| 11. |
- Aggestam, Lisbeth, 1965, et al.
(author)
-
Leadership in the European Union
- 2020
-
In: Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. - : Oxford University Press.
-
Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Leadership in the European Union is an empirical phenomenon that has increasingly come to attract scholarly attention. While a call for leadership in the EU is often heard, not least in times of crisis, it is also accompanied with a general reluctance to centralize powers. This leadership paradox has historical roots and has resulted in a dispersed type of leadership governance at the EU level. Scholarly work varies from mainly descriptive accounts of leadership by particular individuals to more theory-testing approaches to leadership. The academic field of EU leadership studies contains variation along three primary dimensions: (1) how leadership is defined, (2) by which theories it is explained, and (3) through which empirical cases and approaches it is studied. First, there is a wide differentiation in the literature of how leadership is defined and approached as an object of study. Four leadership approaches can be distinguished in the literature, focusing on the role of individuals, an actor’s position, the process of leadership enactment, and the outcomes produced by leadership. Second, leadership in the EU has been theorized and explained in a variety of ways. Explaining leadership in the EU requires an understanding of what power resources different actors draw on, ranging from material to institutional and ideational powers. These sources often also translate into different types of leadership strategies. A substantial amount of research has departed from rational choice institutionalism, which highlights the importance of a formal position to exercise leadership. Sociological approaches have more recently attracted attention to conceptualize leadership as a social role based on the interaction between leaders and followers. Third, the empirical study of leadership in the EU encompasses a range of different approaches in terms of the type of actors studied, the issues covered, and the data and methods used. EU leadership studies include different types of leadership actors ranging from individuals to institutions, member states, and the EU itself as a global leadership actor. The empirical policy domains vary from issues relating to treaty amending processes, environment and climate policies, eurozone governance and crisis management, to foreign and security policy. Although comparative studies of leadership in the EU exist, the focus has predominantly been on single actors during particular policy processes. An increasing use of explicit comparative designs in the study of EU leadership could have the potential to further advance theory building in the scholarship of EU leadership.
|
|
| 12. |
- Aggestam, Lisbeth, 1965, et al.
(author)
-
Leadership roles and institutional change in EU foreign policy
- 2017
-
In: Paper prepared for the 24th International Conference of Europeanists, Council for European Studies (CES). University of Glasgow: 12-14 July.
-
Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Can you have a strategy without leadership? The question is an urgent one for the European Union (EU) that is currently experiencing one of its severest crisis. Leadership is often seen as a necessary condition for establishing a shared vision and common action that the EU Global Strategy calls for. But who can provide leadership in EU foreign and security policy and how? This question relates to the broader literature that study when and how executives of international organizations possess agency to exercise leadership and to what affect. In this paper, we focus on the double-hatted position that the EU High Representative for foreign affairs and security policy (HR) has alongside her role as Vice-President of the European Commission. The latest treaty reforms of the EU brought about significant institutional changes that strengthened the formal position of the HR. These developments in EU foreign policy-making have confounded scholars of European integration who disagree on their significance. One strand of research points to the symbolic challenge that these formal shifts in the leadership function represents to state-centric ideas about foreign policy and diplomacy. Others have argued that these changes do not represent such a substantive shift in the principal-agent relationship as the intergovernmental nature of decision-making has been essentially preserved. Whereas the former view would imply possibilities for new political leadership in EU foreign policy, the latter strand would rather see these institutional developments as providing for a more managerial role. This paper examines these two distinct trajectories of European integration that entails different types of leadership roles taken by the EU High Representative. We are particularly interested in exploring the horizontal dimension of the double-hatted position that the HR finds herself in as Head of the hybrid institution of the EEAS and that of Vice-President of the supranational European Commission. While the first post-Lisbon HR, Catherine Ashton, had her headquarter in the EEAS, the second HR Federica Moghereni, appointed in 2014, has moved her office to the Commission. We ask in this paper what is the effect of this institutional change for the role of the HR, and the expectations on her leadership. The paper is based on an empirical survey that includes 125 respondents from EU member states and EU institutions in order to explore the extent to which the HR and EEAS is perceived to take on a political leadership role or a more managerial role.
|
|
| 13. |
- Aggestam, Lisbeth, 1965, et al.
(author)
-
Mapping leadership roles in EU foreign policy
- 2016
-
In: 8th Pan-European Conference on the European Union (ECPR). Trento, Italy: 15-18 June.
-
Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This paper examines the nature of leadership in EU foreign policy. The latest treaty reforms of the European Union involve a significant institutional delegation and centralisation to Brussels of the formal leadership functions in the field of foreign policy. This is puzzling given that theories of European integration discount that a significant delegation of leadership will happen in the high politics of foreign policy given its close association to sovereignty and statehood. In this paper, we set out to explore a paradox at the heart of EU foreign policy between the demand for leadership effectiveness (strategic action) and perceptions of legitimate leadership (appropriate behaviour). We suggest that the analysis of leadership in EU foreign policy is dependent on how we regard institutions, and propose that social role theory can provide an original analytical perspective from which to study the contested nature of leadership in EU foreign policy. We argue that not only formal institutions determine leadership in EU foreign policy, but that the enactment of leadership is crucially shaped by the possibilities for role relations (a shared organizational reality) between leaders and followers. Based on survey data, this paper explores what leadership role expectations representatives of EU member states and European External Action Service (EEAS) officials have. The empirical findings indicate that there are diverging perceptions about the post-Lisbon leadership functions in EU foreign policy, and that member states still have a leadership role to play. We also show that the perceptions about leadership performance differ between member states and EEAS officials, and that there are constraints to the independent agency held by the EU High Representative.
|
|
| 14. |
- Aggestam, Lisbeth, 1965, et al.
(author)
-
The Leadership Paradox in EU Foreign Policy
- 2017
-
In: Journal of Common Market Studies. - : Wiley. - 0021-9886 .- 1468-5965.
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This article examines a leadership paradox at the heart of EU foreign policy between the demand for effective European leadership, and leadership legitimacy embedded in state practices. This paradox is manifested in the Lisbon treaty that delegated significant formal leadership functions to the European level. We probe the question how and by whom leadership can and should be performed in EU foreign policy. To answer this question, we advance a new theoretical framework drawing on sociological institutionalism and role theory. We argue that leadership should be understood as a social role shaped in a process of interaction between leader and followers. We contribute with new empirical knowledge of leadership role relations based on an interview survey conducted in 2016. The empirical results point to role conflicts over the formal leadership functions in EU foreign policy and the emergence of new informal leadership practices by EU member states.
|
|
| 15. |
|
|
| 16. |
- Ahlen, Anders, et al.
(author)
-
Toward Wireless Control in Industrial Process Automation : A Case Study at a Paper Mill
- 2019
-
In: IEEE Control Systems. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 1066-033X .- 1941-000X. ; 39:5, s. 36-57
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Wireless sensors and networks are used only occasionally in current control loops in the process industry. With rapid developments in embedded and highperformance computing, wireless communication, and cloud technology, drastic changes in the architecture and operation of industrial automation systems seem more likely than ever. These changes are driven by ever-growing demands on production quality and flexibility. However, as discussed in "Summary," there are several research obstacles to overcome. The radio communication environment in the process industry is often troublesome, as the environment is frequently cluttered with large metal objects, moving machines and vehicles, and processes emitting radio disturbances [1], [2]. The successful deployment of a wireless control system in such an environment requires careful design of communication links and network protocols as well as robust and reconfigurable control algorithms.
|
|
| 17. |
- Ahlén, Anders, et al.
(author)
-
Towards Wireless Control in Industrial Process Automation : A Case Study at a Paper Mill
- 2019
-
In: IEEE CONTROL SYSTEMS MAGAZINE. - : IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC. - 1066-033X .- 1941-000X. ; 39:5, s. 36-57
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Wireless sensors and networks are used only occasionally in current control loops in the process industry. With rapid developments in embedded and highperformance computing, wireless communication, and cloud technology, drastic changes in the architecture and operation of industrial automation systems seem more likely than ever. These changes are driven by ever-growing demands on production quality and flexibility. However, as discussed in "Summary," there are several research obstacles to overcome. The radio communication environment in the process industry is often troublesome, as the environment is frequently cluttered with large metal objects, moving machines and vehicles, and processes emitting radio disturbances [1], [2]. The successful deployment of a wireless control system in such an environment requires careful design of communication links and network protocols as well as robust and reconfigurable control algorithms.
|
|
| 18. |
- Ahlén Bergman, Emma, et al.
(author)
-
Increased CD4+ T cell lineage commitment determined by CpG methylation correlates with better prognosis in urinary bladder cancer patients
- 2018
-
In: Clinical Epigenetics. - : BMC. - 1868-7083 .- 1868-7075. ; 10
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Urinary bladder cancer is a common malignancy worldwide. Environmental factors and chronic inflammation are correlated with the disease risk. Diagnosis is performed by transurethral resection of the bladder, and patients with muscle invasive disease preferably proceed to radical cystectomy, with or without neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The anti-tumour immune responses, known to be initiated in the tumour and draining lymph nodes, may play a major role in future treatment strategies. Thus, increasing the knowledge of tumour-associated immunological processes is important. Activated CD4+ T cells differentiate into four main separate lineages: Th1, Th2, Th17 and Treg, and they are recognized by their effector molecules IFN-γ, IL-13, IL-17A, and the transcription factor Foxp3, respectively. We have previously demonstrated signature CpG sites predictive for lineage commitment of these four major CD4+ T cell lineages. Here, we investigate the lineage commitment specifically in tumour, lymph nodes and blood and relate them to the disease stage and response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy.RESULTS: Blood, tumour and regional lymph nodes were obtained from patients at time of transurethral resection of the bladder and at radical cystectomy. Tumour-infiltrating CD4+ lymphocytes were significantly hypomethylated in all four investigated lineage loci compared to CD4+ lymphocytes in lymph nodes and blood (lymph nodes vs tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes: IFNG -4229 bp p < 0.0001, IL13 -11 bp p < 0.05, IL17A -122 bp p < 0.01 and FOXP3 -77 bp p > 0.05). Examination of individual lymph nodes displayed different methylation signatures, suggesting possible correlation with future survival. More advanced post-cystectomy tumour stages correlated significantly with increased methylation at the IFNG -4229 bp locus. Patients with complete response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy displayed significant hypomethylation in CD4+ T cells for all four investigated loci, most prominently in IFNG p < 0.0001. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy seemed to result in a relocation of Th1-committed CD4+ T cells from blood, presumably to the tumour, indicated by shifts in the methylation patterns, whereas no such shifts were seen for lineages corresponding to IL13, IL17A and FOXP3.CONCLUSION: Increased lineage commitment in CD4+ T cells, as determined by demethylation in predictive CpG sites, is associated with lower post-cystectomy tumour stage, complete response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and overall better outcome, suggesting epigenetic profiling of CD4+ T cell lineages as a useful readout for clinical staging.
|
|
| 19. |
- Alm, Rikard, et al.
(author)
-
Detection and identification of protein isoforms using cluster analysis of MALDI-MS mass spectra
- 2006
-
In: Journal of Proteome Research. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1535-3893 .- 1535-3907. ; 5:4, s. 785-792
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We describe an approach to screen large sets of MALDI-MS mass spectra for protein isoforms separated on two-dimensional electrophoresis gels. Mass spectra are matched against each other by utilizing extracted peak mass lists and hierarchical clustering. The output is presented as dendrograms in which protein isoforms cluster together. Clustering could be applied to mass spectra from different sample sets, dates, and instruments, revealed similarities between mass spectra, and was a useful tool to highlight peptide peaks of interest for further investigation. Shared peak masses in a cluster could be identified and were used to create novel peak mass lists suitable for protein identification using peptide mass fingerprinting. Complex mass spectra consisting of more than one protein were deconvoluted using information from other mass spectra in the same cluster. The number of peptide peaks shared between mass spectra in a cluster was typically found to be larger than the number of peaks that matched to calculated peak masses in databases, thus modified peaks are probably among the shared peptides. Clustering increased the number of peaks associated with a given protein.
|
|
| 20. |
|
|
