| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Stigson, H., et al.
(författare)
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Injury risk functions in frontal impacts using data from crash pulse recorders
- 2012
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Ingår i: Annals of Advances in Automotive Medicine; 56th Annual Scientific Conference of the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine; Seattle, WA; United States; 14 October 2012 through 17 October 2012. - 1943-2461. ; 56, s. 267-276
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Knowledge of how crash severity influences injury risk in car crashes is essential in order to create a safe road transport system. Analyses of real-world crashes increase the ability to obtain such knowledge. The aim of this study was to present injury risk functions based on real-world frontal crashes where crash severity was measured with on-board crash pulse recorders. Results from 489 frontal car crashes (26 models of four car makes) with recorded acceleration-time history were analysed. Injury risk functions for restrained front seat occupants were generated for maximum AIS value of two or greater (MAIS2+) using multiple logistic regression. Analytical as well as empirical injury risk was plotted for several crash severity parameters; change of velocity, mean acceleration and peak acceleration. In addition to crash severity, the influence of occupant age and gender was investigated. A strong dependence between injury risk and crash severity was found. The risk curves reflect that small changes in crash severity may have a considerable influence on the risk of injury. Mean acceleration, followed by change of velocity, was found to be the single variable that best explained the risk of being injured (MAIS2+) in a crash. Furthermore, all three crash severity parameters were found to predict injury better than age and gender. However, age was an important factor. The very best model describing MAIS2+ injury risk included delta V supplemented by an interaction term of peak acceleration and age.
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| 13. |
- Sunnevång, Cecilia, et al.
(författare)
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Response of the Worldwide Side Impact Dummy (WorldSID) to Localized Constant-Speed Impacts.
- 2011
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Ingår i: Annals of advances in automotive medicine. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. Scientific Conference. - 1943-2461. ; 55, s. 231-241
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objective of this study was to evaluate WorldSID constant-speed shoulder and thorax impact responses in terms of impact force, external and internal deflection (1D and 2D IR-Tracc response) for two velocities (1 m/s and 3 m/s), at three impact levels (shoulder, upper thorax and mid thorax) in three impact directions (lateral, +15° posterolateral, -15° anteraolateral). In addition, the impact force and external deflection were compared to previously published cadaver data. Each impact condition was repeated twice. A total of 42 tests were performed. The WorldSID's lowest peak impact force and external deflection were found for impact at shoulder level regardless of impact direction. Maximum force and deflection were found for impact at mid thorax. Comparison between WorldSID and PMHS showed similar external chest deflections for impacts at 3 m/s. The peak impact force response with respect to impact level was found to be reversed for the WorldSID compared to the PMHS, for which shoulder impact resulted in the highest peak force. External time history responses for the WorldSID compared to the one PMHS impacted at 1 m/s in lateral impact direction showed a significant difference in both timing and magnitude. External deflections at upper and mid thorax were approximately twice as high as the internal 1D deflection measured by the IR-Tracc. However, taking into account the rotation of the rib, the calculated 2D deflection response at the posterior impact direction was closer to the external deflection, and thus also to the PMHS deflection response at 3 m/s. These findings emphasize the need of 2D deflection measurement.
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| 14. |
- Thomas, Pete, et al.
(författare)
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Identifying the causes of road crashes in Europe
- 2013
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Ingår i: Annals of Advances in Automotive Medicine. - 1943-2461. ; 57, s. 13-22
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This research applies a recently developed model of accident causation, developed to investigate industrial accidents, to a specially gathered sample of 997 crashes investigated in-depth in 6 countries. Based on the work of Hollnagel the model considers a collision to be a consequence of a breakdown in the interaction between road users, vehicles and the organisation of the traffic environment. 54% of road users experienced interpretation errors while 44% made observation errors and 37% planning errors. In contrast to other studies only 11% of drivers were identified as distracted and 8% inattentive. There was remarkably little variation in these errors between the main road user types. The application of the model to future in-depth crash studies offers the opportunity to identify new measures to improve safety and to mitigate the social impact of collisions. Examples given include the potential value of co-driver advisory technologies to reduce observation errors and predictive technologies to avoid conflicting interactions between road users. © Annals of Advances in Automotive Medicine.
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