| 11. |
- Lindahl, Gabriel, et al.
(författare)
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Dietary flaxseed and tamoxifen affect the inflammatory microenvironment in vivo in normal human breast tissue of postmenopausal women
- 2019
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Ingår i: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. - : NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP. - 0954-3007 .- 1476-5640. ; 73:9, s. 1250-1259
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Anti-oestrogens such as tamoxifen, decrease the risk of breast cancer but are unsuitable for prevention because of their side-effects. Diet modifications may be a breast cancer prevention strategy. Here, we investigated if a diet addition of flaxseed, which can be converted to the phytoestrogen enterolactone by the gut microbiota, exhibited similar effects as tamoxifen on normal human breast tissue in vivo, with special emphasis on inflammatory mediators implicated in cancer progression. Subjects A total of 28 postmenopausal women were included. Thirteen women added 25 g of ground flaxseed per day and 15 were treated with tamoxifen as an adjuvant for early breast cancer for 6 weeks. Microdialysis of normal breast tissue and, as a control, in subcutaneous abdominal fat was performed for sampling of extracellular proteins in vivo before and after exposures. Results Enterolactone levels increased significantly after flaxseed. IL-1Ra and IL-1Ra/IL-1 beta ratio in the breast increased in a similar fashion after the two different treatments. Flaxseed also increased breast specific levels of IL-1RT2, IL-18 and sST2 and an overall increase of MMP-9. These changes correlated significantly with enterolactone levels. Tamoxifen decreased breast tissue levels of IL-8 and IL-18. None of the treatments induced any changes of IL-1 beta, IL-1RT1, IL-18BP, IL-33, IL-6, IL-6RA, MMP-1, MMP-2 and MMP-3. Conclusions We conclude that dietary flaxseed and tamoxifen exert both similar and different effects, as listed above, on normal breast tissue in vivo and that a relatively modest diet change can induce significant effects on the breast microenvironment.
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| 12. |
- Lindahl, Gabriel, et al.
(författare)
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Tamoxifen, Flaxseed, and the Lignan Enterolactone Increase Stroma- and Cancer Cell-Derived IL-1Ra and Decrease Tumor Angiogenesis in Estrogen-Dependent Breast Cancer
- 2011
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Ingår i: CANCER RESEARCH. - : American Association for Cancer Research. - 0008-5472. ; 71:1, s. 51-60
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The proinflammatory cytokines IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta promote tumor angiogenesis that might be counteracted by the IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), anakinra, a clinically approved agent. A diet with high amounts of phytoestrogens, such as flaxseed (Flax), genistein (GEN), and the mammalian lignan enterolactone (ENL), may affect breast cancer progression in a similar fashion as the antiestrogen tamoxifen. Both cancer cells and tumor stroma may be targets for cancer therapy. By using microdialysis in a model of human breast cancers in nude mice, we could perform species-specific analyses of released proteins in the microenvironment. We show that tumors treated with tamoxifen and fed Flax or ENL exhibited decreased in vivo release of IL-1 beta derived from the murine stroma and decreased microvessel density whereas dietary GEN had no effects. Cancer cell-released IL-1Ra were approximately 5 times higher than stroma-derived IL-1Ra. Tamoxifen, Flax, and ENL increased IL-1Ra levels significantly whereas GEN did not. The tumor stroma contained macrophages, which expressed the estrogen receptor. In vitro, estradiol decreased IL-1Ra released from breast cancer cells and from cultured macrophages. IL-1Ra decreased endothelial cell proliferation significantly in vitro whereas breast cancer cell proliferation was unaffected in presence of estradiol. Finally, IL-1Ra therapy of tumor-bearing mice opposed estrogen-dependent breast cancer growth and decreased angiogenesis. We conclude that the release of IL-1s both by cancer cells and the stroma, where macrophages are a key component, may offer feasible targets for antiestrogen therapy and dietary interventions against breast cancer.
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| 13. |
- Lindahl, Gabriel, et al.
(författare)
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Zebrafish tumour xenograft models: a prognostic approach to epithelial ovarian cancer
- 2024
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Ingår i: npj Precision Oncology. - : NATURE PORTFOLIO. - 2397-768X. ; 8:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the gynaecological malignancy with highest mortality. Although adjuvant treatment with carboplatin and paclitaxel leads to an objective response in similar to 80% of these patients, a majority will relapse within two years. Better methods for assessing long-term treatment outcomes are needed. To address this, we established safe and efficacious doses of carboplatin and paclitaxel using IGROV-1 zebrafish-CDX models. Then fluorescently-labelled cell suspensions from 83 tumour biopsies collected at exploratory laparotomy of women with suspected EOC were generated and 37 (45%) were successfully implanted in zebrafish larvae. Among these 19 of 27 pathology-confirmed EOC samples (70%) engrafted. These zebrafish patient-derived tumour xenograft (ZTX) models were treated with carboplatin or paclitaxel and tumour growth/regression and metastatic dissemination were recorded. In a subgroup of nine patients, four ZTX models regressed during carboplatin treatment. All four corresponding patients had > 24 months PFS. Furthermore, both ZTX models established from two patients having < 24 months PFS failed to regress during carboplatin treatment. Seven of eight models seeding < 6 metastatic cells were established from patients having > 24 months PFS. In eleven of fourteen patients, FIGO stage I + II or III tumours gave rise to ZTX models seeding < 4 or > 4 metastatic cells, respectively. In conclusion, ZTX models predicted patients having > 24 or < 24 months PFS, based on response/no response to carboplatin. Furthermore, high metastatic dissemination in ZTX models correlated to shorter PFS and more advanced disease at diagnosis. These preliminary results suggest that ZTX models could become a useful prognostic tool in EOC treatment planning.
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| 14. |
- Lundberg, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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Low-dose acetylsalicylic acid reduces local inflammation and tissue perfusion in dense breast tissue in postmenopausal women
- 2024
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Ingår i: Breast Cancer Research. - : BMC. - 1465-5411 .- 1465-542X. ; 26:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose One major risk factor for breast cancer is high mammographic density. It has been estimated that dense breast tissue contributes to similar to 30% of all breast cancer. Prevention targeting dense breast tissue has the potential to improve breast cancer mortality and morbidity. Anti-estrogens, which may be associated with severe side-effects, can be used for prevention of breast cancer in women with high risk of the disease per se. However, no preventive therapy targeting dense breasts is currently available. Inflammation is a hallmark of cancer. Although the biological mechanisms involved in the increased risk of cancer in dense breasts is not yet fully understood, high mammographic density has been associated with increased inflammation. We investigated whether low-dose acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) affects local breast tissue inflammation and/or structural and dynamic changes in dense breasts. Methods Postmenopausal women with mammographic dense breasts on their regular mammography screen were identified. A total of 53 women were randomized to receive ASA 160 mg/day or no treatment for 6 months. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed before and after 6 months for a sophisticated and continuous measure breast density by calculating lean tissue fraction (LTF). Additionally, dynamic quantifications including tissue perfusion were performed. Microdialysis for sampling of proteins in vivo from breasts and abdominal subcutaneous fat, as a measure of systemic effects, before and after 6 months were performed. A panel of 92 inflammatory proteins were quantified in the microdialysates using proximity extension assay. Results After correction for false discovery rate, 20 of the 92 inflammatory proteins were significantly decreased in breast tissue after ASA treatment, whereas no systemic effects were detected. In the no-treatment group, protein levels were unaffected. Breast density, measured by LTF on MRI, were unaffected in both groups. ASA significantly decreased the perfusion rate. The perfusion rate correlated positively with local breast tissue concentration of VEGF. Conclusions ASA may shape the local breast tissue microenvironment into an anti-tumorigenic state. Trials investigating the effects of low-dose ASA and risk of primary breast cancer among postmenopausal women with maintained high mammographic density are warranted.hic density are warranted.
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| 15. |
- Mishra, Ameet K., et al.
(författare)
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Fulvestrant inhibits growth of triple negative breast cancer and synergizes with tamoxifen in ER alpha positive breast cancer by up-regulation of ER beta
- 2016
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Ingår i: Oncotarget. - : IMPACT JOURNALS LLC. - 1949-2553. ; 7:35, s. 56876-56888
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The estrogen receptor-alpha (ER alpha) is used as a predictive marker for antiestrogen therapy in breast cancer patients. In addition to aromatase inhibitors, ER alpha can be targeted at the receptor level using the receptor modulator tamoxifen or by the pure anti-estrogen fulvestrant. The role of the second ER, ER-beta (ER beta), as a therapeutic target or prognostic marker in breast cancer is still elusive. Hitherto, it is not known if ER alpha+/ER beta+ breast cancers would benefit from a treatment strategy combining tamoxifen and fulvestrant or if fulvestrant exert any therapeutic effects in ER alpha-/ER beta+ breast cancer. Here, we report that fulvestrant up-regulated ER beta in ER alpha+/ER beta+ breast cancer and in triple negative ER beta+ breast cancers (ER alpha-/ER beta+). In ER alpha+/ER beta+ breast cancer, a combination therapy of tamoxifen and fulvestrant significantly reduced tumor growth compared to either treatment alone both in vivo and in vitro. In ER alpha-/ER beta+ breast cancer fulvestrant had potent effects on cancer growth, in vivo as well as in vitro, and this effect was dependent on intrinsically expressed levels of ER beta. The role of ER beta was further confirmed in cells where ER beta was knocked-in or knocked-down. Inhibition of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) increased the levels of ER beta and fulvestrant exerted similar potency on DNMT activity as the DNMT inhibitor decitabine. We conclude that fulvestrant may have therapeutic potential in additional groups of breast cancer patients; i) in ER alpha+/ER beta+ breast cancer where fulvestrant synergizes with tamoxifen and ii) in triple negative/ER beta+ breast cancer patients, a subgroup of breast cancer patients with poor prognosis.
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| 16. |
- Morad, Vivian, et al.
(författare)
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Adipokines and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Normal Human Breast Tissue in Vivo - Correlations and Attenuation by Dietary Flaxseed
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia. - : SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS. - 1083-3021 .- 1573-7039. ; 21:1-2, s. 69-76
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Exposure to sex steroids increases the risk of breast cancer but the exact mechanisms are yet to be elucidated. Events in the microenvironment are important for carcinogenesis. Diet containing phytoestrogens can affect the breast microenvironment and alter the risk of breast cancer. It has previously been shown that estrogen regulates extracellular levels of leptin, adiponectin, and VEGF in normal breast tissue in vivo. Whether these proteins correlate in breast tissue in vivo or if diet addition of flaxseed, a major source of phytoestrogens in Western diets, alters adipokine levels in breast tissue are unknown. We used microdialysis to sample proteins of normal human breast tissue and abdominal subcutaneous fat in situ in 34 pre-and postmenopausal women. In vitro, co-culture of breast cancer cells and primary human adipocytes was used. In vivo, in normal breast tissue, a significant positive correlation between VEGF and leptin was detected. No correlations were found in fat tissue. Co-culture of adipocytes and breast cancer cells per se increased the secretion of VEGF and leptin and enhanced the effects of estradiol compared to culture of either cell type alone. In vitro, inhibition of VEGF diminished the release of leptin while inhibition of leptin had no influence on VEGF secretion. The levels of leptin decreased and adiponectin increased after a dietary addition of 25 g of flaxseed/day for one menstrual cycle. We conclude that VEGF and leptin correlate significantly in normal human breast tissue in vivo and that dietary addition of flaxseed affect adipokine levels in the breast.
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| 17. |
- Morad, Vivian, et al.
(författare)
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Correlation between vascular endothelial growth factor and leptin in normal human breast tissue in vivo
- 2015
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Introduction: Events in the microenvironment are important for carcinogenesis of the breast. Adipocytes, which produce adipokines with paracrine effects, are the most abundant cell type in breast tissue. Exposure to sex steroids affects the risk of breast cancer. It has previously been shown that estrogen regulates the extracellular levels of leptin, adiponectin, IL-1β, and VEGF in normal human breast tissue in vivo.Objective: We aimed to determine if there were any relationships between leptin, adiponectin, IL-1β, and/or VEGF in normal human breast tissue in vivo and to elucidate the role of adipocytes in the regulation of these factors.Design and methods: Microdialysis was used to sample proteins of normal human breast tissue and abdominal subcutaneous (s.c.) fat in situ in pre-and postmenopausal women. An in vitro co-culture model of breast cancer cells and primary mature human adipocytes was used.Results: In vivo, in normal breast tissue, significant positive correlations between VEGF and leptin, and VEGF and leptin/adiponectin ratio were detected. No correlations were found in s.c. abdominal fat tissue. Co-culture of adipocytes and breast cancer cells per se increased the secretion of VEGF and leptin and enhanced the effects of estradiol compared to culture of either cell type alone. In vitro, inhibition of VEGF diminished the release of leptin while inhibition of leptin had no influence on VEGF secretion. In breast tissue, significant correlations between IL-1β and leptin and VEGF were revealed.Conclusions: Our results suggest that VEGF regulates leptin in normal human breast tissue. Moreover, physical contact between adipocytes and breast cancer cells, induces phenotypic changes and enhances the effects of estradiol. These mechanisms may be involved in breast cancer progression.
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| 18. |
- Morad, Vivian, et al.
(författare)
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Estradiol Affects Extracellular Leptin: Adiponectin Ratio in Human Breast Tissue in Vivo
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. - : Endocrine Society. - 0021-972X .- 1945-7197. ; 99:9, s. 3460-3467
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Context: Exposure to sex steroids is associated with increased breast cancer risk, and adipokines, leptin and adiponectin have been implicated in cancer progression. However, it is not known whether sex steroids affect adipokine secretion in breast tissue. Objective: To elucidate the role of estrogen and tamoxifen on adipokine release in normal human breast tissue and breast cancer. Setting and Design: Microdialysis sampling was used to collect extracellular in vivo leptin and adiponectin from normal human breast tissue in premenopausal healthy volunteers during the menstrual cycle and in postmenopausal women before tamoxifen treatment and after 6 weeks of treatment. In women with breast cancer, microdialysis was performed intratumorally before surgery. In addition, whole normal breast tissue biopsies were cultured ex vivo, and murine breast cancer models were evaluated. Results: In normal breast tissue, plasma estradiol negatively correlated with local extracellular adiponectin levels (r = -0.34; P less than .05) and positively correlated with leptin (r = 0.37; P less than .05) and leptin: adiponectin ratio (r = 0.38; P less than .05). In postmenopausal women, tamoxifen treatment increased adiponectin (P less than 0.05) and decreased leptin (P less than .01) and the leptin: adiponectin ratio (P less than .01). These in vivo results were confirmed in breast tissue biopsies cultured ex vivo. In patients with breast cancer, extracellular leptin was higher (P less than .01) and adiponectin lower (P less than .05) in tumors than in normal adjacent breast tissue. In a murine model of breast cancer, estrogen exposure increased leptin secretion (P less than .05). Conclusions: Estrogen exposure may have a critical role in the regulation of adipokines in human breast tissue and may serve as therapeutic targets for treatment and prevention.
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| 19. |
- Nilsson, Ulrika, et al.
(författare)
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Angiogenin Regulation by Estradiol in Breast Tissue: Tamoxifen Inhibits Angiogenin Nuclear Translocation and Antiangiogenin Therapy Reduces Breast Cancer Growth In vivo
- 2010
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Ingår i: Clinical Cancer Research. - : American Association for Cancer Research, Inc.. - 1078-0432 .- 1557-3265. ; 16:14, s. 3659-3669
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: Angiogenin, a 14.2-kDa polypeptide member of the RNase A superfamily, has potent angiogenic effects. Nuclear accumulation of angiogenin is essential for its angiogenic activity. Increased angiogenin expression has been associated with the transition of normal breast tissue into invasive breast carcinoma. In this article, we investigated whether estradiol (E-2) affected angiogenin in breast tissue. Experimental Design: We used microdialysis for sampling of extracellular angiogenin in vivo. In vitro cultures of whole normal breast tissue, breast cancer cells, and endothelial cells were used. Results: We show that extracellular angiogenin correlated significantly with E-2 in normal human breast tissue in vivo and that exposure of normal breast tissue biopsies to E-2 stimulated angiogenin secretion. In breast cancer patients, the in vivo angiogenin levels were significantly higher in tumors compared with the adjacent normal breast tissue. In estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cells, E-2 increased and tamoxifen decreased angiogenin secretion. Moreover, E-2-induced angiogenin derived from cancer cells significantly increased endothelial cell proliferation. Tamoxifen reversed this increase as well as inhibited nuclear translocation of angiogenin. In vivo, in experimental breast cancer, tamoxifen decreased angiogenin levels and decreased angiogenesis. Additionally, treating tumor-bearing mice with an antiangiogenin antibody resulted in tumor stasis, suggesting a role for angiogenin in estrogen-dependent breast cancer growth. Conclusion: Our results suggest previously unknown mechanisms by which estrogen and antiestrogen regulate angiogenesis in normal human breast tissue and breast cancer. This may be important for estrogen-driven breast cancer progression and a molecular target for therapeutic interventions.
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| 20. |
- Nilsson, Ulrika, et al.
(författare)
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Tamoxifen and Flaxseed Alter Angiogenesis Regulators in Normal Human Breast Tissue In Vivo
- 2011
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science. - 1932-6203. ; 6:9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The incidence of breast cancer is increasing in the Western world and there is an urgent need for studies of the mechanisms of sex steroids in order to develop novel preventive strategies. Diet modifications may be among the means for breast cancer prevention. Angiogenesis, key in tumor progression, is regulated by the balance between pro-and anti-angiogenic factors, which are controlled in the extracellular space. Sampling of these molecules at their bioactive compartment is therefore needed. The aims of this study were to explore if tamoxifen, one of the most used anti-estrogen treatments for breast cancer affected some of the most important endogenous angiogenesis regulators, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), angiogenin, and endostatin in normal breast tissue in vivo and if a diet supplementation with flaxseed had similar effects as tamoxifen in the breast. Microdialysis was used for in situ sampling of extracellular proteins in normal breast tissue of women before and after six weeks of tamoxifen treatment or before and after addition of 25 g/day of ground flaxseed to the diet or in control women. We show significant correlations between estradiol and levels of VEGF, angiogenin, and endostatin in vivo, which was verified in ex vivo breast tissue culture. Moreover, tamoxifen decreased the levels of VEGF and angiogenin in the breast whereas endostatin increased significantly. Flaxseed did not alter VEGF or angiogenin levels but similar to tamoxifen the levels of endostatin increased significantly. We conclude that one of the mechanisms of tamoxifen in normal breast tissue include tipping of the angiogenic balance into an anti-angiogenic state and that flaxseed has limited effects on the pro-angiogenic factors whereas the anti-angiogenic endostatin may be modified by diet. Further studies of diet modifications for breast cancer prevention are warranted.
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