subtypes of somatic motor neurons. Further, we present evidence that Chondrolectin (Chodl) is a novel genetic marker for putative fast motor neurons and that estrogen-related receptor b (ERRb) is a candidate genetic marker for slow motor neurons. In addition, we suggest paired-like homeodomain transcription factor 2 (Pitx2) as a marker for cholinergic partition cells.
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| 13. |
- Pramod, P.K., et al.
(författare)
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Betadevario ramachandrani, a new danionine genus and species from the Western Ghats of India (Teleostei: Cyprinidae: Danioninae)
- 2010
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Ingår i: Zootaxa. - 1175-5326 .- 1175-5334. ; 2519, s. 31-47
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Betadevario, new genus, with the single species B. ramachandrani, new species, from Karnataka, southwestern India, is closely related to Devario but differs from it in having two pairs of long barbels (vs. two pairs of short or rudimentary barbels, or barbels absent), wider cleithral spot which extends to cover three scales horizontally (vs. covering only one scale in width), long and low laminar preorbital process (vs. absent or a slender pointed spine-like process) along the anterior margin of the orbit, a unique flank colour pattern with a wide dark band along the lower side, bordered dorsally by a wide light stripe (vs. vertical bars, or stripes narrow and usually in greater number).
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| 14. |
- Reinius, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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Female-biased expression of long non-coding RNAs in domains that escape X-inactivation in mouse
- 2010
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Ingår i: BMC Genomics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1471-2164. ; 11:1, s. 614-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Sexual dimorphism in brain gene expression has been recognized in several animal species.However, the relevant regulatory mechanisms remain poorly understood. To investigatewhether sex-biased gene expression in mammalian brain is globally regulated or locallyregulated in diverse brain structures, and to study the genomic organisation of brain-expressedsex-biased genes, we performed a large scale gene expression analysis of distinct brainregions in adult male and female mice. Results: This study revealed spatial specificity in sex-biased transcription in the mouse brain, andidentified 173 sex-biased genes in the striatum; 19 in the neocortex; 12 in the hippocampusand 31 in the eye. Genes located on sex chromosomes were consistently over-represented inall brain regions. Analysis on a subset of genes with sex-bias in more than one tissue revealedY-encoded male-biased transcripts and X-encoded female-biased transcripts known to escapeX-inactivation. In addition, we identified novel coding and non-coding X-linked genes withfemale-biased expression in multiple tissues. Interestingly, the chromosomal positions of allof the female-biased non-coding genes are in close proximity to protein-coding genes thatescape X-inactivation. This defines X-chromosome domains each of which contains a codingand a non-coding female-biased gene. Lack of repressive chromatin marks in non-codingtranscribed loci supports the possibility that they escape X-inactivation. Moreover, RNADNAcombined FISH experiments confirmed the biallelic expression of one such noveldomain. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the amount of genes with sex-biased expression variesbetween individual brain regions in mouse. The sex-biased genes identified are localized onmany chromosomes. At the same time, sexually dimorphic gene expression that is common toseveral parts of the brain is mostly restricted to the sex chromosomes. Moreover, the studyuncovered multiple female-biased non-coding genes that are non-randomly co-localized onthe X-chromosome with protein-coding genes that escape X-inactivation. This raises thepossibility that expression of long non-coding RNAs may play a role in modulating geneexpression in domains that escape X-inactivation in mouse.
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| 15. |
- Wootz, Hanna, et al.
(författare)
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Alterations in the motor neuron-renshaw cell circuit in the Sod1(G93A) mouse model
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Comparative Neurology. - : Wiley. - 0021-9967 .- 1096-9861. ; 521:7, s. 1449-1469
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Motor neurons become hyperexcitable during progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). This abnormal firing behavior has been explained by changes in their membrane properties, but more recently it has been suggested that changes in premotor circuits may also contribute to this abnormal activity. The specific circuits that may be altered during development of ALS have not been investigated. Here we examined the Renshaw cell recurrent circuit that exerts inhibitory feedback control on motor neuron firing. Using two markers for Renshaw cells (calbindin and cholinergic nicotinic receptor subunit alpha2 [Chrna2]), two general markers for motor neurons (NeuN and vesicular acethylcholine transporter [VAChT]), and two markers for fast motor neurons (Chondrolectin and calcitonin-related polypeptide alpha [Calca]), we analyzed the survival and connectivity of these cells during disease progression in the Sod1G93A mouse model. Most calbindin-immunoreactive (IR) Renshaw cells survive to end stage but downregulate postsynaptic Chrna2 in presymptomatic animals. In motor neurons, some markers are downregulated early (NeuN, VAChT, Chondrolectin) and others at end stage (Calca). Early downregulation of presynaptic VAChT and Chrna2 was correlated with disconnection from Renshaw cells as well as major structural abnormalities of motor axon synapses inside the spinal cord. Renshaw cell synapses on motor neurons underwent more complex changes, including transitional sprouting preferentially over remaining NeuN-IR motor neurons. We conclude that the loss of presynaptic motor axon input on Renshaw cells occurs at early stages of ALS and disconnects the recurrent inhibitory circuit, presumably resulting in diminished control of motor neuron firing.
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