| 11. |
- Bornefalk, hans, et al.
(författare)
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Contrast-enhanced dual-energy mammography using a scanned multi-slit system : valuation of a differential beam filtering technique
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of Electronic Imaging (JEI). - : SPIE-Intl Soc Optical Eng. - 1017-9909 .- 1560-229X. ; 16:2, s. 023006-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper describes a method for single-exposure, contrast-enhanced dual-energy imaging of tumors utilizing a scanned multislit system for digital mammography. This photon-counting system employs an array of silicon strip detectors mounted in an edge-on geometry. The line detectors and pre- and post-collimator slits are carefully aligned, and the multislit setup allows differential filtering of the x-ray beam in the pre-collimator slits. A high-energy image is constructed from those lines where the filter material has been chosen to harden the x-ray beam and the low-energy image from the lines with a filter producing softer beams. Both images are obtained in the same scan, eliminating the need to change tube voltages and anode materials and minimizing the risk of motion artifacts. The method is illustrated on a purpose-built phantom, and logarithmic subtraction of the images produces images essentially free of anatomical clutter with the contrast-enhanced targets clearly visible.
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| 12. |
- Bornefalk, Hans, et al.
(författare)
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Design considerations to overcome cross talk in a photon counting silicon strip detector for computed tomography
- 2010
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Ingår i: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A. - : Elsevier BV. - 0168-9002 .- 1872-9576. ; 621:1-3, s. 371-378
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article presents a Monte Carlo simulation of the detector energy response in the presence of pileup in a segmented silicon microstrip detector designed for high flux spectral computed tomography with sub-millimeter pixel size. Currents induced on the collection electrode of a pixel segment are explicitly modeled and signals emanating from events in neighboring pixels are superimposed together with electronic noise before the entire pulse train is processed by a model of the readout electronics to obtain the detector energy response function. The article shows how the lower threshold and the time constant of the electronic filters need to be set in order to minimize the detrimental influence of cross talk from neighboring pixel segments, an issue that is aggravated by the sub-millimeter pixel size and the proposed segmented detector design. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 13. |
- Bornefalk, Hans, et al.
(författare)
-
Dual-energy imaging using a digital scanned multi-slit system for mammography : evaluation of a differential beam filtering technique - art. no. 61422O
- 2006
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Ingår i: Medical Imaging 2006: Physics of Medical Imaging, Pts 1-3. - BELLINGHAM, WA : SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING. - 0819461857 ; , s. O1422-O1422
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper describes a method for single exposure contrast-enhanced dual-energy imaging of tumors utilizing a scanned multi-slit system for digital mammography. This photon counting system employs an array of silicon strip detectors in an edge-on geometry. In the multi-slit setup, the line detectors and pre-collimator slits are aligned orthogonal to the scan direction. This geometry is advantageous to dual-energy imaging, since it allows differential filtering of the x-ray beam in the pre-collimator slits. A high-energy image is constructed from those lines where the filter material has been chosen to harden the x-ray beam and the low-energy image from the lines with a filter producing softer beams. Both images are obtained in the same scan, eliminating the need to change tube voltages and anode materials and minimizing the risk of motion artifacts. The method is illustrated on a purpose-built phantom and logarithmic subtraction of the images produces images essentially free of anatomical clutter with the contrast-enhanced targets clearly visible.
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| 14. |
- Bornefalk, Hans, et al.
(författare)
-
Dual-energy imaging using a photon counting detector with electronic spectrum-splitting - art. no. 61421H
- 2006
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Ingår i: Medical Imaging 2006: Physics of Medical Imaging, Pts 1-3. - : SPIE. - 9780819461858 ; , s. H1421-H1421
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents a dual-energy imaging technique optimized for contrast-enhanced mammography using a photon counting detector. Each photon pulse is processed separately in the detector and the addition of an electronic threshold near the middle of the energy range of the x-ray spectrum allows discrimination of high and low energy photons. This effectively makes the detector energy sensitive, and allows the acquisition of high- and low-energy images simultaneously. These high- and low-energy images can be combined to dual-energy images where the anatomical clutter has been suppressed. By setting the electronic threshold close to 33.2 keV (the k-edge of iodine) the system is optimized for dual-energy contrast-enhanced imaging of breast tumors. Compared to other approaches, this method not only eliminates the need for separate exposures that might lead to motion artifacts, it also eliminates the otherwise deteriorating overlap between high- and low-energy spectra. We present phantom dual-energy images acquired on a prototype system to illustrate that the technique is already operational, albeit in its infancy. We also present a theoretical estimation of the potential gain in tumor signal-difference-to-noise ratio when using this electronic spectrum-splitting method as opposed to acquiring the high- and low-energy images separately with double exposures with separate x-ray spectra. Assuming ideal energy sensitive photon counting detectors, we arrive at the conclusion that the signal-difference-to-noise ratio could be increased by 145% at constant dose. We also illustrate our results on synthetic images.
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| 15. |
- Bornefalk, Hans, et al.
(författare)
-
Effect of Temperature Variation on the Energy Response of a Photon Counting Silicon CT Detector
- 2013
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Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 0018-9499 .- 1558-1578. ; 60:2, s. 1442-1449
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effect of temperature variation on pulse height determination accuracy is determined for a photon counting multibin silicon detector developed for spectral CT. Theoretical predictions of the temperature coefficient of the gain and offset are similar to values derived from synchrotron radiation measurements in a temperature controlled environment. By means of statistical modeling, we conclude that temperature changes affect all channels equally and with separate effects on gain and threshold offset. The combined effect of a 1 degrees C temperature increase is to decrease the detected energy by 0.1 keV for events depositing 30 keV. For the electronic noise, no statistically significant temperature effect was discernible in the data set, although theory predicts a weak dependence. The method is applicable to all x-ray detectors operating in pulse mode.
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| 16. |
- Bornefalk, Hans, et al.
(författare)
-
Enhanced spectral x-ray imaging
- 2021
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Patent (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- An x-ray imaging apparatus includes an x-ray source and detector with multiple detector elements. The source and detector are on a support that rotates around a subject, enabling projections at different view angles. The apparatus operates the x-ray source in switched kVp mode for alternately applying different voltages, including lower and higher voltages, during rotation to enable lower-energy and higher-energy exposures over the projections, providing for lower-energy projections and higher-energy projections. The x-ray detector is a photon-counting multi-bin detector allocating photon counts to multiple energy bins, and the apparatus selects counts from at least a subset of the bins to provide corresponding photon count information for both lower- and higher-energy projections. The apparatus performs material basis decomposition for some of the lower-energy projections and higher-energy projections and/or for some combinations of at least one lower-energy projection and at least one higher-energy projection, based on the corresponding photon count information.
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| 17. |
- Bornefalk, Hans
(författare)
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Estimation and Comparison of CAD System Performance in Clinical Settings
- 2005
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Ingår i: Academic Radiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1076-6332 .- 1878-4046. ; 12:6, s. 687-694
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Rationale and Objectives. Computer-aided detection (CAD) systems are frequently compared using free-response receiver operating characteristic (FROC) curves. While there are ample statistical methods for comparing FROC curves, when one is interested in comparing the outcomes of 2 CAD systems applied in a typical clinical setting, there is the additional matter of correctly determining the system operating point. This article shows how the effect of the sampling error on determining the correct CAD operating point can be captured. By incorporating this uncertainty, a method is presented that allows estimation of the probability with which a particular CAD system performs better than another on unseen data in a clinical setting. Materials and Methods. The distribution of possible clinical outcomes from 2 artificial CAD systems with different FROC curves is examined. The sampling error is captured by the distribution of possible system thresholds of the classifying machine that yields a specified sensitivity. After introducing a measure of superiority, the probability of one system being superior to the other can be determined. Results. It is shown that for 2 typical mammography CAD systems, each trained on independent representative datasets of 100 cases, the FROC curves must be separated by 0.20 false positives per image in order to conclude that there is a 90% probability that one is better than the other in a clinical setting. Also, there is no apparent gain in increasing the size of the training set beyond 100 cases. Discussion. CAD systems for mammography are modeled for illustrative purposes, but the method presented is applicable to any computer-aided detection system evaluated with FROC curves. The presented method is designed to construct confidence intervals around possible clinical outcomes and to assess the importance of training set size and separation between FROC curves of systems trained on different datasets.
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| 18. |
- Bornefalk, Hans, et al.
(författare)
-
Image quality in photon counting-mode detector systems
- 2013
-
Patent (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- The current invention applies to photon counting silicon x-ray detectors with energy discriminating capabilities and applications in x-ray imaging systems. The overall image quality produced by such a system is improved by the presented novel methods for optimally using the energy information in Compton events and making selective use of counts induced from charges collected in neighboring pixels. The pile-up problem during high-flux imaging regimes is reduced by a novel method for signal reset, which improves the count efficiency by reducing the risk of losing event due to signal pile-up in the read out electronics chain.
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| 19. |
- Bornefalk, Hans
(författare)
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Implications of unchanged detection criteria with CAD as second reader of mammograms
- 2006
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Ingår i: Medical physics (Lancaster). - : Wiley. - 0094-2405. ; 33:4, s. 922-929
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper we address the use of computer-aided detection (CAD) systems as second readers in mammography. The approach is based on Bayesian decision theory and its implication for the choice of optimal operating points. The choice of a certain operating point along an ROC curve corresponds to a particular tradeoff between false positives and missed cancers. By minimizing a total risk function given this tradeoff, we determine optimal decision thresholds for the radiologist and CAD system when CAD is used as a second reader. We show that under very general circumstances, the performance of the sequential system is improved if the decision threshold of the latent human decision variable is increased compared to what it would have been in the absence of the CAD system. This means that an initial stricter decision criterion should be applied by the radiologist when CAD is used as a second reader than otherwise. First and foremost, the results in this paper should be interpreted qualitatively, but an attempt is made at quantifying the effect by tuning the model to a prospective study evaluating the use of CAD as a second reader. By making some necessary and plausible assumptions, we are able to estimate the effect of the resulting suboptimal operating point. In this study of 12 860 women, we estimate that a 15% reduction in callbacks for masses could have been achieved with only about a 1.5% relative decrease in sensitivity compared to that without using a stricter initial criterion by the radiologist. For microcalcifications the corresponding values are 7% and 0.2%. (c) 2006 American Association of Physicists in Medicine.
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| 20. |
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