| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Blumenstock, T., et al.
(författare)
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Characterization and potential for reducing optical resonances in Fourier transform infrared spectrometers of the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC)
- 2021
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Measurement Techniques. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1867-1381 .- 1867-8548. ; 14:2, s. 1239-1252
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although optical components in Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers are preferably wedged, in practice, infrared spectra typically suffer from the effects of optical resonances ("channeling") affecting the retrieval of weakly absorbing gases. This study investigates the level of channeling of each FTIR spectrometer within the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC). Dedicated spectra were recorded by more than 20 NDACC FTIR spectrometers using a laboratory mid-infrared source and two detectors. In the indium antimonide (InSb) detector domain (1900-5000 cm-1), we found that the amplitude of the most pronounced channeling frequency amounts to 0.1 ‰ to 2.0 ‰ of the spectral background level, with a mean of (0:68±0:48) ‰ and a median of 0.60 ‰. In the mercury cadmium telluride (HgCdTe) detector domain (700-1300 cm-1), we find even stronger effects, with the largest amplitude ranging from 0.3 ‰ to 21 ‰ with a mean of (2:45±4:50) ‰ and a median of 1.2 ‰. For both detectors, the leading channeling frequencies are 0.9 and 0.11 or 0.23 cm-1 in most spectrometers. The observed spectral frequencies of 0.11 and 0.23 cm-1 correspond to the optical thickness of the beam splitter substrate. The 0.9 cm-1 channeling is caused by the air gap in between the beam splitter and compensator plate. Since the air gap is a significant source of channeling and the corresponding amplitude differs strongly between spectrometers, we propose new beam splitters with the wedge of the air gap increased to at least 0.8. We tested the insertion of spacers in a beam splitter's air gap to demonstrate that increasing the wedge of the air gap decreases the 0.9 cm-1 channeling amplitude significantly. A wedge of the air gap of 0.8 reduces the channeling amplitude by about 50 %, while a wedge of about 2 removes the 0.9 cm-1 channeling completely. This study shows the potential for reducing channeling in the FTIR spectrometers operated by the NDACC, thereby increasing the quality of recorded spectra across the network.
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| 13. |
- Daley, CL, et al.
(författare)
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Treatment of nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease: an official ATS/ERS/ESCMID/IDSA clinical practice guideline
- 2020
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Ingår i: The European respiratory journal. - : European Respiratory Society (ERS). - 1399-3003 .- 0903-1936. ; 56:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) represent over 190 species and subspecies, some of which can produce disease in humans of all ages and can affect both pulmonary and extrapulmonary sites. This guideline focuses on pulmonary disease in adults (without cystic fibrosis or human immunodeficiency virus infection) caused by the most common NTM pathogens such asMycobacterium aviumcomplex,Mycobacterium kansasii, andMycobacterium xenopiamong the slowly growing NTM andMycobacterium abscessusamong the rapidly growing NTM. A panel of experts was carefully selected by leading international respiratory medicine and infectious diseases societies (ATS, ERS, ESCMID, IDSA) and included specialists in pulmonary medicine, infectious diseases and clinical microbiology, laboratory medicine, and patient advocacy. Systematic reviews were conducted around each of 22 PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcome) questions and the recommendations were formulated, written, and graded using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) approach. Thirty-one evidence-based recommendations about treatment of NTM pulmonary disease are provided. This guideline is intended for use by healthcare professionals who care for patients with NTM pulmonary disease, including specialists in infectious diseases and pulmonary diseases.
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| 14. |
- Daley, CL, et al.
(författare)
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Treatment of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Pulmonary Disease: An Official ATS/ERS/ESCMID/IDSA Clinical Practice Guideline
- 2020
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Ingår i: Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1537-6591. ; 71:4, s. E1-E36
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) represent over 190 species and subspecies, some of which can produce disease in humans of all ages and can affect both pulmonary and extrapulmonary sites. This guideline focuses on pulmonary disease in adults (without cystic fibrosis or human immunodeficiency virus infection) caused by the most common NTM pathogens such as Mycobacterium avium complex, Mycobacterium kansasii, and Mycobacterium xenopi among the slowly growing NTM and Mycobacterium abscessus among the rapidly growing NTM. A panel of experts was carefully selected by leading international respiratory medicine and infectious diseases societies (ATS, ERS, ESCMID, IDSA) and included specialists in pulmonary medicine, infectious diseases and clinical microbiology, laboratory medicine, and patient advocacy. Systematic reviews were conducted around each of 22 PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcome) questions and the recommendations were formulated, written, and graded using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) approach. Thirty-one evidence-based recommendations about treatment of NTM pulmonary disease are provided. This guideline is intended for use by healthcare professionals who care for patients with NTM pulmonary disease, including specialists in infectious diseases and pulmonary diseases.
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| 15. |
- Middleton, J. T., et al.
(författare)
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Barium isotope fractionation in barite–fluid systems at chemical equilibrium
- 2023
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Ingår i: Chemical Geology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0009-2541 .- 1872-6836. ; 627
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The barium isotope composition of sedimentary barite (BaSO4, barium sulfate) is emerging as a powerful tracer of the sources and cycling of Ba in modern and ancient marine environments. To reliably use Ba isotopes to interrogate the marine Ba cycle, it is important to identify and constrain processes that fractionate the isotope composition of Ba in BaSO4. Of particular interest is ion exchange: micro-scale dissolution and precipitation that occurs in mineral–fluid systems at chemical equilibrium. This process is often important in systems where minerals, such as BaSO4, and a fluid remain in contact for prolonged periods of time; however, the impact of ion exchange on Ba isotope compositions in BaSO4 is unknown. To constrain the rate and isotopic effect associated with ion exchange in BaSO4–fluid systems, we conducted a series of experiments under marine-relevant conditions and interpreted the results using a multi-phase time-dependent numerical reactor model. From a series of isotope-tracer experiments, we find that BaSO4–fluid ion exchange progresses at a rate between 5 and 53 pmol m−2 s−1. In a parallel set of experiments used to assess mass-dependent isotope fractionation of Ba, the combined effect of BaSO4 dissolution and precipitation while at chemical equilibrium was found to result in the continued evolution of Ba isotopes and produced a modeled offset of Δ138Babarite–dBa = −0.10 ± 0.05 ‰ at isotopic equilibrium. We then constrained the magnitude of isotopic fractionation during BaSO4 dissolution by fitting our data in the numerical reactor model and using previous estimates of Ba isotope fractionation during BaSO4 precipitation (⍺precipitation = 0.99968 ± 0.00002). At chemical equilibrium, we find our data are best explained by an ⍺dissolution = 0.99978 ± 0.00006, implying that BaSO4 dissolution releases isotopically ‘light’ Ba to solution. Since the magnitude of the isotope effects associated with BaSO4 precipitation and dissolution are imbalanced, ion exchange will tend to alter the isotope composition of co-located BaSO4 and fluids until the two phases are offset by ≈0.10 ‰. The importance of this effect on sedimentary BaSO4 likely depends on several factors and we suggest multiple site-screening criteria to maximize the utility of this emerging proxy.
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| 16. |
- Waldman, Meryl, et al.
(författare)
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COVID-19 in Patients with Glomerular Disease: Follow-Up Results from the IRoc-GN International Registry
- 2022
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Ingår i: KIDNEY360. - : AMER SOC NEPHROLOGY. - 2641-7650. ; 3:2, s. 293-306
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background The acute and long-term effects of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection in individuals with GN are still unclear. To address this relevant issue, we created the International Registry of COVID-19 infection in GN.Methods We collected serial information on kidney-related and-unrelated outcomes from 125 GN patients (63 hospitalized and 62 outpatients) and 83 non-GN hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and a median follow-up period of 6.4 (interquartile range 2.3-9.6) months after diagnosis. We used logistic regression for the analyses of clinical outcomes and linear mixed models for the longitudinal analyses of eGFR. All multiple regression models were adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitor use.Results After adjustment for pre-COVID-19 eGFR and other confounders, mortality and AKI did not differ between GN patients and controls (adjusted odds ratio for AKI=1.28; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.46 to 3.60; P=0.64). The main predictor of AKI was pre-COVID-19 eGFR (adjusted odds ratio per 1 SD unit decrease in eGFR=3.04; 95% CI, 1.76 to 5.28; P,0.001). GN patients developing AKI were less likely to recover pre-COVID19 eGFR compared with controls (adjusted 6-month post-COVID-19 eGFR=0.41; 95% CI, 0.25 to 0.56; times preCOVID-19 eGFR). Shorter duration of GN diagnosis, higher pre-COVID-19 proteinuria, and diagnosis of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis or minimal change disease were associated with a lower post-COVID-19 eGFR.Conclusions Pre-COVID-19 eGFR is the main risk factor for AKI regardless of GN diagnosis. However, GN patients are at higher risk of impaired eGFR recovery after COVID-19-associated AKI. These patients (especially those with high baseline proteinuria or a diagnosis of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis or minimal change disease) should be closely monitored not only during the acute phases of COVID-19 but also after its resolution.
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| 17. |
- Western, Benedikte, et al.
(författare)
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Dropout from exercise trials among cancer survivors—An individual patient data meta-analysis from the POLARIS study
- 2024
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports. - Chichester, West Sussex : Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Inc.. - 0905-7188 .- 1600-0838. ; 34:2, s. 1-10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: The number of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the effects of exercise among cancer survivors has increased in recent years; however, participants dropping out of the trials are rarely described. The objective of the present study was to assess which combinations of participant and exercise program characteristics were associated with dropout from the exercise arms of RCTs among cancer survivors. Methods: This study used data collected in the Predicting OptimaL cAncer RehabIlitation and Supportive care (POLARIS) study, an international database of RCTs investigating the effects of exercise among cancer survivors. Thirty-four exercise trials, with a total of 2467 patients without metastatic disease randomized to an exercise arm were included. Harmonized studies included a pre and a posttest, and participants were classified as dropouts when missing all assessments at the post-intervention test. Subgroups were identified with a conditional inference tree. Results: Overall, 9.6% of the participants dropped out. Five subgroups were identified in the conditional inference tree based on four significant associations with dropout. Most dropout was observed for participants with BMI >28.4 kg/m2, performing supervised resistance or unsupervised mixed exercise (19.8% dropout) or had low-medium education and performed aerobic or supervised mixed exercise (13.5%). The lowest dropout was found for participants with BMI >28.4 kg/m2 and high education performing aerobic or supervised mixed exercise (5.1%), and participants with BMI ≤28.4 kg/m2 exercising during (5.2%) or post (9.5%) treatment. Conclusions: There are several systematic differences between cancer survivors completing and dropping out from exercise trials, possibly affecting the external validity of exercise effects. © 2024 The Authors. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science In Sports published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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| 18. |
- Harber, Karl J., et al.
(författare)
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Targeting the ACOD1-itaconate axis stabilizes atherosclerotic plaques
- 2024
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Ingår i: Redox Biology. - : Elsevier. - 2213-2317. ; 70
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Inflammatory macrophages are key drivers of atherosclerosis that can induce rupture-prone vulnerable plaques. Skewing the plaque macrophage population towards a more protective phenotype and reducing the occurrence of clinical events is thought to be a promising method of treating atherosclerotic patients. In the current study, we investigate the immunomodulatory properties of itaconate, an immunometabolite derived from the TCA cycle intermediate cis-aconitate and synthesised by the enzyme Aconitate Decarboxylase 1 (ACOD1, also known as IRG1), in the context of atherosclerosis. Ldlr-/-atherogenic mice transplanted with Acod1- /- bone marrow displayed a more stable plaque phenotype with smaller necrotic cores and showed increased recruitment of monocytes to the vessel intima. Macrophages from Acod1-/- mice contained more lipids whilst also displaying reduced induction of apoptosis. Using multi-omics approaches, we identify a metabolic shift towards purine metabolism, in addition to an altered glycolytic flux towards production of glycerol for triglyceride synthesis. Overall, our data highlight the potential of therapeutically blocking ACOD1 with the aim of stabilizing atherosclerotic plaques.
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| 19. |
- Hoban, Sean, et al.
(författare)
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Global Commitments to Conserving and Monitoring Genetic Diversity Are Now Necessary and Feasible
- 2021
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Ingår i: BioScience. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0006-3568 .- 1525-3244. ; 71:9, s. 964-976
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Global conservation policy and action have largely neglected protecting and monitoring genetic diversity-one of the three main pillars of biodiversity. Genetic diversity (diversity within species) underlies species' adaptation and survival, ecosystem resilience, and societal innovation. The low priority given to genetic diversity has largely been due to knowledge gaps in key areas, including the importance of genetic diversity and the trends in genetic diversity change; the perceived high expense and low availability and the scattered nature of genetic data; and complicated concepts and information that are inaccessible to policymakers. However, numerous recent advances in knowledge, technology, databases, practice, and capacity have now set the stage for better integration of genetic diversity in policy instruments and conservation efforts. We review these developments and explore how they can support improved consideration of genetic diversity in global conservation policy commitments and enable countries to monitor, report on, and take action to maintain or restore genetic diversity.
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| 20. |
- Kurganskiy, Alexander, et al.
(författare)
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Predicting the severity of the grass pollen season and the effect of climate change in Northwest Europe
- 2021
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Ingår i: Science Advances. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 2375-2548. ; 7:13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Allergic rhinitis is an inflammation in the nose caused by overreaction of the immune system to allergens in the air. Managing allergic rhinitis symptoms is challenging and requires timely intervention. The following are major questions often posed by those with allergic rhinitis: How should I prepare for the forthcoming season? How will the season's severity develop over the years? No country yet provides clear guidance addressing these questions. We propose two previously unexplored approaches for forecasting the severity of the grass pollen season on the basis of statistical and mechanistic models. The results suggest annual severity is largely governed by preseasonal meteorological conditions. The mechanistic model suggests climate change will increase the season severity by up to 60%, in line with experimental chamber studies. These models can be used as forecasting tools for advising individuals with hay fever and health care professionals how to prepare for the grass pollen season.
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