| 11. |
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| 14. |
- Alwers, Elizabeth, et al.
(författare)
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Smoking Behavior and Prognosis after Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis : A Pooled Analysis of 11 Studies
- 2021
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Ingår i: JNCI Cancer Spectrum. - : Oxford University Press. - 2515-5091. ; 5:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Smoking has been associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence and mortality in previous studies, but current evidence on smoking in association with survival after CRC diagnosis is limited.Methods: We pooled data from 12 345 patients with stage I-IV CRC from 11 epidemiologic studies in the International Survival Analysis in Colorectal Cancer Consortium. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to evaluate the associations of prediagnostic smoking behavior with overall, CRC-specific, and non-CRC-specific survival.Results: Among 12 345 patients with CRC, 4379 (35.5%) died (2515 from CRC) over a median follow-up time of 7.5years. Smoking was strongly associated with worse survival in stage I-III patients, whereas no associa-tion was observed among stage IV patients. Among stage I-III patients, clear dose-response relationships with all survival outcomes were seen for current smokers. For example, current smokers with 40 or more pack-years had statistically significantly worse over-all, CRC-specific, and non-CRC-specific survival compared with never smokers (hazard ratio [HR] 1/41.94, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1/41.68 to 2.25; HR = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.12 to 1.78; and HR = 2.67, 95% CI = 2.19 to 3.26, respectively). Similar associations with all sur-vival outcomes were observed for former smokers who had quit for less than 10years, but only a weak association with non-CRC-specific survival was seen among former smokers who had quit for more than 10years.Conclusions: This large consortium of CRC patient studies provides compelling evidence that smoking is strongly associated with worse survival of stage I-III CRC patients in a clear dose-response manner. The detrimental effect of smoking was primarily related to noncolorectal cancer events, but current heavy smoking also showed an association with CRC-specific survival.
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| 15. |
- Blösch, Günter, et al.
(författare)
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Twenty-three unsolved problems in hydrology (UPH) - a community perspective
- 2019
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Ingår i: Hydrological Sciences Journal. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0262-6667 .- 2150-3435. ; 64:10, s. 1141-1158
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper is the outcome of a community initiative to identify major unsolved scientific problems in hydrology motivated by a need for stronger harmonisation of research efforts. The procedure involved a public consultation through online media, followed by two workshops through which a large number of potential science questions were collated, prioritised, and synthesised. In spite of the diversity of the participants (230 scientists in total), the process revealed much about community priorities and the state of our science: a preference for continuity in research questions rather than radical departures or redirections from past and current work. Questions remain focused on the process-based understanding of hydrological variability and causality at all space and time scales. Increased attention to environmental change drives a new emphasis on understanding how change propagates across interfaces within the hydrological system and across disciplinary boundaries. In particular, the expansion of the human footprint raises a new set of questions related to human interactions with nature and water cycle feedbacks in the context of complex water management problems. We hope that this reflection and synthesis of the 23 unsolved problems in hydrology will help guide research efforts for some years to come.
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| 16. |
- Bousquet, Jean, et al.
(författare)
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ARIA digital anamorphosis : Digital transformation of health and care in airway diseases from research to practice
- 2021
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Ingår i: Allergy. European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0105-4538 .- 1398-9995. ; 76:1, s. 168-190
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Digital anamorphosis is used to define a distorted image of health and care that may be viewed correctly using digital tools and strategies. MASK digital anamorphosis represents the process used by MASK to develop the digital transformation of health and care in rhinitis. It strengthens the ARIA change management strategy in the prevention and management of airway disease. The MASK strategy is based on validated digital tools. Using the MASK digital tool and the CARAT online enhanced clinical framework, solutions for practical steps of digital enhancement of care are proposed.
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| 17. |
- Carr, Amelia, et al.
(författare)
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Nutritional intake in elite cross-country skiers during a simulated sprint race
- 2017
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: Habitual nutritional intakes in cross-country skiers have previously been reported (Fogelholm et al., 1992), however in elite cross-country skiers there is limited knowledge about race-specific nutritional practices, or the prevalence of dehydration and persistent low energy availability (EA). This study aimed to investigate, in the context of a simulated sprint race, energy intake, macronutrient intake, hydration status and the risk of persistent low EA in elite cross-country skiers. Methods: Thirty-two male (n = 18) and female (n = 14) elite Swedish cross-country skiers completed weighed food records the day prior to (day 1) and the day of a simulated sprint race (day 2); the food records were analysed for energy (kcal/kg), macronutrient (g/kg) and fluid intake (L). Urine specific gravity (USG) was also measured on day 1 and day 2. The risk for persistent low EA was assessed in the female skiers using the Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q; Melin et al., 2014). Results were analysed using a three-way mixed ANOVA. Statistical significance was set to a level of p ≤ 0.05. Results: Males had a higher energy intake (65±9 kcal/kg) on day 1, (pre-race) compared with day 2 (simulated sprint race; 58±9kcal/kg; p = 0.002). Females consumed 57±10 kcal/kg on day 1, which was similar to their day 2 energy intake (54±6 kcal on day 2; p > 0.05). Males consumed less carbohydrate (8.2±2.3g/kg) on day 1 compared with day 2 (8.9±2.3g/kg) (p = 0.026), as did females, consuming 7.0±1.5g/kg on day 1, and 8.4±1.7g/kg on day 2 (p = 0.003). There were similar fluid intakes across the two days for males (p > 0.05) and females (p > 0.05). Nine of the 18 males and 6 of the 14 females were dehydrated (USG > 1.020) on day 1, and 9 males and 5 females were dehydrated on day 2. Five of the 14 females were classified as being at risk of persistent low EA. Discussion: This study provides an initial insight into nutritional competition habits in elite cross-country skiers. The findings indicate that elite skiers’ nutritional intakes are consistent with guidelines, particularly those for endurance athletes’ carbohydrate intake for competitive events (Burke et al., 2001). There was however some evidence of persistent low EA and dehydration, suggesting additional considerations that may be relevant to cross-country skiers’ nutritional intakes for sprint races.
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| 18. |
- Carr, Amelia, et al.
(författare)
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Nutritional Intake in Elite Cross-Country Skiers During Two Days of Training and Competition
- 2019
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Ingår i: International Journal of Sport Nutrition & Exercise Metabolism. - Birmingham : Human Kinetics. - 1526-484X .- 1543-2742. ; 29:3, s. 273-281
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigated the energy, macronutrient, and fluid intakes, as well as hydration status (urine specific gravity), in elite cross-country skiers during a typical day of training (Day 1) and a sprint skiing competition the following day (Day 2). A total of 31 (18 males and 13 females) national team skiers recorded their food and fluid intakes and urine specific gravity was measured on Days 1 and 2. In addition, the females completed the Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire to assess their risk of long-term energy deficiency. Energy intake for males was 65 ± 9 kcal/kg on Day 1 versus 58 ± 9 kcal/kg on Day 2 (p = .002) and for females was 57 ± 10 on Day 1 versus 55 ± 5 kcal/kg on Day 2 (p = .445). Carbohydrate intake recommendations of 10-12 g·kg-1·day-1 were not met by 89% of males and 92% of females. All males and females had a protein intake above the recommended 1.2-2.0 g/kg on both days and a postexercise protein intake above the recommended 0.3 g/kg. Of the females, 31% were classified as being at risk of long-term energy deficiency. In the morning of Day 1, 50% of males and 46% of females were dehydrated; on Day 2, this was the case for 56% of males and 38% of females. In conclusion, these data suggest that elite cross-country skiers ingested more protein and less carbohydrate than recommended and one third of the females were considered at risk of long-term energy deficiency. Furthermore, many of the athletes were dehydrated prior to training and competition.
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| 19. |
- Carr, Rachel Margaret, et al.
(författare)
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Postnatal Exercise Partners Study (PEEPS) : a pilot randomized trial of a dyadic physical activity intervention for postpartum mothers and a significant other
- 2021
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Ingår i: Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine. - : Taylor & Francis. - 2164-2850. ; 9:1, s. 251-284
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Research suggests dyadic interventions can increase physical activity; such interventions are untested within postpartum parent couples.Methods: A three-armed pilot randomized trial addressed this gap and tested which type of dyadic intervention is most effective. Inactive postpartum mothers and a significant other were recruited in Australia (n = 143 assessed for eligibility) and randomised in a single-blinded fashion (i.e. participants were blinded) to 1 of 3 dyadic conditions involving a single face-to-face session with access to web-based group support: a minimal treatment control (n = 34), collaborative planning group (n = 38), or collaborative planning + need supportive communication group (n = 30). Participants were asked to wear their accelerometers for 8 days and completed self-report measures at baseline, end of intervention (week 4), and follow-up (week 12). We expected dyads in the collaborative planning + need supportive communication group would have the greatest increases in Physical Activity (PA), autonomous motivation, and partners’ need supportive behaviours; and decreases in controlled motivation and controlling partner behaviours.Results: Results from 51 dyads using Bayesian actor-partner interdependence models provided some evidence for a small positive effect on total PA at follow-up for postpartum mothers in the collaborative planning group and for partners in the collaborative planning + need supportive communication group. Furthermore, partners in the collaborative planning + need supportive communication group were more likely to engage in some vigorous PA. At follow-up, postpartum mothers in the collaborative planning + need supportive communication group scored lower on personal autonomous reasons.Conclusions: The impact of prior specification mean intervention effects need to be interpreted with caution. Progression to a full trial is warranted.
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| 20. |
- Dimmock, Andrew P., et al.
(författare)
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Direct evidence of nonstationary collisionless shocks in space plasmas
- 2019
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Ingår i: Science Advances. - : AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE. - 2375-2548. ; 5:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Collisionless shocks are ubiquitous throughout the universe: around stars, supernova remnants, active galactic nuclei, binary systems, comets, and planets. Key information is carried by electromagnetic emissions from particles accelerated by high Mach number collisionless shocks. These shocks are intrinsically nonstationary, and the characteristic physical scales responsible for particle acceleration remain unknown. Quantifying these scales is crucial, as it affects the fundamental process of redistributing upstream plasma kinetic energy into other degrees of freedom-particularly electron thermalization. Direct in situ measurements of nonstationary shock dynamics have not been reported. Thus, the model that best describes this process has remained unknown. Here, we present direct evidence demonstrating that the transition to nonstationarity is associated with electron-scale field structures inside the shock ramp.
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