| 11. |
- Hedefalk, Finn, et al.
(författare)
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Extending the Intermediate Data Structure (IDS) for longitudinal historical databases to include geographic data
- 2014
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Ingår i: Historical Life Course Studies. - 2352-6343. ; 1, s. 27-46
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Intermediate Data Structure (IDS) is a standardised database structure for longitudinal historical databases. Such a common structure facilitates data sharing and comparative research. In this study, we propose an extended version of IDS, named IDS-Geo, that also includes geographic data. The geographic data that will be stored in IDS-Geo are primarily buildings and/or property units, and the purpose of these geographic data is mainly to link individuals to places in space. When we want to assign such detailed spatial locations to individuals (in times before there were any detailed house addresses available), we often have to create tailored geographic datasets. In those cases, there are benefits of storing geographic data in the same structure as the demographic data. Moreover, we propose the export of data from IDS-Geo using an eXtensible Markup Language (XML) Schema. IDS-Geo is implemented in a case study using historical property units, for the period 1804 to 1913, stored in a geographically extended version of the Scanian Economic Demographic Database (SEDD). To fit into the IDS-Geo data structure, we included an object lifeline representation of all of the property units (based on the snapshot time representation of single historical maps and poll-tax registers). The case study verifies that the IDS-Geo model is capable of handling geographic data that can be linked to demographic data.
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| 12. |
- Hedefalk, Finn, et al.
(författare)
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Grannskapets betydelse för livsförloppet
- 2023
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Ingår i: EN INDUSTRISTADS UPPGÅNG OCH FALL : Landskrona befolkningsstudie - Landskrona befolkningsstudie. - 9789173350709 ; , s. 58-81
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Bokkapitel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 13. |
- Hedefalk, Finn, et al.
(författare)
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Importance of the Geocoding Level for Historical Demographic Analyses : A Case Study of Rural Parishes in Sweden, 1850–1914
- 2018
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Ingår i: Spatial Demography. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2164-7070 .- 2364-2289. ; 6:1, s. 35-69
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Geocoding longitudinal and individual-level historical demographic databases enables novel analyses of how micro-level geographic factors affected demographic outcomes over long periods. However, such detailed geocoding involves high costs. Additionally, the high spatial resolution cannot be properly utilized if inappropriate methods are used to quantify the geographic factors. We assess how different geocoding levels and methods used to define geographic variables affects the outcome of detailed spatial and historical demographic analyses. Using a longitudinal and individual-level demographic database geocoded at the property unit level, we analyse the effects of population density and proximity to wetlands on all-cause mortality for individuals who lived in five Swedish parishes, 1850–1914. We compare the results from analyses on three detailed geocoding levels using two common quantification methods for each geographic variable. Together with the method selected for quantifying the geographic factors, even small differences in positional accuracy (20–50 m) between the property units and slightly coarser geographic levels heavily affected the results of the demographic analyses. The results also show the importance of accounting for geographic changes over time. Finally, proximity to wetlands and population density affected the mortality of women and children, respectively. However, all possible determinants of mortality were not evaluated in the analyses. In conclusion, for rural historical areas, geocoding to property units is likely necessary for fine-scale analyses at distances within a few hundred metres. We must also carefully consider the quantification methods that are the most logical for the geographic context and the type of analyses.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Hedefalk, Finn
(författare)
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Life histories across time and space : methods for including geographic factors on the micro-level in longitudinal demographic research
- 2014
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Historical demography, which is the study of human population dynamics in the past, is central for understanding human behaviours and traits, such as fertility, mortality and migration. An important factor in demographic research is the geographic context. Where people lived often determined their social ties, exposure to diseases and economic development. Such information is essential not only for historical demographic research but also for a wide range of disciplines.While the geographic context on an aggregated level has an important role in longitudinal historical studies, geographic contexts on a micro-level have only played a minor role. This licentiate contributes to historical demographic research by studying how geographic factors on the micro-level can be included in longitudinal historical analyses. A primary focus is the methodological development for creating longitudinally detailed locations that can be linked to individuals in demographic databases. This research should offer a variety of possibilities for studying how geographic factors on the micro-level affected human living conditions throughout history. The thesis has four research objectives. The first objective is to extend a standardised data model for longitudinal demographic data to include geographic data. This is achieved by introducing IDS-Geo, which is a geographically extended version of the standardised data model IDS. The second objective is to develop and evaluate harmonisation methods to ensure that source data comply with standardised data models. This is achieved by testing and developing a method for first harmonising Swedish environmental data and metadata and then testing the data for compliance against standardised data models and specifications. The third objective is to develop a methodology for creating integrated longitudinal demographic and geographic databases that include geographic factors on the microlevel in demographic research. The core of the methodology is to transform geographic objects in snapshot time representations (digitised from historical maps) into longitudinal object lifeline time representations, and to link individuals to these geographic objects using standardised locations. The methodology is implemented in a case study in which we integrate information from approximately 60 digitised historical maps with longitudinal individual-level data from the Scanian Economic Demographic Database (SEDD). We link 80,431 individuals in five rural parishes in Sweden during 1813-1914 to the property units where they lived. The resulting database is tested using fundamental queries for spatio-temporal data. Additional historical geographic data used for computing context variables are constructed. The results are a unique contribution in terms of linking individuals over such long time periods to longitudinal geographic data on the micro-level. Lastly, the fourth objective of the thesis is to perform longitudinal demographic analyses where geographic factors can subsequently be included. This is performed by analysing the intergenerational effects of child bearing by relatively older women on the longevity of adult offspring in pre-transitional Utah, USA.
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| 16. |
- Hedefalk, Finn
(författare)
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Life paths through space and time: Adding the micro-level geographic context to longitudinal historical demographic research
- 2016
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Historical demographic research is central to understanding past human behaviours and traits, such as fertility, mortality and migration. An essential part of historical demography is conducting longitudinal analyses at the micro-level, which involves the detailed follow-up of individuals over long time periods throughout their lives. By including the geographic context in such analyses, we can study how the environment has affected human living conditions over long time periods. However, the use of micro-level geographic factors in historical longitudinal analyses is seldom feasible because of the absence of data. Thus, studies have been primarily limited to examining the geographic context on an aggregated level.In five papers, this thesis contributes to historical demographic research by adding and utilising micro-level geographic factors in longitudinal historical analyses. First, we develop and implement methods for creating detailed longitudinal geographic data that are integrated with longitudinal demographic micro-level data. We then perform novel studies of the effect of the environment on demographic outcomes at the micro-level.Papers I-III include micro-level geographic factors with longitudinal historical analyses. Paper I contributes to the standardisation of longitudinal demographic data by geographically extending the Intermediate Data Model (IDS) using standardised exchange formats. Paper II presents methods for geocoding longitudinal demographic databases. The core part of the process is to transform geographic objects as snapshots (digitised from historical maps) into longitudinal object-lifeline time representations (with information about the creation, changes and ends of each object). Individuals are subsequently linked to these geographic objects. We geocoded the Scanian Economic Demographic Database (SEDD) from 1813 to 1914. Approximately 53,000 individuals who lived in five rural parishes in southern Sweden are linked to the property units where they lived. Geographic snapshot data (e.g., roads and buildings) are also created. Paper III improves and evaluates the geocoded database, and wetlands in object-lifelines are added.Paper IV investigates how longitudinal demographic analyses are affected by different geocoding levels and presents methods for quantifying geographic factors. In a novel case study, we use a geocoded database to analyse the effect of population density and proximity to wetlands on the risk of dying for the period 1850-1914. We show that even small differences between the property units and coarser geographic levels and the choice of method for quantifying the geographic factors substantially affected the results of the demographic analyses. Therefore, geocoding to property units is likely needed for fine-scale analyses at distances within a few hundred metres. In addition, proximity to wetlands affected the mortality of women, which may indicate exposure to malaria-transmitting mosquitoes.Paper V focuses on the role of nutrition in historical societies by analysing the effect of soil type on child mortality in the five parishes between 1850 and 1914. Certain soil types seem to have influenced agricultural productivity, which in turn affected the nutrition of farmers’ children and their risk of dying. This study adds new findings about the importance of nutrition and agricultural productivity regarding child mortality in preindustrial Sweden.To conclude, this thesis enables the novel inclusion of geographic micro-level factors into historical longitudinal studies. The results increase our understanding about how the micro-level geographic context affected individual living conditions throughout history. The geocoding of the demographic database has also proved to be a unique and important resource for historical and geographic research and a starting point for additional research that includes the micro-level geographic context.
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| 17. |
- Hedefalk, Finn, et al.
(författare)
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Making Swedish environmental geodata INSPIRE compliant : A harmonization case study
- 2011
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Ingår i: Mapping and Image Science. - 1651-8705. ; :3, s. 30-37
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The European project Nature-SDIplus has developed data and metadata specifications for three INSPIRE Annex III themes: Habitat and Biotopes, Bio-geographical regions and Species distributions. These serves as a foundation for the thematic groups developing the corresponding INSPIRE specifications. The aim of this study is to test a data harmonization approach to make Swedish environmental geodata and metadata compliant with these specifications. In the harmonization process, we use offline transformations that are split into one spatial and one non-spatial part, and standardized formats to allow vendor neutrality. Moreover, we extend the compliance tests to the data and metadata specifications by validating against both extensible Markup Language (XML)-schema and Schematron. Finally, we identify harmonization processes that may be costly or have negative impacts on data quality. The harmonized data and metadata are thereafter published as network services compliant with OGC Web Service specifications. The output from our method is data and metadata that are valid to the Nature-SDIplus data specifications and metadata profiles. Although the usage of standardized formats facilitates vendor neutrality, the nonspatial transformation procedures expressed in interoperable languages seem to be insufficient to execute all the mapping rules. Therefore, some of these transformations cannot be executed in a vendor neutral environment without modifications. Furthermore, by splitting the harmonization into two manageable parts, we avoid some limitations about XML schema translations in existing spatial transformation tools. Additional findings are: (1) by extending the validation with Schematron tests, we find non-compliances that have been missed during the XML schema tests; (2) costly processes are identified, which are caused by missing elements and by unstructured information given as comments; and (3) degradation of the positional and thematic accuracy occur during the harmonization.
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| 18. |
- Hedefalk, Finn, et al.
(författare)
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Methods to Create a Longitudinal Integrated Demographic and Geographic Database on the Micro-Level: A Case Study of Five Swedish Rural Parishes, 1813–1914
- 2015
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Ingår i: Historical Methods. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0161-5440. ; 48:3, s. 153-173
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The authors develop a methodology to create databases that can be used to add micro-level geographic context to longitudinal historical demographic analyses. The method transforms geographic objects as snapshots (digitized from historical maps) into temporal representations of longitudinal object lifelines and links individuals to these geographic objects. The methodology is evaluated via a case study using historical data from the Scanian Economic Demographic Database. The authors link approximately 53,000 individuals in five parishes for the period 1813–1914 to the property units in which they had lived. The results of this study are a unique contribution in terms of linking individuals to micro level longitudinal geographic data over such long periods. Thus, these data may provide new knowledge for historical demographic research.
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| 19. |
- Hedefalk, Finn, et al.
(författare)
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Micro-level childhood neighborhoods and later-life hospital admissions, Sweden, 1939-2015
- 2023
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We study how childhood neighborhood SES affects cause-specific health in adulthood. By using geocoded longitudinal microdata for the city of Landskrona, 1939-1967, linked to Swedish national registers, 1968-2015, we apply a life-course of place approach to measure cumulative neighborhood conditions. From 1939 to 1967, the whole population is geocoded at the address-level, and we observe their full residential histories within the city. Hence, we can measure the SES of everyone’s nearby childhood peers using age-adjusted neighborhood sizes. In early childhood we define the neighborhood as the courtyard or adjacent street, and then we dynamically expand the neighborhood size as the child grows. In the nationwide follow-up, 1968-2015, we use information on hospital admissions grouped by preventability. Thus, we can study the lasting impacts of neighborhood peers on adult health behaviors.
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| 20. |
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