| 11. |
- Berg, Jan O., 1937-
(författare)
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På spaning efter en svensk modell : Idéer och vägval i arbetsgivarpolitiken 1897-1909
- 2011
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The period saw the founding of the first Swedish employers´ associations as a reaction to the preceding decades´ growth of industrial trade unions. Conflicting ideas fought about supremacy. Not only was the fight carried out across the social dividing line separating workers from the bourgeoisie, but also between groups on either side: hawks versus doves among employers; revolutionaries versus reformers among workers. The study uses an actor perspective, comparing three leading industrialists in their particular roles as employers. It analyzes the development of ideas over the period studied, using minutes from meetings, company memos, letters, speeches and newspapers as primary sources. In addition, it is action-orientated and analyzes major labour conflicts that were fought and agreements that were reached. It applies a split vision, taking into regard the contemporary views and actions of the labour unions. Its perspective moves between the individual, the company and the organizational levels, with the primary aim to see what changes in the traditional patriarchal employer policies that were considered and to what extent such changes were realized. A major result is the evidence of the irreconcilable views on the subject of strike breakers/loyal workers -- two conflicting terms for one phenomenon that indicate a gap between two different sets of values. Differing views among employers on how to relate to this gap caused frictions in the years 1906-09. The outcome of the general strike in 1909 ended in a harsh employer organizations policy for more than the two following decades. It was replaced by the mutual spirit, later known as the Swedish Model, materialized in the Saltsjöbaden general agreements of 1938.
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| 12. |
- Berg, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Förbränning av utsorterade avfallsfraktioner
- 2005
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Projektet har visat på möjligheter och problem vid förbränning av utsorterade avfallsfraktioner bestående av papper, trä och plast i fluidbädd. Denna typ av bränslen kan antingen samförbrännas eller användas som enda bränsle i en avfallspanna. I båda fallen bör gällande gränsvärden för emissioner till luft kunna klaras men man får däremot räkna med ökade drift- och underhållskostnader, främst beroende på ökade problem med påslag och korrosion. Dessa problem är starkt kopplade till bränslets innehåll av oönskade ämnen såsom klor, alkali och vissa andra metaller. Innehållet av dessa ämnen varierar kraftigt mellan olika bränslefraktioner och därmed blir omfattningen av problemen beroende både av inblandningsgrad och av bränslets ursprung. Projektet har även visat att mängden påslag kan minskas genom tillsats av svaveladditiv samtidigt som den kemiska samansättningen i påslagen förändras på ett sådant sätt att även risken för korrosion bör minska.
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| 13. |
- Broström, Markus, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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Sulfation of corrosive alkali chlorides by ammonium sulfate in a biomass fired CFB boiler
- 2007
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Ingår i: Fuel processing technology. - Amsterdam : Elsevier Bv. - 0378-3820 .- 1873-7188. ; 88:11-12, s. 1171-1177
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Biomass and waste derived fuels contain relatively high amounts of alkali and chlorine, but contain very little sulfur. Combustion of such fuels can result in increased deposit formation and superheater corrosion. These problems can be reduced by using a sulfur containing additive, such as ammonium sulfate, which reacts with the alkali chlorides and forms less corrosive sulfates. Ammonium sulfate injection together with a so-called in situ alkali chloride monitor (IACM) is patented and known as "ChlorOut". IACM measures the concentrations of alkali chlorides (mainly KCl in biomass combustion) at superheater temperatures. Tests with and without spraying ammonium sulfate into the flue gases have been performed in a 96MW(th)/25MW(e) circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler. The boiler was fired mainly with bark and a chlorine containing waste. KCl concentration was reduced from more than 15 ppm to approximately 2 ppm. during injection of ammonium sulfate. Corrosion probe measurements indicated that both deposit formation and material loss due to corrosion were decreased using the additive. Analysis of the deposits showed significantly higher concentration of sulfur and almost no chlorine in the case with ammonium sulfate. Results from impactor measurements supported that KCl was sulfated to potassium sulfate by the additive. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Emilsson, Össur Ingi, et al.
(författare)
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Definition of nocturnal gastroesophageal reflux for studies on respiratory diseases
- 2016
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0036-5521 .- 1502-7708. ; 51:5, s. 524-530
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective Nocturnal gastroesophageal reflux (nGER) has been associated with respiratory diseases. Our aim was to study a questionnaire method to identify nGER subjects with respiratory involvement in a general population. Material and methods A subgroup of Icelandic participants in the European Community Respiratory Health Survey III (ECRHS III) reporting symptoms of nGER (n =48) as well as age and gender paired controls (n =42) were studied further by a structured interview, questionnaires, laryngeal fibrescopy, and exhaled breath condensate. A subgroup underwent 24-h oesophageal pH impedance (24-h MII-pH) measurements. Symptoms of nGER were assessed with a modified version of the reflux disease questionnaire (RDQ), where symptoms were divided into daytime and nocturnal. A report of nGER both at baseline and at follow-up was defined as persistent nGER. Results Participants reporting persistent nGER had significantly more signs of laryngopharyngeal reflux according to the reflux finding score than those without nGER (Mean +/- SD: 5.1 +/- 2.3 vs. 3.9 +/- 2.2, p =0.02). Of the 16 persistent nGER subjects that underwent 24-h MII-pH, 11 had abnormal gastroesophageal reflux, but none of three control subjects (69% vs. 0%). Pepsin was more commonly found in exhaled breath condensate in the nGER group (67% vs. 45%, p =0.04). Conclusions Participants with nGER symptoms at least once a month, reported on two occasions, had a high level of positive 24-h MII-pH measurements, laryngeal inflammation and pepsin in exhaled breath condensate. This nGER definition identified a representable group for studies on nGER and respiratory diseases in a general population.
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| 18. |
- Forsberg, Christer, et al.
(författare)
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Principle, calibration, and application of the in situ alkali chloride monitor
- 2009
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Ingår i: Review of Scientific Instruments. - : American Institute of Physics. - 0034-6748 .- 1089-7623. ; 80:2, s. 023104-1-023104-4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The extended use of biomass for heat and power production has caused increased operational problems with fouling and high-temperature corrosion in boilers. These problems are mainly related to the presence of alkali chlorides (KCl and NaCl) at high concentrations in the flue gas. The In-Situ Alkali Chloride Monitor (IACM) was developed by Vattenfall Research and Development AB for measuring the alkali chloride concentration in hot flue gases (>650 oC). The measurement technique is based on molecular differential absorption spectroscopy in the UV range. Simultaneous measurement of SO2 concentration is also possible. The measuring range is 1-50 ppm for the sum of KCl and NaCl concentrations, and 4-750 ppm for SO2. This paper describes the principle of the IACM as well as its calibration. Furthermore, an example of its application in an industrial boiler is given.
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| 19. |
- Hedlund, Christer, 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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A Method for the Determination of the Angular Dependence during Dry Etching
- 1996
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Ingår i: Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B. - : American Vacuum Society. - 1071-1023 .- 1520-8567. ; 14:5, s. 3239-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Process simulation is going to play an ever increasing role in the development, process optimization, and production of integrated circuit devices, yielding shorter development times and reduced costs as compared to traditional development methods. One of the most notorious problems one faces in topography simulations in particular is the determination of the erosion/growth rates of materials exposed to a variety of complex physicochemical processes. The latter evolve continually to satisfy the needs of the ever advancing microelectronic industry, while our understanding about these processes is often incomplete and insufficient for their description. Existing theoreticalmodels, which are often semiempirical, include a set of fitting parameters which are generally unknown and their determination in most cases involves guesswork. Another much more pragmatical approach to the problem is to measure these etch/growth rates directly in situ in the production equipment and feed the data into a topography simulator. In this article we present a simple and general method for measuring the angular dependence of the etch rate of a variety of materials using specially patterned silicon wafers. With anisotropic wet etching of silicon wafers it is possible to create structures defined by specific crystallographic planes, thus producing a variety of planar orientations on one and the same wafer. The structures can be oxidized and coated with the material of interest and processed under standard operating conditions. The method will be presented together with angular dependence data from typical dry etching processes. The results will be used as an input to the topographysimulation program DINESE.
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