| 11. |
- Jacobsson, Staffan, 1951, et al.
(författare)
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Mechanisms blocking the dynamics of the European offshore wind energy innovation system - Challenges for policy intervention
- 2013
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Ingår i: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4215. ; 63, s. 1182-1195
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Decarbonizing electricity production in the EU may necessitate building new “low-carbon” capacity (excluding nuclear investments) to deliver 3500 TWh by 2050. Offshore wind power has the potential to contribute substantially to fill this gap. Realizing this potential is, however, difficult since deploymentoffshore does not constitute simple diversification by the onshore wind turbine industry to a new segment. This paper identifies factors obstructing the development of the northern European innovation system centered on offshore wind power, specifies a set of associated policy challenges and discussesvarious policy responses.
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| 12. |
- Jacobsson, Staffan, 1951, et al.
(författare)
-
Towards a strategy for offshore wind power in Sweden
- 2014
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Ingår i: Systems Perspectives on Renewable Power 2014. - 9789198097405 ; , s. 160-171
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The first offshore wind power farm was built in 1991 (in Denmark) but the diffusionof wind turbines took place mainly onshore.1 By 2013, European offshore turbinessupplied 24 TWh but there are expectations of a supply of 140 TWh by 2020.2For 2030, UK and Germany expect the supply to increase to about 115 and 87TWh respectively.3 The longer term potential is much larger and in the EuropeanCommission’s Vision 2050 scenario analysis, 800 TWh are supplied (see Chapter3 on the global potential).4 Hence, offshore wind power is seen as a strategictechnology in EU’s efforts to decarbonise electricity generation.Multifaceted government policies are applied in mainly UK, Germany and Denmarkto support development and deployment of offshore wind power, that is, interventions are not limited to forming a market but include other dimensions inthe industrialisation of the technology. Expectations of an extensive deploymentare shared by many firms in the value chain, including component suppliers,turbine manufacturers, utilities, harbours, shipyards and logistics firms. A wholeindustrial system has begun to develop in northern Europe.In this chapter, we argue that Sweden should shift from a passive to an activestance towards offshore wind power and initiate a process that eventually leadsto a large-scale deployment. In the next section, we argue that offshore windpower is a desirable technology to develop in Sweden and we suggest a target forSweden in 2030. This is followed by an analysis of mechanisms that may obstructmeeting that target and points to ways of overcoming these. In the final section, wediscuss how a strategy for Sweden could be formed.
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| 13. |
- Johansson, Daniella, 1983, et al.
(författare)
-
Pathways for Increased Use and Refining of Biomass in Swedish Energy-intensive Industry
- 2009
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Events in recent decades have placed climate change at the top of the political agenda. The European Union has assumed a vanguard role in global climate negotiations, pushing for ambitious international commitments. Furthermore, Sweden is positioning itself as a leader within the EU when it comes to setting the agenda for climate change. In Sweden, energy-intensive industries are responsible for a large proportion of greenhouse gas emissions and their ability to switch to a renewable energy source could contribute significantly to the transition to a decarbonised economy.This study analyses the role of three energy-intensive industries with regard to increased refining and use of biomass and will also take a glimpse into the future in an attempt to gain further insight into what will affect future developments in this area. The study is limited to the pulp and paper industry, the iron and steel industry and the oil refining industry as well as the EU legislation that affects these industries. For each industry the operations of the following case companies, Södra, SSAB and Preem AB, are analysed specifically and for each company one or two selected plants exemplify the outcome of the implementation of different technologies. This interdisciplinary study combines a range of methods taken from engineering and social sciences.The industries studied all have different preconditions for transformations and the technological options available diverge to a large extent. There are many options for the pulp and paper industry compared to the iron and steel industry and the oil refining industry. The most likely technological option for this sector is to utilise internal resources for conversion to energy or material products and export of excess energy. Options for the steel producer SSAB include the substitution of part of the coke in the blast furnace with biomass or refined biomass products such as syngas and biomethane and forming an industrial symbiotic partnership. There are several options for the oil refining industry to substitute fossil feedstocks without the need to modify the existing infrastructure. One option is hydrotreatment of bio-oil into green diesel, which will be implemented at the Preem refinery in Gothenburg. However, green production of transportation fuels and substitution of coke in the blast furnace require large amounts of biomass and since biomass is a limited resource this is likely to act as a barrier to the development of these technologies.2Furthermore, it can be concluded that the companies studied could contribute significantly to the development of technologies that are in line with their core capabilities, while the development of technological options that require a change in their core capabilities is more limited. This discovery is further supported by the finding that the EU directives relevant to this report do not push industrial operators beyond efficiency measures along established technological lines. On the one hand, these legislative instruments, which are designed in the spirit of ecological modernisation, encourage the most cost-effective technologies and processes for the abatement of greenhouse gases relevant to each industry. On the other, they do not appear to be sufficient to raise the cost of carbon emissions and this contributes to a situation where incentives to make different biomass-based technologies economic are not present on the market. Over a longer time perspective none of the case companies believes that biomass will have increased significantly in the Swedish energy system by 2050. These case companies claim that biomass is too limited a resource and can only contribute in part to the necessary substitution of fossil fuels.
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| 14. |
- Johansson, Daniella, et al.
(författare)
-
Pathways for Increased Use and Refining of Biomass in Swedish Energy-intensive Industry : Changes in a socio-technical system
- 2009
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Events in recent decades have placed climate change at the top of the political agenda. The European Union has assumed a vanguard role in global climate negotiations, pushing for ambitious international commitments. Furthermore, Sweden is positioning itself as a leader within the EU when it comes to setting the agenda for climate change. In Sweden, energy-intensive industries are responsible for a large proportion of greenhouse gas emissions and their ability to switch to a renewable energy source could contribute significantly to the transition to a decarbonised economy. This study analyses the role of three energy-intensive industries with regard to increased refining and use of biomass and will also take a glimpse into the future in an attempt to gain further insight into what will affect future developments in this area. The study is limited to the pulp and paper industry, the iron and steel industry and the oil refining industry as well as the EU legislation that affects these industries. For each industry the operations of the following case companies, Södra, SSAB and Preem AB, are analysed specifically and for each company one or two selected plants exemplify the outcome of the implementation of different technologies. This interdisciplinary study combines a range of methods taken from engineering and social sciences. The industries studied all have different preconditions for transformations and the technological options available diverge to a large extent. There are many options for the pulp and paper industry compared to the iron and steel industry and the oil refining industry. The most likely technological option for this sector is to utilise internal resources for conversion to energy or material products and export of excess energy. Options for the steel producer SSAB include the substitution of part of the coke in the blast furnace with biomass or refined biomass products such as syngas and biomethane and forming an industrial symbiotic partnership. There are several options for the oil refining industry to substitute fossil feedstocks without the need to modify the existing infrastructure. One option is hydrotreatment of bio-oil into green diesel, which will be implemented at the Preem refinery in Gothenburg. However, green production of transportation fuels and substitution of coke in the blast furnace require large amounts of biomass and since biomass is a limited resource this is likely to act as a barrier to the development of these technologies. Furthermore, it can be concluded that the companies studied could contribute significantly to the development of technologies that are in line with their core capabilities, while the development of technological options that require a change in their core capabilities is more limited. This discovery is further supported by the finding that the EU directives relevant to this report do not push industrial operators beyond efficiency measures along established technological lines. On the one hand, these legislative instruments, which are designed in the spirit of ecological modernisation, encourage the most cost-effective technologies and processes for the abatement of greenhouse gases relevant to each industry. On the other, they do not appear to be sufficient to raise the cost of carbon emissions and this contributes to a situation where incentives to make different biomass-based technologies economic are not present on the market. Over a longer time perspective none of the case companies believes that biomass will have increased significantly in the Swedish energy system by 2050. These case companies claim that biomass is too limited a resource and can only contribute in part to the necessary substitution of fossil fuels.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Karltorp, Kersti, 1982
(författare)
-
Challenges in mobilising financial resources for renewable energy-The cases of biomass gasification and offshore wind power
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions. - : Elsevier BV. - 2210-4224. ; 19, s. 96-110
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To mitigate climate change, substantial investments are needed in emerging renewable energy technologies. However, developers of the technologies - both capital goods suppliers and utilities - lack the capital to make the required investments, and other investors hesitate because of the high risks and low returns involved. This article analyses the challenges of financing the development and large-scale diffusion of biomass gasification and offshore wind power in Europe. Biomass gasification needs to take the step from public to private finance and find investors willing to make a sizable investment with high risk. Mobilising the amount of capital needed to bring about large-scale diffusion of offshore wind power will require innovative financial solutions. To overcome these challenges, changes are needed in both the financial sector and in firms in the energy sector. Amongst other suggestions this article points to bonds specially designed for renewable energy as one way to increase investment.
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| 18. |
- Karltorp, Kersti, 1982, et al.
(författare)
-
Explaining regime destabilisation in the pulp and paper industry
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions. - : Elsevier BV. - 2210-4224. ; 2, s. 66-81
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A transition to a carbon neutral society will require a shift from fossil to renewable resources. This will affect the conversion of biomass and related industries such as the pulp and paper industry. The purpose of this paper is two-fold: first, to describe and analyse the transformation processes in the Swedish pulp and paper industry and the adoption of biorefinery options, and second, to demonstrate how conceptualisations from strategic management can be used to describe regime destabilisation. The industry's adoption of biorefinery options has been modest so far, but there is development along two trajectories. The first centres on gasification and the second on separation and refining. Such diverging strategies in response to external pressure can be explained by differences that exist between firms. Signs of increasing firm divergence, or ‘regime fragmentation’, might indicate the entry into a phase of regime destabilisation, and a critical point in a transition.
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| 19. |
- Karltorp, Kersti, et al.
(författare)
-
Factors conditioning incumbent firms’ implementation of radical innovations : A systematic literature review
- 2022
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Meeting the urgent climate challenge will require that incumbent firms implementinnovations, of which some are radical compared to firms’ competence-base or market solutions.To support this development, a thorough understanding of the prerequisites for implementationis needed. The body of literature on conditioning factors for incumbent firms’ innovationimplementation is vast and informative but also scattered in a diversity of fields, such asinnovation management, industrial dynamics and transition studies. Further, findings aresometimes contradictory. It is thus difficult to get a coherent understanding of which factorsinfluence implementation and how. We therefore set out to conduct a systematic literature reviewon factors influencing the propensity of incumbents to implement radical innovation. Our studyrevealed 8 firm-external factors related to the landscape pressure, the maturity of the innovationand related infrastructure as well as external network fit, and 11 firm-internal factors related tostructural conditions, responsive capacity and the internal alignment with the innovation. We alsofound extensive interdependence between these factors within and across the firm internal andexternal level. We thus conclude that reaching a thorough understanding of the prerequisites forimplementation requires simultaneously paying attention to a wide variety of conditioning factorson firm internal and external level, and their interconnectedness. @ 2022 The Authors.
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| 20. |
- Karltorp, Kersti, et al.
(författare)
-
Handling financial resource mobilisation in technological innovation systems - The case of chinese wind power
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 142, s. 3872-3882
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To mitigate climate change, a rapid and large-scale expansion of sustainable innovations such as renewable energy technologies is crucial. China's track record of wind power development shows both speed and scale that can provide valuable knowledge of how to stimulate and maintain transformation of energy systems. The growth was made possible partly by ample access to financial capital. However, the rapid growth also led to growing pains and made the industry face increasing financial constraints. While these constraints partly relate to structures and trends that are external to the wind power innovation system, they were also a consequence of the particular path taken in Chinese wind power development. The case demonstrates that if a full-fledged industry is to be developed and sustained, a balanced growth is required and all innovation system functions need due attention, sooner or later. Conceptually, the article contributes by further exploring how mobilisation of financial resources affect and is affected by overall system dynamics.
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