| 11. |
- Hou, Yongzhou, 1970-
(författare)
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Urban Housing Markets in China
- 2009
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis focuses on problems of prices and risks in the housing markets of urban China. What drives the dynamics of housing prices across regions is not only of great interest for academic researchers but also of first importance for policy makers. It is also interesting to pay attention to the issue of housing bubbles at a city level and risk allocations from an institutional view. To address the issues, the thesis applies both qualitative and econometric approaches in analyzing the urban housing markets of China. The first paper reviews articles mainly published in Chinese core journals. The existing studies are mainly concerned with such six topics as institutions, policy, land, finance, price and market. The first three topics involve the public housing allocation system reform, such fiscal and monetary tools as tax and interest rate, and the land reserve system. The housing finance treats such subjects of mortgages, bubbles and financial systems, while housing prices explore factors such as land prices, construction cost and exogenous forces like income. Finally, the housing market addresses housing circles and the relationship between housing demand and supply.In paper 2, the housing price dynamics is investigated at a national level and across regions by using the panel data with 30 provinces over 7 years (2001-2007). The empirical results suggest that the estimates for the fundamentals of income, user cost, housing stock and employment are robust at a national level, implying that there exists a stationary equilibrium relation in the long run between the housing price and the fundamentals above. The speed of price adjustment varies considerably across regions in the East, Midland and West.Then the housing markets in Beijing and Shanghai are examined in Paper 3 to quantify possible existence of a bubble in the two metropolitan areas. This article uses an integrated strategy involved with such fundamentals as interest rates, rent, income and GDP. The results show that Beijing might have been on the way of forming a housing price bubble between 2005 and 2008, and that there possibly existed a bubble in Shanghai from 2003 to 2004.By comparing the risk allocation in China with that in Sweden, Paper 4 explores the difference of actual risks taken by various actors. The banks and governments appear to take more risks in China, especially as the Chinese developers have a weaker financial situation than in Sweden. Households have more choices to reduce the risk by purchasing various kinds of insurance products and also by binding the interest rate.
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| 12. |
- Hårsman, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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Analyzing the returns to entrepreneurship by a modified Lazear model
- 2020
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Ingår i: Small Business Economics. - : Springer. - 0921-898X .- 1573-0913.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A modified version of Lazear’s model (in American Economic Review, 94, 208-211, 2004, Journal of Labor Economics, 23, 649–680, 2005) for occupational choice is formulated. It includes a utility adjustment factor that captures the combined effect of nonpecuniary benefits and uncertainty associated with entrepreneurship. We show that the counterfactual income returns to entrepreneurship are lower than the market value of entrepreneurial talent and higher than the inverse of the utility adjustment factor. Moreover, if the skill profiles in the population are Fréchet-distributed, the ratio between the expected incomes of entrepreneurs and observationally similar wage employees is lower than the inverse of the utility adjustment factor. Thus, entrepreneurs will on average earn less than wage employees if the utility adjustment factor is greater than or equal to one. It is also shown that the self-selection bias related to this income ratio or returns measure increases with the observed percentage of entrepreneurs. Swedish employment data are used to calibrate the modified Lazear model. The empirical results indicate that uncertainty considerations might be more important for the occupational choices than nonpecuniary benefits.
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Hårsman, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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Entrepreneurship and Arts Related Education
- 2012
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Ingår i: EDULEARN12. - : IATED. - 9788469534915 ; , s. 6244-6255
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this paper is to shed light upon entrepreneurship among university graduates having different kinds of arts related education. After demonstrating large differences concerning entrepreneurship rates, an occupational choice model is outlined. The choice set includes three options: wage employment, owning and combining the two. The utility function governing the choice includes income as well as an indicator of the tension between the skills required and the skills supplied implying that an alternative providing a better match might be preferred to one providing a higher income. Using Swedish data we show that arts educated are more interested in using their special skills than earning high income.
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| 16. |
- Hårsman, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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Entrepreneurship and Arts Related Education
- 2012
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this paper is to shed light upon entrepreneurship among university graduates having different kinds of arts related education. After demonstrating the large differences between the nine groups concerning entrepreneurship rates, a dynamic model for occupational choice is outlined. The choice is assumed to be governed by the related demand and income and by the match between the skills required and the skills supplied implying that an alternative providing a better match might be preferred to one providing a higher income. Using data for Swedish graduates we show that the probability of becoming entrepreneur is strongly influenced by the area of education. We further show that compared to engineers artists are more interested in using their special skills and ready to “sacrifice” higher income against the possibility to express their talent.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Hårsman, Björn
(författare)
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Ethnic Diversity and Spatial Segregation in the Stockholm Region
- 2006
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Ingår i: Urban Studies. - : SAGE Publications. - 0042-0980 .- 1360-063X. ; 43:8, s. 1341-1364
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper describes the development of ethnic segregation and ethnic diversity in the Stockholm region from 1991 to 2001, a period characterised by a rapid increase in the population share with foreign background and in ethnic variety. The population is cross-classified into 13 ethnic groups, 16 age and income groups and 240 planning districts and various entropy measures are used to quantify the ethnic diversity and residential segregation by ethnicity. Light is also shed upon the ethnic segregation process by means of the 'shift-and-share' technique. In the discussion, the quantitative results are related to important policy changes that have taken place since the 1970s. The cementation of ethnic diversity in some planning districts and the increasing overall segregation in the region contrast sharply with the longstanding political rhetoric concerning the importance of fighting segregation and fostering spatial diversity. It is perhaps even more worrying that some of the policy measures imbedded in the Swedish model of social welfare might have contributed to this development.
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Hårsman, Björn
(författare)
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Housing demand models and housing market models for regional and local planning
- 1981
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I rapporten presenteras en metod som kan användas vid arbete med bostadsbyggnadsprogram på lokal och regional nivå. Ett modellpaket har utarbetats. Det består av en modell för hushållssammansättning, en modell för bostadsefterfrågan och en modell för att ge en bild av konkurrensen på bostadsmarknaden.
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