| 11. |
- Nilsson, Helena, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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A time trend study of significantly elevated perfluorocarboxylate levels in humans after using fluorinated ski wax
- 2010
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Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - Washington, USA : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 44:6, s. 2150-2155
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A time trend study focusing on ski waxing technicians' exposure to perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs) from fluorinated wax fumes was performed in 2007/2008. Levels of eight perfluorocarboxylates and three perfluorosulfonates were analyzed in monthly blood samples from eight technicians, Samples were collected before the ski season, i.e., preseason, then at four AS World Cup competitions in cross country skiing, and finally during an unexposed 5-month postseason period. The perfluorinated carboxylates perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA) bioaccumulate, and continued exposure may contribute to elevated levels in ski technicians compared to the general population. The wax technicians' median blood level of PFOA is 112 ng/mL compared to 2.5 ng/mL in the general Swedish population. A significant correlation was found between number of working years and levels of perfluorocarboxylates. The PFOA levels in three technicians with "low" initial levels of PFOA (< 10.0 ng/mL in preseason blood) increased by 254, 134, and 120%, whereas five technicians with "high" initial levels (> 100 ng/mL in preseason sample) were at steady state. PFHxA is suggested to have a short half-life in humans relative the other perfluorocarboxylates. The levels of perfluorosulfonates were unaffected by the wax exposure.
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| 12. |
- Nilsson, Helena, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Biotransformation of fluorotelomer compound to perfluorocarboxylates in humans
- 2013
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Ingår i: Environment International. - : Elsevier. - 0160-4120 .- 1873-6750. ; 51, s. 8-12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Levels of perfluorocarboxylates (PFCAs) in biological compartments have been known for some time but their transport routes and distribution patterns are not properly elucidated. The opinions diverge whether the exposure of the general population occurs indirect through precursors or direct via PFCAs. Previous results showed that ski wax technicians are exposed to levels up to 92 000 ng/m(3) of 8:2 fluorotelomer alcohol (FTOH) via air and have elevated blood levels of PFCAs. Blood samples were collected in 2007-2011 and analyzed for C(4)-C(18) PFCAs, 6:2, 8:2 and 10:2 unsaturated fluorotelomer acids (FTUCAs) and 3:3, 5:3 and 7:3 fluorotelomer acids (FTCAs) using UPLC-MS/MS. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was detected in levels ranging from 1.90 to 628 ng/mL whole blood (wb). Metabolic intermediates 5:3 and 7:3 FTCA were detected in all samples at levels up to 6.1 and 3.9 ng/mL wb. 6:2, 8:2 and 10:2 FTUCAs showed maximum levels of 0.07, 0.64 and 0.11 ng/mL wb. Also, for the first time levels of PFHxDA and PFOcDA were detected in the human blood at mean concentrations up to 4.22 ng/mL wb and 4.25 ng/mL wb respectively. The aim of this study was to determine concentrations of PFCAs and FTOH metabolites in blood from ski wax technicians.
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| 13. |
- Nilsson, Helena, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Inhalation exposure to fluorotelomer alcohols yield perfluorocarboxylates in human blood?
- 2010
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Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 44:19, s. 7717-7722
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Levels of perfluorinated carboxylates (PFCAs) in different environmental and biological compartments have been known for some time, but the routes of exposure still remain unclear. The opinions are divergent whether the exposure to general populations occurs mainly indirect through precursor compounds or direct via PFCAs. Previous results showed elevated blood levels of PFCAs in ski wax technicians compared to a general population. The objective of this follow-up study was to determine concentrations of PFCAs, perfluorosulfonates (PFSAs), and fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs), precursor compounds that are known to degrade to PFCAs, in air collected in the breathing zone of ski wax technicians during work. We collected air samples by using ISOLUTE ENV+ cartridges connected to portable air pumps with an air flow of 2.0 L min(-1). PFCAs C5-C11 and PFSAs C4, C6, C8, and C10 were analyzed using LC-MS/MS and FTOHs 6:2, 8:2, and 10:2 with GC-MS/MS. The results show daily inhalation exposure of 8:2 FTOH in mu g/m(3) air which is up to 800 times higher than levels of PFOA with individual levels ranging between 830-255000 ng/m(3) air. This suggests internal exposure of PFOA through biotransformation of 8:2 FTOH to PFOA and PFNA in humans.
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| 14. |
- Nilsson, Helena, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Professional ski waxers' exposure to PFAS and aerosol concentrations in gas phase and different particle size fractions
- 2013
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Ingår i: Environmental science. Processes & impacts. - : Royal Society of Chemistry. - 2050-7887 .- 2050-7895. ; 15:4, s. 814-822
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous reports show that professional ski waxers have elevated blood levels of perfluorinated substances (PFAS) such as perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and are exposed to very high concentrations of PFAS in air during ski waxing. Aerosol exposure increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, and PFOA is a potential hormonal disruptor and carcinogen, and can affect the fatty acid metabolism. Animal studies have shown that 8: 2 FTOH can undergo biotransformation to PFOA. For the first time, this study presents an occupational scenario of professional ski waxers who are exposed to extremely high dust levels as well as per-and polyfluorinated compounds. Personal and fixed measurements of total aerosol, inhalable and respirable fractions were performed during World Cup events 2007-2010. The occupational exposure limit (OEL) is exceeded in 37% of the personal measurements with concentrations up to 15 mu g m(-3) in air. There are differences between personal and area total aerosol concentrations with levels from personal measurements twice as high as those from the area measurements. The personal levels for FTOH ranged up to 996 mg m(-3) (mean = 114 mu g m(-3)) and for PFOA up to 4.89 mu g m(-3) (mean = 0.53 mu g m(-3)) in ENV+ sorbent samples as compared to the general exposure levels from air reaching only low ng m(-3) (<30 ng m(-3)) levels. FTOHs were not detected in aerosols but PFOA showed an average level of 12 mu g m(-3) (range = 1.2-47 mu g m(-3)). The ski waxers' exposure to paraffin fumes and PFAS is not in compliance with the occupational exposure standards and by far exceed the general populations' exposure. Preventive measures must be taken to minimize the exposure in this occupational group.
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| 15. |
- Persson, Sara, et al.
(författare)
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Perfluoroalkyl acids in subarctic wild male mink (Neovison vison) in relation to age, season and geographical area
- 2013
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Ingår i: Environment International. - : Elsevier BV. - 0160-4120 .- 1873-6750. ; 59, s. 425-430
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigates the influence of biological and environmental factors on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in a top predator; the American mink Perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs) with C-8-C-13 perfluorinated carbon chains were analyzed in livers from wild male mink liver (n = 101) from four areas in Sweden representing two inland environments (rural and highly anthropogenic, respectively) and two different coastal environments. Mean PFOS concentrations were 1250 ng/g wet weight and some mink from the urban inland area had among the highest PFOS concentrations ever recorded in mink (up to 21 800 ng/g wet weight). PFBS was detected in 89% of the samples, but in low concentrations (mean 0.6 ng/g ww). There were significant differences in PFAA concentrations between the geographical areas (p < 0.001-0.01). Age, body condition and body weight did not influence the concentrations significantly, but there was a seasonal influence on the concentrations of perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA) (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively), with lower concentrations in autumn samples than in samples taken" in the winter and spring. It is thus recommended to take possible seasonal differences into account when using mink exposure data. The overall results suggest that the mink is a suitable sentinel species for assessing and monitoring environmental levels of PFAAs. (C) 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 16. |
- Roos, Anna Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Perfluoroalkyl substances in circum-ArcticRangifer : caribou and reindeer
- 2022
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Ingår i: Environmental Science and Pollution Research. - : Springer. - 0944-1344 .- 1614-7499. ; 29:16, s. 23721-23735
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Livers of caribou and reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) from Canada (n = 146), Greenland (n = 30), Svalbard (n = 7), and Sweden (n = 60) were analyzed for concentrations of eight perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids and four perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids. In Canadian caribou, PFNA (range < 0.01-7.4 ng/g wet weight, ww) and PFUnDA (<0.01-5.6 ng/g ww) dominated, whereas PFOS predominated in samples from South Greenland, Svalbard, and Sweden, although the highest concentrations were found in caribou from Southwest Greenland (up to 28 ng/g ww). We found the highest median concentrations of all PFAS except PFHxS in Akia-Maniitsoq caribou (Southwest Greenland, PFOS 7.2-19 ng/g ww, median 15 ng/g ww). The highest concentrations of ΣPFAS were also found in Akia-Maniitoq caribou (101 ng/g ww) followed by the nearby Kangerlussuaq caribou (45 ng/g ww), where the largest airport in Greenland is situated, along with a former military base. Decreasing trends in concentrations were seen for PFOS in the one Canadian and three Swedish populations. Furthermore, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA, PFDoDA, and PFTrDA showed decreasing trends in Canada's Porcupine caribou between 2005 and 2016. In Sweden, PFHxS increased in the reindeer from Norrbotten between 2003 and 2011. The reindeer from Västerbotten had higher concentrations of PFNA and lower concentrations of PFHxS in 2010 compared to 2002. Finally, we observed higher concentrations in 2010 compared to 2002 (albeit statistically insignificant) for PFHxS in Jämtland, while PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA, PFDoDA, and PFTrDA showed no difference at all.
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| 17. |
- Rotander, Anna, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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Increasing levels of long-chain perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) in Arctic and North Atlantic marine mammals, 1984-2009
- 2012
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Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 86:3, s. 278-285
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Temporal variations in concentrations of perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and sulfonic acids (PFSAs), including perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) structural isomers, were examined in livers of pilot whale (Globicephala melas), ringed seal (Phoca hisida), minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena), hooded seal (Cystophora cristata), Atlantic white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus) and in muscle tissue of fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus). The sampling spanned over 20 years (1984-2009) and covered a large geographical area of the North Atlantic and West Greenland. Liver and muscle samples were homogenized, extracted with acetonitrile, cleaned up using hexane and solid phase extraction (SPE), and analyzed by liquid chromatography with negative electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In general, the levels of the long-chained PFCAs (C9-C12) increased whereas the levels of PFOS remained steady over the studied period. The PFOS isomer pattern in pilot whale liver was relatively constant over the sampling years. However, in ringed seals there seemed to be a decrease in linear PFOS (L-PFOS) with time, going from 91% in 1984 to 83% in 2006.
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| 18. |
- Rotander, Anna, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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Microplastics in Södertälje : From Lake Mälaren to the Baltic Sea
- 2019
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- 3Svensk sammanfattningTrots att ett ökat antal studier de senaste åren slagit fast att betydande mängder mikroplaster kontinuerligt släpps ut i den marina miljön så finns det en utbredd okunskap vad gäller vilka källor som bidrar mest. Det finns således ett behov av att identifiera och karakterisera punktkällor för utsläpp av mikroplaster.Den här studien har genomförts i Södertälje och prover har tagits uppströms Södertälje i Mälaren och nedströms till Östersjön. Området är förutom befolkningen påverkat av olika typer av industrier. Södertäljeviken är väldefinierad och har få tillflöden förutom från avrinning från staden och industriområden. Syftet med studien är att studera källor och spridning av mikroplaster till havet genom att analysera hur Södertäljeområdet påverkar förekomst och typ av mikroplaster i ytvatten och sediment.Ytvatten provtogs i nio stycken lokaler i Södertäljeviken, inklusive två tillflöden, vid två tillfällen under hösten 2017. Vid sex av dessa lokaler och vid ett tillfälle togs även sedimentkärnor. Ytvatten provtags med en pump som sorterade in partiklarna i två fraktioner: >300 μm och 50-300 μm. Halterna mikroskräppartiklar (mikroplast, fibrer och övriga antropogena partiklar) var i samtliga ytvattenprover högre i 50-300 μm fraktionen med skillnader som varierade mellan ca en faktor 5 och faktor 160. Halterna mikroplaster >300 μm i ytvatten varierade mellan 0.1 och 1 partiklar/m3. Det relativt låga antalet mikroplaster i kombination med variationer mellan de två tidpunkterna i halter försvårar slutsatserna om punktkällor.De vanligaste polymererna visade sig vara polyeten och polypropen baserat på analys med infraröd spektroskopi. Hälften av partiklarna som testades kunde dock inte tillskrivas en polymertyp och hamnade i kategorin "oidentifierad polymer". Ett karakteristiskt format rött fragment återfanns i flera av ytvattenproverna och sedimentproverna och var sannolikt färgflagor efter t.ex. bottenfärg.Halterna i ytvatten är jämförbara med studier från Östersjön, Gullmarsfjorden och Nyköpingsåarna (Nyköpingsån, Kilaån, Svärtaån och Trosaån) men lägre jämfört med ytvatten i Göteborg (Mölndalsån, Kvillebäcken, Säveån, Lärjeån och Stora ån).Halten mikroplast i ytvatten ökade inte nämnvärt från bakgrundsnivån i referenspunkten i Mälaren till början av Södertäljeviken (Snäckviken) med industrier, båttrafik osv. samt till centrala Södertälje (Maren) där Mälaren möter Östersjön. Nedströms centrum kunde en viss ökning av ytvattenhalten urskiljas i lokalen Igelstaviken med sina större industrier och Södertälje hamn. Halten mikroplast minskade sedan nedströms och ut i Östersjön. Detta överensstämde med sedimentproverna, dock kan man i ytsedimentet se en ökning redan i Snäckviken.Resultaten tyder på att det finns punktkällor kopplade till lokalerna Igelstaviken och Torpaviken men deras betydelse för det totala utsläppet av MP från land är inte fastlagd. Både båttrafik, industrier, och värmeverk finns kopplade till lokalerna. Inga kända plasttillverkare finns i områdena och det bör därför utredas hur mycket mikroplast som släpps ut från övrig tillverkningsindustri. Sedimentresultaten visar på gradienter med ökande halt i Södertäljeviken fram till Igelsta och därefter en gradvis minskande halt nedströms. Halten mikroplast i sediment är högre i bakgrundslokalen i Östersjön jämfört med bakgrundslokalen i Mälaren vilket tyder på en påverkan från Södertälje. Fler sedimentprov behöver analyseras för att säkerställa skillnaden då variationen av mikroplast i sediment inte är känd.
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| 19. |
- Rotander, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Novel fluorinated surfactants tentatively identified in firefighters using liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry and a case-control approach
- 2015
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Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 49:4, s. 2434-2442
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fluorinated surfactant-based aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs) are made up of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) and are used to extinguish fires involving highly flammable liquids. The use of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and other perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in some AFFF formulations has been linked to substantial environmental contamination. Recent studies have identified a large number of novel and infrequently reported fluorinated surfactants in different AFFF formulations. In this study, a strategy based on a case-control approach using quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (QTOF-MS/MS) and advanced statistical methods has been used to extract and identify known and unknown PFAS in human serum associated with AFFF-exposed firefighters. Two target sulfonic acids [PFOS and perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS)], three non-target acids [perfluoropentanesulfonic acid (PFPeS), perfluoroheptanesulfonic acid (PFHpS), and perfluorononanesulfonic acid (PFNS)], and four unknown sulfonic acids (Cl-PFOS, ketone-PFOS, ether-PFHxS, and Cl-PFHxS) were exclusively or significantly more frequently detected at higher levels in firefighters compared to controls. The application of this strategy has allowed for identification of previously unreported fluorinated chemicals in a timely and cost-efficient way.
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| 20. |
- Schönlau, Christine, 1986-, et al.
(författare)
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Aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated potencies in field-deployed plastics vary by type of polymer
- 2019
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Ingår i: Environmental Science and Pollution Research. - : Springer. - 0944-1344 .- 1614-7499. ; 26:9, s. 9097-9088
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Plastic is able to sorb environmental pollutants from ambient water and might act as a vector for these pollutants to marine organisms. The potential toxicological effects of plastic-sorbed pollutants in marine organisms have not been thoroughly assessed. In this study, organic extracts from four types of plastic deployed for 9 or 12 months in San Diego Bay, California, were examined for their potential to activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) pathway by use of the H4IIE-luc assay. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), including the 16 priority PAHs, were quantified. The AhR-mediated potency in the deployed plastic samples, calculated as bio-TEQ values, ranged from 2.7 pg/g in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) to 277 pg/g in low-density polyethylene (LDPE). Concentrations of the sum of 24 PAHs in the deployed samples ranged from 4.6 to 1068 ng/g. By use of relative potency factors (REP), a potency balance between the biological effect (bio-TEQs) and the targeted PAHs (chem-TEQs) was calculated to 24-170%. The study reports, for the first time, in vitro AhR-mediated potencies for different deployed plastics, of which LDPE elicited the greatest concentration of bio-TEQs followed by polypropylene (PP), PET, and polyvinylchloride (PVC).
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