| 11. |
- Borodulina, Svetlana
(författare)
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Micromechanical Behavior of Fiber Networks
- 2013
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Paper is used in a wide range of applications, each of which has specific requirements on mechanical and surface properties. The role of paper strength on paper performance is still not well understood. This work addresses the mechanical properties of paper by utilizing fiber network simulation and consists of two parts.In the first part, we use a three-dimensional model of a network of fibers to describe the fracture process of paper accounting for nonlinearities at the fiber level (material model and geometry) and bond failures. A stress-strain curve of paper in tensile loading is described with the help of the network of dry fibers; the parameters that dominate the shape of this curve are discussed. The evolution of network damage is simulated, the results of which are compared with digital speckle photography experiments on laboratory sheets. It is concluded that the original strain inhomogeneities due to the structure are transferred to the local bond failure dynamics. The effects of different conventional and unconventional bond parameters are analyzed. It has been shown that the number of bonds in paper is important and that the changes in bond strength influence paper mechanical properties significantly.In the second part, we proposed a constitutive model for a fiber suitable for cyclic loading applications. We based the development of the available literature data and on the detailed finite-element model of pulp fibers. The model provided insights into the effects of various parameters on the mechanical response of the pulp fibers. The study showed that the change in the microfibril orientation upon axial straining is mainly a geometrical effect and is independent of material properties of the fiber as long as the deformations are elastic. Plastic strains accelerate the change in microfibril orientation. The results also showed that the elastic modulus of the fiber has a non-linear dependency on a microfibril angle,with elastic modulus being more sensitive to the change of microfibril angle around small initial values of microfibril angles. These effects were incorporated into a non-linear isotropic hardening plasticity model for beams and tested in a fiber network in cycling loading application model, using the model we estimated the level of strains that fiber segments accumulate at the failure point in a fiber network.The main goal of this work is to create a tool that would act as a bridge between microscopic characterization of fiber and fiber bonds and the mechanical properties that are important in the papermaking industry. The results of this work provide a fundamental insight on mechanics of paper constituents in tensile as well as cyclic loading. This would eventually lead to a rational choice of raw materials in paper manufacturing and thus utilizing the environment in a balanced way.
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| 12. |
- Borodulina, Svetlana
(författare)
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Micromechanics of Fiber Networks
- 2016
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The current trends in papermaking involve, but are not limited to, maintaining the dry strength of paper material at a reduced cost. Since any small changes in the process affect several factors at once, it is difficult to relate the exact impact of these changes promptly. Hence, the detailed models of the network level of a dry sheet have to be studied extensively in order to attain the infinitesimal changes in the final product.In Paper A, we have investigated a relation between micromechanical processes and the stress–strain curve of a dry fiber network during tensile loading. The impact of “non-traditional” bonding parameters, such as compliance of bonding regions, work of separation and the actual number of effective bonds, is discussed. In Paper B, we studied the impact of the chemical composition of the fiber cell wall, as well as its geometrical properties, on the fiber mechanical properties using the three-dimensional model of a fiber with helical orientation of microfibrils at a range of different microfibril angles (MFA). In order to accurately characterize the fiber and bond properties inside the network, via statistical distributions, microtomography studies on the handsheets have been carried out. This work is divided into two parts: Paper C, which describes the methods of data acquisition and Paper D, where we discuss the extracted data. Here, all measurements were performed at a fiber level, providing data on the fiber width distribution, width-to-height ratio of isotropically oriented fibers and contact density. In the last paper, we utilize data thus obtained in conjunction with fiber morphology data from Papers C and D to update the network generation algorithm in order to produce more realistic fiber networks. We also successfully verified the models with the help of experimental results from dry sheets tested under uniaxial tensile tests. We carry out numerical simulations on these networks to ascertain the influence of fiber and bond parameters on the network strength properties.
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Cadario, Alessandro, 1975-
(författare)
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Life prediction and mechanisms for the initiation and growth of short cracks under fretting fatigue loading
- 2006
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Fretting fatigue is a damage process that may arise in engineering applications where small cyclic relative displacements develop inside contacts leading to detrimental effects on the material fatigue properties. Fretting is located in regions not easily accessible, which makes it a dangerous phenomenon. It is therefore important to be able to make reliable predictions of the fretting fatigue lives.The work presented in this thesis has its focus on different aspects related to fretting fatigue in the titanium alloy Ti-17. A fretting experiment was developed which allowed for separate control of the three main fretting loads. Initially, the evolution of the coefficient of friction inside the slip region was investigated experimentally and analytically. Subsequently, 28 fretting tests were performed in which large fatigue cracks developed.The fretting tests were firstly evaluated with respect to fatigue crack initiation through five multiaxial fatigue criteria. The criteria predicted a too high fretting fatigue limit. A possible clue to the discrepancy was found in the fretting induced surface roughness with the asperity-pit interactions.The fatigue growth of the large fretting cracks was numerically modelled through a parametric crack growth procedure. The predicted lives were compared to the experimental outcome. The numerical simulations showed that linear elastic fracture mechanics was an appropriate tool for the prediction of fretting fatigue propagation lives in the long crack regime.Fatigue cracks spend most of their propagation life in the small crack regime. The possibility of modelling the small crack behaviour is therefore very important from the engineering point of view. The fatigue growth of through thickness short cracks was studied experimentally and numerically in the four-point bend configuration. It was found that linear elastic fracture mechanics and closure-free material growth data furnished conservative estimates for cracks longer than 50 μm.One method to improve fretting fatigue life is to shot peen the contact surfaces. Experimental results on fretting life with or without shot peening were simulated. The fatigue life enhancement in shot peened specimens could be explained by slower crack growth in the surface material layer with residual compressive stresses.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Dahlberg, Carl F. O.
(författare)
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On the Role of Interfaces in Small Scale Plasticity
- 2011
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The strong evidence for a size dependence of plastic deformation in polycrystalline metalsis the basis for the research presented in this thesis. The most important parameter for this, and arguably also the most well known, is the grain size. As the size of the grains in a microstructure is decreased the yield stress increases. This is known as the Hall–Petch relation and have been confirmed for a large number of materials and grain sizes. Other structural dimensions may also give rise to a similar strengthening effect, such as the thickness of films and surface coatings, the widths of ligaments and localization zones and the diameter of thin wires, to mention a few. The work presented in this thesis is shown to be able to model these effects.Size dependent plastic deformation have here been modeled in a continuum mechanical setting by an extension of the standard theory of solid mechanics. Specifically, the work in this thesis is formulated in terms of the higher order strain gradient plasticity (SGP) theory presented by Gudmundson [Gudmundson, P., 2004. A unified treatment of strain gradient plasticity. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 52]. This allows size dependent plasticity phenomena to be modeled and a yield stress that is proportional to the inverse of the geometric dimension of the problem is predicted.The ability to model interfaces have been of specific importance to the work presented here. The state at internal interface is shown, via a physically motivated constitutive description, to be of great importance to capture size effects. The surface energy at grain boundaries is shown to influence both the local and the macroscopic behavior. At the smallest scales an additional deformation mechanism have been introduced at the internal boundaries. This allowed the strengthening trend associated with decreasing grains size to be halted, in qualitative agreement with reported experiments on the behavior of ultrafine and nanocrystalline polycrystals. In the later part of the thesis the focus is aimed at modeling grains structures to bring some insight into the different regions of deformation mechanisms in relation to grainsize and interface strength. A deformation mechanism map for polycrystals is suggested based on the results from structures with both hexagons and log-normal size distributed Voronoi tessellations, and the implication of a statistical variation in grain size have been explored.A finite element implementation of the theory have been developed that is a fully implicit backward-Euler algorithm with tangent operators consistent with the stress update scheme, which give excellent convergence properties and is numerically very stable. Higher order finite elements have been implemented for modeling of both bulk material and internal interfaces. A plane strain version have been used to model metal-matrix composites and explore the implication of some of the more exotic features of the theory.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Dahlberg, Johan, 1977-
(författare)
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On the asperity point load mechanism for rolling contact fatigue
- 2007
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Rolling contact fatigue is a damage process that may arise in mechanical applications with repeated rolling contacts. Some examples are: gears; cams; bearings; rail/wheel contacts. The resulting damage is often visible with the naked eye as millimeter sized surface craters. The surface craters are here denoted spalls and the gear contact served as a case study.The work focused on the asperity point load mechanism for initiation of spalls. It was found that the stresses at asperity level may be large enough to initiate surface cracking, especially if the complete stress cycle was accounted for.The gear contact is often treated as a cylindrical contact. The thesis contains experimental and numerical results connected to rolling contact fatigue of cylindrical contacts. At the outset a stationary cylindrical contact was studied experimentally. The stationary test procedure was used instead of a rolling contact. In this way the number of contact parameters was minimized. The cylindrical contact resulted in four different contact fatigue cracks. The two cracks that appeared first initiated below the contact. The other two cracks developed at the contact surface when the number of load cycles and the contact load increased.The influence of a surface irregularity (asperity) was studied numerically with the Finite Element Method (FEM). Firstly, the stationary contact was modelled and investigated numerically. At the cylindrical contact boundary a single axisymmetric was included. The partially loaded asperity introduced a tensile surface stress, which seen from the asperity centre was radially directed. Secondly, FE simulations were performed where a single axisymmetric asperity was over-rolled by a cylindrical contact. The simulations were performed for pure rolling and rolling with slip. For both situations, tensile forward directed stresses in front of the asperity were found. The presence of slip and a surface traction greatly increased the stresses in front of the asperity. Finally, when rolling started from rest with applied slip, the distance to steady-state rolling was determined for elastic similar cylindrical rollers.
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| 19. |
- Dersjö, Tomas, 1981-
(författare)
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Methods for reliability based design optimization of structural components
- 2012
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Cost and quality are key properties of a product, possibly even the two most important. Onedefinition of quality is fitness for purpose. Load-bearing products, i.e. structural components,loose their fitness for purpose if they fail. Thus, the ability to withstand failure is a fundamentalmeasure of quality for structural components. Reliability based design optimization(RBDO) is an approach for development of structural components which aims to minimizethe cost while constraining the probability of failure. However, the computational effort ofan RBDO applied to large-scale engineering problems has prohibited it from employment inindustrial applications. This thesis presents methods for computationally efficient RBDO.A review of the work presented on RBDO algorithms reveals that three constituentsof an RBDO algorithm has rendered significant attention; i ) the solution strategy for andnumerical treatment of the probabilistic constraints, ii ) the surrogate model, and iii) theexperiment design. A surrogate model is ”a model of a model”, i.e. a computationally cheapapproximation of a physics-based but computationally expensive computer model. It is fittedto responses from the physics-motivated model obtained via a thought-through combinationof experiments called an experiment design.In Paper A, the general algorithm for RBDO employed in this work, including the sequentialapproximation procedure used to treat the probabilistic constraints, is laid out. A singleconstraint approximation point (CAP) is used to save computational effort with acceptablelosses in accuracy. The approach is used to optimize a truck component and incorporatesthe effect that production related design variables like machining and shot peening have onfatigue life.The focus in Paper B is on experiment design. An algorithm employed to construct anovel experiment design for problems with multiple constraints is presented. It is based onan initial screening and uses the specific problem structure to combine one-factor-at-a-timeexperiments to a several-factors-at-a-time experiment design which reduces computationaleffort.In Paper C, a surrogate model tailored for RBDO is introduced. It is motivated by appliedsolid mechanics considerations and the use of the first order reliability method to evaluate theprobabilistic constraint. An optimal CAP is furthermore deduced from the surrogate model.In Paper D, the paradigm to use sets of experiments rather than one experiment at atime is challenged. A new procedure called experiments on demand (EoD) is presented. TheEoD procedure utilizes the core of RBDO to quantify the demand for new experiments andaugments it by a D-optimality criterion for added robustness and numerical stability.
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| 20. |
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