| 11. |
- Niemi, Auli, et al.
(författare)
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Characterizing CO2 residual trapping in-situ by means of single-well push-pull experiments at Heletz, Israel, pilot injection site : experimental procedures and results of the experiments
- 2020
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Ingår i: International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control. - : Elsevier BV. - 1750-5836 .- 1878-0148. ; 101
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Two dedicated field experiments have been carried out at the Heletz, Israel pilot CO2 injection site. The objective has been to quantify the CO2 residual trapping in-situ, based on two distinctly different methods. Both experiments are based on the principle of a combination of hydraulic, thermal and/or tracer tests before and after creating the residually trapped zone of CO2 and using the difference in the responses of these tests to estimate the in-situ residual trapping. In Residual Trapping Experiment I (RTE I), carried out in autumn 2016, the main characterization test before and after the creation of the residually trapped zone were hydraulic withdrawal tests. In this experiment, the residually trapped zone was also created by fluid withdrawal, by first injecting CO2, then withdrawing fluids until CO2 was at residual saturation. The second experiment, Residual Trapping Experiment II (RTE II), was carried out autumn 2017. In this experiment, the residually trapped CO2 zone was created by CO2 injection, followed by the injection of CO2-saturated water, to push away the mobile CO2 and leave the residually trapped CO2 behind. In this test, the main reference test carried out before and after creating the residually trapped zone was injection and recovery of gas partitioning tracer Krypton. This paper presents the experimental procedures and results of these experiments. A hydraulic withdrawal test as a characterization method was robust and gave a clear signal. Given the difficulties in injecting water optimally saturated with CO2, in order not to dissolve the residually trapped CO2 or to create situations with excess mobile gas, withdrawal test may also be a generally preferable hydraulic testing method, in comparison to injection. The limitation of any hydraulic test is that it only gives an averaged value over the test section. At Heletz additional information about CO2 distribution was obtained based on thermal measurements and by monitoring the pressure difference between the two sensors in the bolehole. The latter could be used to estimate the amount of mobile CO2 in the well test section. Tracer experiments with gas partitioning tracers can in principle give more detailed information of CO2 residual distribution in the reservoir than hydraulic tests can, but are also far more complicated to carry out, involving sophisticated and sensitive equipment. In the Heletz case the optimal injection of CO2-saturated water turned out to be difficult to achieve. Creating the zone of residual saturation by means of fluid withdrawal rather than by injecting CO2-saturated water seemed a more robust approach. Monitoring the gas contents in the test interval gave good guidance on the state of the system. Model interpretations of the two experiments to obtain values for CO2 residual saturation are presented in companion papers in this same Special Edition.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Robinson, Adam H., et al.
(författare)
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Multiscale characterisation of chimneys/pipes : Fluid escape structures within sedimentary basins
- 2021
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Ingår i: International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control. - : Elsevier BV. - 1750-5836 .- 1878-0148. ; 106
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Evaluation of seismic reflection data has identified the presence of fluid escape structures cross-cutting overburden stratigraphy within sedimentary basins globally. Seismically-imaged chimneys/pipes are considered to be possible pathways for fluid flow, which may hydraulically connect deeper strata to the seabed. The properties of fluid migration pathways through the overburden must be constrained to enable secure, long-term subsurface carbon dioxide (CO2) storage. We have investigated a site of natural active fluid escape in the North Sea, the Scanner pockmark complex, to determine the physical characteristics of focused fluid conduits, and how they control fluid flow. Here we show that a multi-scale, multi-disciplinary experimental approach is required for complete characterisation of fluid escape structures. Geophysical techniques are necessary to resolve fracture geometry and subsurface structure (e.g., multi-frequency seismics) and physical parameters of sediments (e.g., controlled source electromagnetics) across a wide range of length scales (m to km). At smaller (mm to cm) scales, sediment cores were sampled directly and their physical and chemical properties assessed using laboratory-based methods. Numerical modelling approaches bridge the resolution gap, though their validity is dependent on calibration and constraint from field and laboratory experimental data. Further, time-lapse seismic and acoustic methods capable of resolving temporal changes are key for determining fluid flux. Future optimisation of experiment resource use may be facilitated by the installation of permanent seabed infrastructure, and replacement of manual data processing with automated workflows. This study can be used to inform measurement, monitoring and verification workflows that will assist policymaking, regulation, and best practice for CO2 subsurface storage operations.
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| 14. |
- Roussanaly, Simon, et al.
(författare)
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Towards improved cost evaluation of Carbon Capture and Storage from industry
- 2021
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Ingår i: International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control. - : Elsevier BV. - 1750-5836 .- 1878-0148.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper contributes to the development of improved guidelines for cost evaluation of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) from industrial applications building on previous work in the field. It discusses key challenges and factors that have a large impact on the results of cost evaluations, but are often overlooked or insufficiently addressed. These include cost metrics (especially in the context of industrial plants with multiple output products), energy supply aspects, retrofitting costs, CO2 transport and storage, maturity of the capture technology. Where possible examples are given to demonstrate their quantitative impact and show how costs may vary widely on a case-by-case basis.Recommendations are given to consider different possible heat and power supply strategies, as well as future energy and carbon price scenarios, to better understand cost performances under various framework conditions. Since retrofitting CCS is very relevant for industrial facilities, further considerations are made on how to better account for the key elements that constitute retrofitting costs. Furthermore, instead of using a fixed unit cost for CO2 transport and storage, cost estimates should at least consider the flowrate, transport mode, transport distance and type of storage, to make more realistic cost estimates. Recommendations are also given on factors to consider when assessing the technological maturity level of CCS in various industrial applications, which is important when assessing cost contingencies and cost uncertainties.Lastly, we urge techno-economic analysis practitioners to clearly report all major assumptions and methods, as well as ideally examine the impact of these on their estimates.
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| 15. |
- Ugwu, Ambrose, et al.
(författare)
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Gas switching technology : Economic attractiveness for chemical looping applications and scale up experience to 50 kW(th)
- 2022
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Ingår i: International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control. - : Elsevier BV. - 1750-5836 .- 1878-0148. ; 114
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Gas switching technology (GST) was introduced to facilitate operation and scale-up of pressurized chemical looping-based technologies thus bringing the expected benefits of reducing costs and energy penalty of CO2 capture. GST has so far been applied to generate heat/power, hydrogen, syngas, and oxygen using fossil fuel gas (but also from biomass for negative CO2 emissions) with integrated CO2 capture at minimal energy penalty generating over 50 publication studies demonstrating the technical feasibility of the technology and quantifying the potential energy and cost savings. In contrast to conventional chemical looping, GST inherently avoids solids circulation by alternating oxidizing and reducing conditions into a single fluidized bed reactor with an oxygen carrier, thus removing many of the technical challenges that hinder the scale-up of the technology. GST has successfully been applied and demonstrated for combustion, steam/dry methane reforming, and water splitting, using different oxygen carriers, showing the ease of operation under both atmospheric and pressurized conditions and achieving high products separation efficiency.This paper summarises the different studies completed on the Gas Switching Technology covering experimental demonstration (including the experience from a 50 kW(th) cluster), process modelling and techno-economics, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of the technology and discussing the way forward.
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| 16. |
- van der Spek, M., et al.
(författare)
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Uncertainty analysis in the techno-economic assessment of CO2 capture and storage technologies. Critical review and guidelines for use
- 2020
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Ingår i: International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control. - : Elsevier BV. - 1750-5836 .- 1878-0148. ; 100
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Uncertainty analysis is a key element of sound techno-economic analysis (TEA) of CO2 Capture and Storage (CCS) technologies and systems, and in the communication of TEA results. Many CCS technologies are relatively novel, with only few large-scale projects constructed and in operation to date. Therefore, uncertainties in technology performance and costs are often substantial, making it imperative that they be characterized and reported. Although uncertainty analysis itself is not novel, with some methods already frequently used by the CCS TEA community, a document that provides a comprehensive overview of methods and approaches, as well as guidance on their selection and use, is still lacking. Given its importance, we seek to fill this gap by providing a critical review of uncertainty analysis methods along with guidance on the selection and use of these methods for CCS TEAs, highlighting good practice and examples from the CCS literature. The paper starts by identifying the different audiences for CCS TEAs, the different modelling approaches available for CCS technology performance and cost analysis, and the different roles that uncertainty analysis may play. It then continues to discuss established, as well as emerging, uncertainty analysis methods and addresses how and when each method is best used, as well as common pitfalls. We argue that the most commonly used method of one-parameter-at-a-time ‘local’ sensitivity analysis may often be a suboptimal choice, and that other approaches may be more suitable or lead to more insight, especially since uncertainty analysis software is becoming more widespread and easier to use. Finally, the paper discusses the benefits of advanced uses of uncertainty analysis in, for instance, the design of CCS experiments or in the design and planning of CCS infrastructure. Sound uncertainty analysis has an important role to play in TEAs of CCS technologies and systems, and there are many opportunities to bring the use of uncertainty analysis to a higher level than currently practiced. This review of and guidance on available methods is intended to help accelerate continued methods development and their application to more robust and meaningful CCS performance and costing studies.
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| 17. |
- Beiron, Johanna, 1992, et al.
(författare)
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A techno-economic assessment of CO2 capture in biomass and waste-fired combined heat and power plants – A Swedish case study
- 2022
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Ingår i: International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control. - : Elsevier BV. - 1750-5836. ; 118
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The need to reduce global CO2 emissions is urgent and might be facilitated by carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies. Sweden has a goal to reach net-zero emissions by 2045. Negative emissions and bio-CCS (BECCS) have been proposed as important strategies to reach this target at the lowest cost. The Swedish district heating sector constitutes a large potential for BECCS, with biogenic point sources of CO2 in the form of combined heat and power (CHP) plants that burn biomass residues from the forest industry. This study analyzes the potential of CO2 capture in 110 existing Swedish biomass or waste-fired CHP plants. Process models of CHP steam cycles give the impacts of absorption-based CCS on heat and electricity production, while a district heating system unit commitment model gives the impact on plant operation and the potential for CO2 capture. The results provide a cost for carbon capture and transport to the nearest harbor by truck: up to 19.3 MtCO2/year could be captured at a cost in the range of 45–125 €/tCO2, corresponding to around 40% of the total fossil fuel-based Swedish CO2 emissions. This would be sufficient to meet a proposed target of 3–10 Mt/year of BECCS by 2045.
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| 18. |
- Beiron, Johanna, 1992, et al.
(författare)
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Carbon capture from combined heat and power plants – Impact on the supply and cost of electricity and district heating in cities
- 2023
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Ingår i: International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control. - 1750-5836. ; 129
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The capture and storage of biogenic CO2 emissions from large point sources, such as biomass-combusting combined heat and power (CHP) plants, can contribute to climate change mitigation and provide carbon-negative electricity while supplying district heating in urban areas. This work investigates the impact of retrofitting CO2 capture processes to CHP plants in a city energy system context. An energy system optimization model is applied to a case study of the city Västerås, Sweden, with scenarios involving two existing CHP plants in the city, retrofitted with either a heat-driven (MEA) or an electricity-driven (HPC) carbon capture process. The results show that the CHP plants might be retrofitted with either option without significantly impacting the district heating system operation or the marginal costs of electricity and district heating in the city. The MEA process mainly causes a reduction in district heating output (up to 30% decrease on an annual basis), which can be offset by heat recovery from the capture unit. The electrified HPC process does not impact the CHP plant steam cycle but implies increased import of electricity to the city (up to 44% increase annually) compared to a reference scenario.
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| 19. |
- Eliasson, Åsa, 1993, et al.
(författare)
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Efficient heat integration of industrial CO2 capture and district heating supply
- 2022
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Ingår i: International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control. - : Elsevier BV. - 1750-5836. ; 118
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Excess heat from industrial processes can be used for carbon capture and storage (CCS) as well as providing heat to a district heating network, leading to increased energy efficiency and reduction of on-site and/or off-site CO2 emissions. In this work, both options are assessed with respect to economic performance and potential reduction of CO2 emissions. The work includes a generic study based on five heat load curves for each of which three CO2 capture plant configurations were evaluated. The economic assessment indicates that the specific cost of capture ranges from 47-134 €/t CO2 depending on heat profile and capture plant configuration. Having excess heat available during a long period of the year, or having a high peak amount of heat, were shown to lead to low specific capture costs. The paper also includes results of a case study in which the methodology was applied to actual seasonal variations of excess heat for an integrated steel mill located in northern Sweden. Specific capture costs were estimated to 27-44 €/t CO2, and a 36% reduction of direct plant emissions can be achieved if the CO2 capture plant is prioritized for usage of the available excess heat
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| 20. |
- Karlsson, Hanna K., et al.
(författare)
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Absorption of carbon dioxide in mixtures of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol
- 2020
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control. - : Elsevier BV. - 1750-5836. ; 95
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It has been suggested that non-aqueous solvents containing amines may provide alternatives to aqueous alkanolamine solvents due to the potentially lower energy requirement for the regeneration of the amine. This paper presents experimental data on the solubility of CO2 and heat of absorption in the organic solvent N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and mixtures of 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) in NMP. The solubility of CO2 was found to be very low at temperatures above 70 °C, the temperature at which the AMP/NMP solvent can be regenerated. The solubility of CO2 was higher at lower temperatures, particularly when precipitation of the AMP carbamate occurred. The heat of absorption in the AMP/NMP solvent decreased with increasing temperature, from approximately 90 kJ/mol CO2 at 40 °C and low loadings, to approximately 40 kJ/mol CO2 and 65 kJ/mol CO2, at 88 °C and low loadings, for the 15 wt% and 25 wt% AMP in NMP solvents, respectively. The results obtained complement our previous studies, together providing comprehensive data on the vapor–liquid equilibrium and the heat of absorption of CO2, which can be used to model the system.
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