| 11. |
|
|
| 12. |
- de Gonzalez, Amy Berrington, et al.
(författare)
-
Body-Mass Index and Mortality among 1.46 Million White Adults.
- 2010
-
Ingår i: New England Journal of Medicine. - : MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SOC. - 0028-4793 .- 1533-4406. ; 363:23, s. 2211-2219
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: A high body-mass index (BMI, the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters) is associated with increased mortality from cardiovascular disease and certain cancers, but the precise relationship between BMI and all-cause mortality remains uncertain. Methods: We used Cox regression to estimate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for an association between BMI and all-cause mortality, adjusting for age, study, physical activity, alcohol consumption, education, and marital status in pooled data from 19 prospective studies encompassing 1.46 million white adults, 19 to 84 years of age (median, 58). Results: The median baseline BMI was 26.2. During a median follow-up period of 10 years (range, 5 to 28), 160,087 deaths were identified. Among healthy participants who never smoked, there was a J-shaped relationship between BMI and all-cause mortality. With a BMI of 22.5 to 24.9 as the reference category, hazard ratios among women were 1.47 (95 percent confidence interval [CI], 1.33 to 1.62) for a BMI of 15.0 to 18.4; 1.14 (95% CI, 1.07 to 1.22) for a BMI of 18.5 to 19.9; 1.00 (95% CI, 0.96 to 1.04) for a BMI of 20.0 to 22.4; 1.13 (95% CI, 1.09 to 1.17) for a BMI of 25.0 to 29.9; 1.44 (95% CI, 1.38 to 1.50) for a BMI of 30.0 to 34.9; 1.88 (95% CI, 1.77 to 2.00) for a BMI of 35.0 to 39.9; and 2.51 (95% CI, 2.30 to 2.73) for a BMI of 40.0 to 49.9. In general, the hazard ratios for the men were similar. Hazard ratios for a BMI below 20.0 were attenuated with longer-term follow-up. Conclusions: In white adults, overweight and obesity (and possibly underweight) are associated with increased all-cause mortality. All-cause mortality is generally lowest with a BMI of 20.0 to 24.9. N Engl J Med 2010;363:2211-9.
|
|
| 13. |
- Hannan, Johanna L., et al.
(författare)
-
Inhibition of Rho-Kinase Improves Erectile Function, Increases Nitric Oxide Signaling and Decreases Penile Apoptosis in a Rat Model of Cavernous Nerve Injury
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Journal of Urology. - : Elsevier. - 0022-5347 .- 1527-3792. ; 189:3, s. 1155-1161
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: Bilateral cavernous nerve injury results in up-regulation of ROCK signaling in the penis. This is linked to erectile dysfunction in an animal model of post-prostatectomy erectile dysfunction. We evaluated whether daily treatment with the ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 (Tocris Bioscience, Ellisville, Missouri) would prevent erectile dysfunction in a rat model of bilateral cavernous nerve injury.Materials and Methods: Sprague-Dawley(R) rats underwent surgery to create sham (14) or bilateral (27) cavernous nerve injury. In the injury group 13 rats received treatment with Y-27632 (5 mg/kg twice daily) and 14 received vehicle. At 14 days after injury, rats underwent cavernous nerve stimulation to determine erectile function. Penes were assessed for neuronal and nitric oxide synthase membrane-endothelial nitric oxide synthase. ROCK2 was assessed by Western blot. Cyclic guanosine monophosphate was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cavernous homogenates were tested for ROCK and protein kinase G enzymatic activity. Penile apoptosis was evaluated using the Apostain technique (Alexis, San Diego, California). Data were analyzed on ROCK using ANOVA and the t test.Results: While erectile function was decreased in rats with bilateral cavernous nerve injury, daily administration of Y-27632 improved erectile responses. Injury decreased neuronal and nitric oxide synthase membrane-endothelial nitric oxide synthase but ROCK2 was significantly increased. Y-27632 treatment restored neuronal nitric oxide synthase, nitric oxide synthase membrane-endothelial nitric oxide synthase and cyclic guanosine monophosphate levels, and protein kinase G activity. Treatment significantly decreased ROCK2 protein and ROCK activity. There were significantly fewer apoptotic cells after treatment than in injured controls.Conclusions: These results provide evidence for up-regulation of the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway with detrimental effects on erectile function after bilateral cavernous nerve injury. ROCK inhibition improved erectile dysfunction associated with bilateral cavernous nerve injury by preserving penile nitric oxide bioavailability and decreasing penile apoptosis.
|
|
| 14. |
- Hellsten, Torbjörn, et al.
(författare)
-
A model for self-consistent simulation of ICRH suitable for integrating modelling
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Nuclear Fusion. - : IOP Publishing. - 0029-5515 .- 1741-4326. ; 53:9, s. 093004-
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A self-consistent modelling of ion cyclotron resonance heating (ICRH) is reviewed with the aim of obtaining a fast robust scheme suitable for routine simulation for transport codes and data analysis. Due to the complexity of calculating the wave field and the distribution function self-consistently simplifications are necessary. To improve modelling of the wave field, methods are developed to include higher order finite Larmor radius terms, up-and downshifts of the parallel wave number and to improve calculations of damping due to the transit time magnetic pumping in finite element wave codes without decomposing the wave locally into planar waves. A new code, SELFO-light, for self-consistent modelling of ion cyclotron heating suitable for routine calculations is developed. The code is based on coupling the global wave code LION with a simple one-dimensional time-dependent Fokker-Planck code. Both the wave and the Fokker-Planck codes use finite element representations. The importance of self-consistent modelling of ion cyclotron heating is illustrated by studying the effect on the power partition for a fast wave current drive scenario at lower harmonic resonances in a deuterium plasma. It is found that the fraction of the power absorbed on the deuterium and the time to reach the steady state vary strongly depending on the position of the resonances. It is found that the deuterium absorption becomes strongly localized to regions where the resonances are tangential to the magnetic flux surfaces.
|
|
| 15. |
|
|
| 16. |
- Hellsten, Torbjörn, et al.
(författare)
-
Self-consistent ICRH modelling
- 2012
-
Ingår i: 39th EPS Conference on Plasma Physics 2012, EPS 2012 and the 16th International Congress on Plasma Physics. - 9781622769810 ; , s. 1106-1109
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
|
|
| 17. |
- Hellsten, Torbjörn, et al.
(författare)
-
Self-Consistent ICRH Modelling
- 2011
-
Ingår i: RADIO FREQUENCY POWER IN PLASMAS. - : AIP. - 9780735409781 ; , s. 365-368
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A new code for self-consistent modelling of ion cyclotron heating suitable for routine calculations has been developed.
|
|
| 18. |
- Luepker, Russell V., et al.
(författare)
-
Community education for cardiovascular disease prevention. Morbidity and mortality results from the Minnesota Heart Health Program
- 1996
-
Ingår i: American Journal of Epidemiology. - 0002-9262. ; 144:4, s. 351-362
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Minnesota Heart Health Program was a community trial of cardiovascular disease prevention methods that was conducted from 1980 to 1990 in three Upper Midwestern communities with three matched comparison communities. A 5- to 6-year intervention program used community-wide and individual health education in an attempt to decrease population risk. A major hypothesis was that the incidence of validated fatal and nonfatal coronary heart disease and stroke in 30- to 74-year-old men and women would decline differentially in the education communities after the health promotion program was introduced. This hypothesis was investigated using mixed-model regression. The intervention effect was modeled as a series of annual departures from a linear secular trend after a 2-year lag from the start of the intervention program. In the education communities, 2,394 cases of coronary heart disease and 818 cases of stroke occurred, with 2,526 and 739 cases, respectively, being seen in the comparison communities. The overall decline in coronary heart disease incidence was 1.8 percent per year in men (p = 0.03) and 3.6 percent per year in women (p = 0.007). For stroke, there were no significant secular trends. The authors recently published findings showing minimal effects of sustained intervention on risk factor levels. In the current report, there was no evidence of a significant intervention effect on morbidity or mortality, either for coronary heart disease or for stroke.
|
|
| 19. |
|
|
| 20. |
|
|
