| 11. |
- Abdalla, H., et al.
(författare)
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Resolving the Crab pulsar wind nebula at teraelectronvolt energies
- 2020
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Ingår i: Nature Astronomy. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 2397-3366. ; 4:2, s. 167-173
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An angular extension at gamma-ray energies of 52 arcseconds is detected for the Crab nebula, revealing the emission region of the highest-energy gamma rays; simulations of the electromagnetic emission provide a non-trivial test of our understanding of particle acceleration in the Crab nebula. The Crab nebula is one of the most-studied cosmic particle accelerators, shining brightly across the entire electromagnetic spectrum up to very-high-energy gamma rays(1,2). It is known from observations in the radio to gamma-ray part of the spectrum that the nebula is powered by a pulsar, which converts most of its rotational energy losses into a highly relativistic outflow. This outflow powers a pulsar wind nebula, a region of up to ten light-years across, filled with relativistic electrons and positrons. These particles emit synchrotron photons in the ambient magnetic field and produce very-high-energy gamma rays by Compton up-scattering of ambient low-energy photons. Although the synchrotron morphology of the nebula is well established, it has not been known from which region the very-high-energy gamma rays are emitted(3-8). Here we report that the Crab nebula has an angular extension at gamma-ray energies of 52 arcseconds (assuming a Gaussian source width), much larger than at X-ray energies. This result closes a gap in the multi-wavelength coverage of the nebula, revealing the emission region of the highest-energy gamma rays. These gamma rays enable us to probe a previously inaccessible electron and positron energy range. We find that simulations of the electromagnetic emission reproduce our measurement, providing a non-trivial test of our understanding of particle acceleration in the Crab nebula.
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| 12. |
- Yakneen, S, et al.
(författare)
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Butler enables rapid cloud-based analysis of thousands of human genomes
- 2020
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Ingår i: Nature biotechnology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1546-1696 .- 1087-0156. ; 38:3, s. 288-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present Butler, a computational tool that facilitates large-scale genomic analyses on public and academic clouds. Butler includes innovative anomaly detection and self-healing functions that improve the efficiency of data processing and analysis by 43% compared with current approaches. Butler enabled processing of a 725-terabyte cancer genome dataset from the Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) project in a time-efficient and uniform manner.
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Park, S., et al.
(författare)
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Terahertz-frequency dielectric anisotropy in three-dimensional polymethacrylates fabricated by stereolithography
- 2020
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Ingår i: Optics Letters. - : OPTICAL SOC AMER. - 0146-9592 .- 1539-4794. ; 45:7, s. 1982-1985
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The anisotropic optical dielectric functions of slanted. columnar layers fabricated using polymethacrylate based stereolithography are reported for the terahertz-frequency domain using generalized spectroscopic ellipsometry. The slanted columnar layers are composed of spatially coherent columnar structures with a diameter of 100 mu m and a length of 700 mu m that are tilted by 45 degrees with respect to the surface normal of the substrates. A simple biaxial (orthorhombic) layer homogenization approach is used to analyze the terahertz ellipsometric data obtained at three different sample azimuthal orientations. The permittivity along the major polarizability directions varies by almost 25%. Our results demonstrate that stereolithography allows tailoring of the polarizability and anisotropy of the host material, and provides a flexible alternative metamaterials fabrication method for the terahertz spectral range. (C) 2020 Optical Society of America
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Errichetti, E., et al.
(författare)
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Standardization of dermoscopic terminology and basic dermoscopic parameters to evaluate in general dermatology (non-neoplastic dermatoses): an expert consensus on behalf of the International Dermoscopy Society
- 2020
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Ingår i: British Journal of Dermatology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0007-0963 .- 1365-2133. ; 182:2, s. 454-467
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Over the last few years, several articles on dermoscopy of non-neoplastic dermatoses have been published, yet there is poor consistency in the terminology among different studies. Objectives We aimed to standardize the dermoscopic terminology and identify basic parameters to evaluate in non-neoplastic dermatoses through an expert consensus. Methods The modified Delphi method was followed, with two phases: (i) identification of a list of possible items based on a systematic literature review and (ii) selection of parameters by a panel of experts through a three-step iterative procedure (blinded e-mail interaction in rounds 1 and 3 and a face-to-face meeting in round 2). Initial panellists were recruited via e-mail from all over the world based on their expertise on dermoscopy of non-neoplastic dermatoses. Results Twenty-four international experts took part in all rounds of the consensus and 13 further international participants were also involved in round 2. Five standardized basic parameters were identified: (i) vessels (including morphology and distribution); (ii) scales (including colour and distribution); (iii) follicular findings; (iv) 'other structures' (including colour and morphology); and (v) 'specific clues'. For each of them, possible variables were selected, with a total of 31 different subitems reaching agreement at the end of the consensus (all of the 29 proposed initially plus two more added in the course of the consensus procedure). Conclusions This expert consensus provides a set of standardized basic dermoscopic parameters to follow when evaluating inflammatory, infiltrative and infectious dermatoses. This tool, if adopted by clinicians and researchers in this field, is likely to enhance the reproducibility and comparability of existing and future research findings and uniformly expand the universal knowledge on dermoscopy in general dermatology.
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| 20. |
- Abu-Ghanem, Yasmin, et al.
(författare)
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Limitations of Available Studies Prevent Reliable Comparison Between Tumour Ablation and Partial Nephrectomy for Patients with Localised Renal Masses : A Systematic Review from the European Association of Urology Renal Cell Cancer Guideline Panel
- 2020
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Ingår i: European Urology Oncology. - : Elsevier. - 2588-9311. ; 3:4, s. 423-442
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The European Association of Urology (EAU) Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) Guideline Panel performed a protocol-driven systematic review (SR) on thermal ablation (TA) compared with partial nephrectomy (PN) for T1N0M0 renal masses, in order to provide evidence to support its recommendations. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed, and only comparative studies published between 2000 and 2019 were included. Twenty-six nonrandomised comparative studies were included, recruiting a total of 167 80 patients. Risk of bias (RoB) assessment revealed high or uncertain RoB across all studies, with the vast majority being retrospective, observational studies with poorly matched controls and short follow-up. Limited data showed TA to be safe, but its long-term oncological effectiveness compared with PN remains uncertain. A quality assessment of pre-existing SRs (n = 11) on the topic, using AMSTAR, revealed that all SRs had low confidence rating, with all but two SRs being rated critically low. In conclusion, the current data are inadequate to make any strong and clear conclusions regarding the clinical effectiveness of TA for treating T1N0M0 renal masses compared with PN. Therefore, TA may be cautiously considered an alternative to PN for T1N0M0 renal masses, but patients must be counselled carefully regarding the prevailing uncertainties. We recommend specific steps to improve the evidence base based on robust primary and secondary studies.Patient summary: In this report, we looked at the literature to determine the effectiveness of thermoablation (TA) in the treatment of small kidney tumours compared with surgical removal. We found that TA could cautiously be offered as an option due to many remaining uncertainties regarding its effectiveness.
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